汽车尾气的危害

汽车尾气的危害 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 汽车尾气的危害 汽车尾气污染物主要包括:一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物、二氧化硫、烟尘微粒(某些重金属化合物、铅化合物、黑烟及油雾)、臭气(甲醛等)。据统计，每千辆汽车每天排出一氧化碳约3000kg，碳氢化合物200—400kg，氮氧化合物50—150kg;美国洛杉矶市汽车等流动污染源排放的污染物已占大气污染物总量的90%。汽车尾气可谓大气污染的“元凶”。 汽车尾气最主要的危害是形成光化学烟雾。汽车尾气中的碳氢化合物和氮氧化合物在阳光作用下发生化学反应，生成臭氧，它和大气中的其它成份结合就形成光化学烟雾。其对健康的危害主要现为刺激眼睛，引起红眼病;刺激鼻、咽喉、气管和肺部，引起慢性呼吸系统疾病。光化学烟雾能使树木枯死，农作物大量减产;能降低大气的能见度，妨碍交通。 汽车尾气中一氧化碳的含量最高，它可经呼吸道进入肺泡，被血液吸收，与血红蛋白相结合，形成碳氧血红蛋白，降低血液的载氧能力，削弱血液对人体组织的供氧量，导致组织缺氧，从而引起头痛等症状，重者窒息死亡。 汽车尾气中的氮氧化合物含量较少，但毒性很大，其毒性是含硫氧化物的3倍。氮氧化合物进入肺泡后，能形成亚硝酸和硝酸，对肺组织产生剧烈的刺激作用，增加肺毛细管的通透性，最后造成肺气肿。亚硝酸盐则与血红蛋白结合，形成高铁血红蛋白，引起组织缺氧。 汽车尾气中的碳氢化合物有200多种，其中C2H4在大气中的浓度达0.5ppm(十万分之一)时，能使一些植物发育异常。汽车尾气中还发现有32种多环芳烃，包括3,4-苯并芘等致癌物质。当苯并芘在空气中的浓度达到0.012ug/m3时，居民中得肺癌的人数会明显增加。离公路越近，公路上汽车流量越大，肺癌死亡率越高。 汽车尾气中的二氧化硫和悬浮颗粒物，会增加慢性呼吸道疾病的发病率，损害肺功能。二氧化硫在大气中含量过高时，会随降水形成“酸雨”。 汽车尾气中的铅化合物可随呼吸进入血液，并迅速地蓄积到人体的骨骼和牙齿中，它们干扰血红素的合成、侵袭红细胞，引起贫血;损害神经系统，严重时损害脑细胞，引起脑损伤。当儿童血中铅浓度达0.6~0.8ppm时，会影响儿童的生长和智力发育，甚至出现痴呆症状。铅还能透过母体进入胎盘，危及胎儿。 汽车尾气污染物主要包括:一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物、二氧化硫、烟尘微粒(某些重金属化合物、铅化合物、黑烟及油雾)、臭气(甲醛等)。据统计，每千辆汽车每天排出一氧化碳约3000kg，碳氢化合物200—400kg，氮氧化合物50—150kg;美国洛杉矶市汽车等流动污染源排放的污染物已占大气污染物总量的90%。汽车尾气可谓大气污染的“元凶”。 汽车尾气最主要的危害是形成光化学烟雾。汽车尾气中的碳氢化合物和氮氧化合物在阳光作用下发生化学反应，生成臭氧，它和大气中的其它成份结合就形成光化学烟雾。其对健康的危害主要表现为刺激眼睛，引起红眼病;刺激鼻、咽喉、气管和肺部，引起慢性呼吸系统疾病。光化学烟雾能使树木枯死，农作物大量减产;能降低大气的能见度，妨碍交通。 汽车尾气中一氧化碳的含量最高，它可经呼吸道进入肺泡，被血液吸收，与血红蛋白相结合，形成碳氧血红蛋白，降低血液的载氧能力，削弱血液对人体组织的guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 供氧量，导致组织缺氧，从而引起头痛等症状，重者窒息死亡。 汽车尾气中的氮氧化合物含量较少，但毒性很大，其毒性是含硫氧化物的3倍。氮氧化合物进入肺泡后，能形成亚硝酸和硝酸，对肺组织产生剧烈的刺激作用，增加肺毛细管的通透性，最后造成肺气肿。亚硝酸盐则与血红蛋白结合，形成高铁血红蛋白，引起组织缺氧。 汽车尾气中的碳氢化合物有200多种，其中C2H4在大气中的浓度达0.5ppm(十万分之一)时，能使一些植物发育异常。汽车尾气中还发现有32种多环芳烃，包括3,4-苯并芘等致癌物质。当苯并芘在空气中的浓度达到0.012ug/m3时，居民中得肺癌的人数会明显增加。离公路越近，公路上汽车流量越大，肺癌死亡率越高。 汽车尾气中的二氧化硫和悬浮颗粒物，会增加慢性呼吸道疾病的发病率，损害肺功能。二氧化硫在大气中含量过高时，会随降水形成“酸雨”。 