石油的炼制 乙烯——教案

石油的炼制 乙烯——教案 第二课时:石油炼制 乙烯 08化本2班 陈晓平 2008364219 【三维目标】 知识与技能目标:了解饱和烃与不饱和烃概念;掌握乙烯分子的组成和结构式;掌握乙烯的化学性质;掌握加成反应的概念;了解乙炔的性质。 过程与方法目标:运用球棍模型学习乙烯分子的结构;运用实验探究法学习乙烯的性质。 情感态度与价值观目标:通过催熟水果等实践活动，了解乙烯在自然的作用;通过对乙烯分子结构的推理过程，使学生从中体会到严谨求实的科学态度。从而提高学化学、爱化学的自觉性。 【教学重点】乙烯的化学性质。 【教学难点】加成反应的机理。 【教学过程】 【引入】石油——工业的血液。了解石油的基本知识: ?是一种有特殊气味、黑褐色粘稠的油状液体，不溶于水，密度比水小。 ?不是一种单纯的物质，成分复杂，由好几百种碳氢化合物所组成，主要是各种烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃;大部分是液态烃，同时溶有少量的气态烃、固态烃。 ?组成元素:主要为C、H元素(质量分数为97%,98%)，还含有少量的 O、N、S 等。 ?石油的化学成分随产地的不同而不同。 ?由古代动植物遗体经过非常复杂的变化而形成的。 【过渡】由于石油成分十分复杂，所以直接使用的价值不大;石油的炼制方法有两种:一为石油的分馏;二为裂化和裂解。 【组织】教材P57——观察与思考(石油的蒸馏) ? 该实验用到哪些仪器, (酒精灯、铁架台石棉网、蒸馏烧瓶、温度计、冷凝管、接液管或牛角管、锥形瓶) ?碎瓷片的目的是什么,(防止暴沸) ?注意温度计水银球的位置，思考实验中使用温度计的目的是什么, (略低于蒸馏烧瓶支管口处，以测定蒸出气体的温度) advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value-added and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Post-doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts ?冷凝管内冷凝水流向是怎么样的,这样做有什么好处, (水流方向与蒸气的流向相反，目的是充分冷却气体。) ?什么是石油的分馏,石油的分馏原理是什么,石油的分馏是什么变化, ?石油分馏所得的馏分是纯净物吗,有固定的熔沸点吗, 【过渡】从石油分馏获得的轻质液体燃料产量不高。为了提高从石油得到的汽油等轻质油的产量和质量，可以将石油分馏所得产品进行裂化和裂解。 (1)石油的催化裂化: 目的:提高汽油的产量和质量; 原理:在一定条件下将相对分子质量较大的烃断裂为相对分子质量较小的烃的过程; 原料:重油或石蜡; 类型:热裂化(500?)和催化裂化; (经裂化所得汽油为裂化汽油，和直馏汽油成分不同。) (2)石油的裂解(深度裂化): 目的:为了获得更多的短链的不饱和气态烃(主要是乙烯); 原理:采用比裂化更高的温度(700?--1000?)，把具有长链的分子烃断裂成各种短链的气态烃的过程。 裂解气的成分:主要是乙烯。还含有丙烯、异丁烯、甲烷、乙烷、异丁烷、硫化氢和碳的氧化物等。 【板书】 一 石油炼制 炼制方法 原理 产品及用途 1石油的分馏 利用加热和冷凝，分成不同沸点范围石油气、汽油、煤油、柴油、石 的产物。 蜡油、润滑油、重油 2催化裂化 加热、加压和催化剂作用下，使相对轻质液体燃料(裂化汽油) 分子质量较大沸点较高的烃断裂成相 对分子质量较小的沸点较低的烃 3裂解 采用比裂化更高的温度使其中的长链乙烯(有机化工原料) 烃断裂成乙烯、丙烯等气态短链烃 city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitaladded and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center -entific and technological innovation, improve product valueh sciind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development througto bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the k s formed a kind of scale, needled unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, ha-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-Tianjin-dong peninsula, Beijingadvantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, ShanXX University to find experts doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the-ent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postmore in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talnvest ent. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to icultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise developmn the New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthetheir products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... ue of take science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added valization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively under2 【过渡】在石油裂解所得产品中有一种十分重要的化工原料——乙烯，乙烯的产量 是衡量一个国家石化工业发展水平的重要标志。 【展示】乙烯的球棍模型和比例模型。 书写结构式、电子式、结构简式、分子式;认识空间结构。 【板书】 二 乙烯的结构 H H .. .. 分子式CH 电子式 H:C::C:H 结构式 24 结构简式 CH=CH 22 平面型分子，键角为120? 【认识】乙烯属于不饱和烃:(与CH比较:碳原子的连接情况、分子式的异同。) 26 三 乙烯的物理性质:无色、稍有气味、难溶于水、比空气略轻的气体。 【过渡】下面再来学习乙烯的化学性质。 【组织】教材P59——活动与探究 (实验1)把乙烯气体通入酸性高锰酸钾溶液中。 现象:紫色褪去; 结论:乙烯能被酸性高锰酸钾氧化。 (实验2)把乙烯气体通入溴的四氯化碳溶液中。 现象:红棕色褪去;结论:乙烯能和溴反应。 (实验3)点燃乙烯。 现象:发出明亮的火焰，并伴有黑烟。 (黑烟是由于乙烯含碳量过高，不完全燃烧导致生成碳粒。) 【板书】 四 乙烯的化学性质: 1氧化反应: (1)燃烧氧化:(燃烧氧化方程式) (2)与强氧化剂(酸性KmnO溶液)的氧化: 4 (如何区别甲烷和乙烯,) (动画演示乙烯与Br的反应机理。) 2 ocial protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science andevelopment. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the sadded and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog d-nological innovation, improve product valueur stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and techs. Fokind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industrie ng detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in theled unit and various town streets are developi-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-Tianjin-advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingdoctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts-Third, we must rely on ... ... Posteed. , pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the nnumber of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery uced aalent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introdes ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of terpriso ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research entology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products ttechn 3 2加成反应: CH?CH+Br?CHBr-CHBr ， 1，2,二溴乙烷(无色) 22222 有机物分子中双键(或叁键)两端的碳原子与其他原子或原子团直接结合生成新的化合物的反应。 【过渡练习】乙烯不仅可以与溴发生反应加成，还可以与H、Cl、HCl、HO等物质222发生加成反应。你能写出有关反应方程式吗, (与H的加成反应中体会“不饱和”的概念) 2 【小结】认识到C?C中两个共价键不同，其中一个键易断裂。 【过渡】含有两个碳原子的烃除了乙烷和乙烯外，还有一种物质是乙炔。 【展示】乙炔的球棍模型。 书写结构式、电子式、结构简式、分子式;认识空间结构。 【思考】乙炔是饱和还是不饱和烃，有哪些性质。 【组织】完成教材P64——问题解决。 【小结】 饱和烃—饱和链烃(烷烃):甲烷 烃 乙烯 不饱和烃 乙炔 【课堂练习】 1、下列物质不能使溴水退色的是 (A) 乙烯 (B) 二氧化硫 (C) 丁烯 (D) 丙烷 2、下列各反应中属于加成反应的是 A(CH+2O,CO+2HO 4222 B.CH?CH+H,OH?CH—CHOH 乙醇(酒精) 2232 C. CH+Cl,CHCl+HCl 423 D.HCl+AgNO=AgCl,+HNO 33 3、下列物质反应可以制取较为纯净的溴乙烷(CHBr)的是 25 A、乙烷通入溴水中 B、乙烯通入溴水中 C、乙烯与HBr一定条件反应 D、乙烷与溴蒸气光照下反应 ent. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to icultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise developmn the New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthetheir products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... ue of take science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added valization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undercity's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitaladded and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center -entific and technological innovation, improve product valueh sciind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development througto bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the k s formed a kind of scale, needled unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, ha-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-Tianjin-dong peninsula, Beijingadvantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, ShanXX University to find experts doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the-ent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postmore in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talnvest 4 教师:1864年，美国人发现一件奇怪的事情，煤气灯泄漏出的气体可使附近的树木提前落叶;1892年，在亚速尔群岛，有个木匠在温室中工作时，无意中将美人蕉的碎屑当作垃圾烧了起来，结果美人蕉屑燃烧的烟雾弥漫开来后，温室中的菠萝一齐开了花。 1908年，美国有些康乃馨的培育者将这种名贵的花卉移植到装有石油照明灯的芝加哥温室中，结果花一直未开。 针对上述事实，科学家们进行了大量的研究，结果发现原来这都是一一种神秘的气体捣的鬼:煤气灯中漏出来的气体，它能使树叶早落。 美人蕉碎屑燃烧后产生气体，它能促使花儿开放。芝加哥温室中石油照明灯放出的气体，它却抑制了康乃馨花儿的开放;其实植物在生命周期的许多阶段，如发芽、成长、开花、结果、衰老、凋谢等都会产生一种气体。这种气体可以作为水果的催熟剂。这种神秘的气体是乙烯。 , pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the nnumber of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery uced aalent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introdes ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of terpriso ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research entology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products ttechn ocial protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science andevelopment. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the sadded and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog d-nological innovation, improve product valueur stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and techs. Fokind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industrie ng detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in theled unit and various town streets are developi-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-Tianjin-advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingdoctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts-Third, we must rely on ... ... Posteed. 5