汽车尾气中的铅化合物可随呼吸进入血液，并迅速地蓄积到人体的骨骼和牙齿中，它们干扰血红素的合成、侵袭红细胞，引起贫血;损害神经系统，严重时损害脑细胞，引起脑损伤。当儿童血中铅浓度达0.6~0.8ppm时，会影响儿童的生长和智力发育，甚至出现痴呆症状。铅还能透过母体进入胎盘，危及胎儿。 尾气——汽车灾难的产物 目前，全世界的汽车保有量已超过6亿辆，全世界每千人拥有汽车110辆。全世界的汽车保有量以每年3000万辆的速度增长，预测到2010年全球汽车数量将增到10亿辆。中国的汽车保有量已超过1000万辆，哈市机动车保有量达二十三万余辆，并以每年10,的数量增加。 在车辆不多的情况下，大气的自净能力尚能化解车辆排出的毒素。但眼下已车满为患，交通拥堵成为家常便饭，汽车本应具备的便捷、舒适、高效的特点却被过多的车辆逐步抵消。“汽车灾难”已经形成，汽车尾气更是害人不浅。 尾气里都有啥 科学分析发现，汽车尾气中有上百种不同化合物，当中污染物有固体悬浮微粒、一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物、铅及硫氧化合物等。一辆轿车一年排出有害废气比自身重量大3倍，并且汽车在不断消耗着地球的资源。机动车的燃料消耗成为无情吞噬石油资源的无底洞。目前，汽车使用的汽油约占全球汽油消费量的1,3。 尾气害人不浅 汽车在大量消耗资源的同时，其排放的尾气会严重影响人类健康。汽车尾气中的一氧化碳与血液中的血红蛋白结合的速度比氧气快250倍。所以，即使有微量一氧化碳的吸入，也可能给人造成可怕的缺氧性伤害。轻者眩晕、头痛，重者the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 脑细胞将受到永久性损伤;氮氧、氢氧化合物会使易感人群出现刺激反应，患上眼病、喉炎，尾气中氮氢化合物所含苯并芘是致癌物质，它是一种高散度的颗粒，可在空气中悬浮几昼夜，被人体吸入后不能排出，积累到临界浓度便激发形成恶性肿瘤。 数据触目惊心 据哈市环保局张昆林介绍，从哈市近两年来描述机动车污染的二氧化碳变化数据中，可见污染加剧的趋势。二氧化碳日均值由2000年的0(1毫克,立方米增加到2(3毫克,立方米，年均值由2000年的0(024毫克,立方米增加到2001年的0(049毫克,立方米。不难看出汽车，尾气污染增加的速度远大于机动车的增长。 汽车污染大气的同时还对周围环境形成噪声污染，2001年交通噪声污染就占整个环境噪声总量的20(1,，而车辆密集区域的噪声比例远大于此。 清洁汽油遇阻 使用清洁汽油是控制汽车尾气污染立竿见影的举措。今年2月，我省下发了各加油站必须使用清洁汽油的通知，现今一月有余，哈市使用清洁汽油的加油站仅有太平、香政、中协、新发等十几家。据省环保局相关人士介绍，国家强制执行规定，必须在车用无铅汽油中按万分之二的比例添加清洁剂。此项可使哈市机动车辆每年的汽车尾气排放量减少10万吨以上。 清洁汽油环保效果好，为何在我省的推广不开，据中国石油黑龙江销售分公司贾永强讲，该公司拥有九百多家加油站，使用清洁汽油将使油价每吨上涨近百元，司机对涨价后的清洁汽油不买账。 “锁”住尾气不容缓 环保和节能，是当今和未来经济社会发展中人类面临的重大课题。在环保意识高涨的今天，控制废气污染应提到了相当重要的位置。 在空气污染中，汽车尾气对环境的危害是巨大的。据相关专家介绍，治理汽车尾气必须采取的措施有:强制旧车时限报废、强制推广电喷车、强制使用无铅汽油、强制安装三元催化器等强有力的举措，使汽车尾气排放得到一定程度的控制。 据了解，我国对汽车尾气的标准已接近发达国家水平。有关部门表示，确保汽车尾气排放控制在规定范围内，必须采取强制手段。 户外锻炼离汽车远点 锻炼时间不要太晚 每日坚持跑步锻炼本是一件有益身心的事，但如果时间或地点没选好，恐怕guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 换来的不是健康而是疾病了，因为在身边穿梭的车辆会产生大量损害呼吸道和肺泡功能、并可导致癌症的颗粒物。 北京大学环境医学研究所的潘小川指出，空气污染对人们的健康造成越来越大的威胁，而这些有毒气体70,出自汽车尾气。据医学界研究分析，汽车尾气的主要化学成分是二氧化硫、一氧化硫、氮氧化物、铅。它能引起呼吸道感染和哮喘，使肺功能下降，严重的可引起肺气肿。汽车尾气中的铅一般分布于地面上方1米左右的地带，正好是青少年的呼吸带，因而铅污染对青少年危害更重。现在许多像北京这样的城市全面推行使用无铅汽油，可是大量晚间进城的货运车辆都是使用柴油发动机，其排放出来的含铅尾气依然对整个城市造成污染。不仅如此，第一次污染物在阳光(紫外线)作用下发生光化学反应会生成二次污染，形成烟雾污染现象，称为光化学烟雾。光化学烟雾成分复杂，它们对人及动物的伤害主要表现在眼睛和黏膜受刺激、头痛、呼吸障碍、慢性呼吸道疾病恶化、儿童肺功能异常等。专家建议，户外运动尽量远离交通干线。因此，为了你的健康，在立交桥或繁华道路的人行道上跑步的习惯要改一改了。锻炼的时间也不要太晚，因为使用柴油发动机大型汽车晚上九点以后进城，此时公路上的污染是白天的数倍。 “汽车尾气” 已成为大气污染的罪魁 大气污染，被称为社会一大公害。越是交通发达的国家，由汽车尾气排放的污染物越严重，已成为污染大气的罪魁，激起了社会公愤。 近几年来，我国汽车产业迅速发展，社会保有量在1400万辆以上。汽车主要集中在城市，成为城市的大气污染物的主要来源。一些城市地区出现的光化学烟雾，重要原因就是汽车排放的碳氢化合物和氮氧化合物，通过阳光紫外线作用，形成有毒烟雾。其突出的危害是刺激人体眼睛和上呼吸道粘膜，引起发炎，严重的引起哮喘，头疼、肺气肿等疾病，甚至使视力和中枢神经等受到损害。 据各地监测分析，汽车尾气排放量已占大气污染源85,左右。如北京市中心区二氧化硫浓度日超标率达10%至15,，一氧化碳和氮氧化合物浓度日超标率达60,至70,，最大浓度时大气污染超过国家二级标准1至3倍。上海市机动车排放的碳氢化合物占总排放量56,以上:氮氟化合物占20,以上:四川机动车每年排放一氧化碳142万吨、其他有害物超过60万吨，80,的一氧化碳和90%的氮氢化合物等，均来自机动车排放。这表明，治理大气污染，治理汽车尾气是重中之重。 根据现代科技水平和国外的一些做法，采用气体燃料，推进“清洁”生产，是目前降低汽车尾气污染较为理想的办法。由于气体燃料含硫、氮等杂质少，燃烧完全，可以显著减少汽车污染物徘放，受到世界各国欢迎。据有关资料显示，目前世界上燃气汽车用液化气消费量一年已达500万吨以上，燃气汽车达到520万辆。日本90,的城市出租车已改用液化气作燃料。 近两年来，我国燃气汽车发展迅速，到1997年，全国有800多辆燃气汽车，the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiative and steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation 而目前已增加到4500多辆，建立的天然气和液化石油气站也由最初的10多座发展到68座。为进一步推动燃气汽车发展;我国成立了由科技部、国家计委、公安部等有关部门组成的全国燃气汽车工作协调领导小组，并确定北京、上海，重庆、海口、西安、哈尔滨、乌鲁木齐、深圳和四川绵阳等9个城市为“燃气汽车推广应用试验示范城市”。种种迹象表明，我国燃气汽车发展已进入一个新的阶段。 发展中的燃气汽车被称为环保汽车、绿色汽车，受到各地的高度重视，研制、改装、推广、应用力度愈益加大、近年来，北京市出台19项防冶大气污染的紧急措施，重点控制煤烟、气车和扬尘污染，在公交车、出租车大力推广燃气汽车，并加紧建设燃气站。上海市已加大投入，今年新建加气站台70座;在已改装3000多辆出租车燃气装置的基础上，加快改装、推广步伐，将在4年内使全市4万多辆出租车实现燃料气化。成都市已治理汽车尾气污染达标5000多辆。从今年起，成都，绵阳、德阳作为四川3个汽车燃料气化示范市，公交革，出租车、环卫车必须在2年内改装成天然气汽车。广州，昆明、贵阳、西安、哈尔滨等一大批城市，都在加大汽车尾气治理，大力推广使用燃气汽车。 铅污染“祸首”个个暗埋杀机 深圳七成青少年血铅超标 深圳市教育局、中华医学会深圳分会和国际人体微量元素研究会近日对深圳市部分中小学、幼儿园学生联合开展为期半月的“万人血铅检测行动”检测结果显示:深圳市三分之二青少年血铅水平超标。专家指出，汽车尾气和含铅玩具的铅污染越来越严重，是危害青少年身心健康的“祸首”。 据了解，此次检测对象为深圳市直属幼儿园全体幼儿，罗湖、龙岗两区各6所中学、5所小学学生。中国微量元素铅研究会专家指出，儿童吸入过量的铅造成铅中毒，其症状主要表现是多动、反应迟钝、行为功能改变、模拟学习困难、运动失调、易冲动、空间综合能力下降、侵袭性增加、贫血等。要预防铅中毒，大方面讲就要改善我们的环境，重视环保，个人预防上要重视家中卫生，做到开窗通风，尽量避免让青少年接触含铅玩具。 guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation