专属经济区（exclusive economic zone）

专属经济区（exclusive economic zone） 专属经济区(exclusive economic zone) exclusive economic zone Definition of scientific and technical terms Exclusive economic zone: exclusive economic zone; EEZ definition 1: coastal countries outside their territorial waters delineated a certain width of the economic zone. Since the width of the baselines of the territorial sea is 200N mile, the date is often said 200N mile exclusive economic zone. Application: geography subject (a subject); Marine Geography (two subjects) in definition 2: beyond the territorial sea and adjacent to the territorial sea, the width from the baselines of the territorial sea amount should not exceed 200N mile along the sea areas under the jurisdiction of coastal states. Subject: application of marine science and Technology (a subject) definition 3: according to the provisions of the "United Nations Convention on the law of the sea", the coastal state power in its adjacent territorial specific legal system, the maximum width of not more than 200 nautical miles from the baselines of the territorial sea waters which are coastal states in this area of the water in the overlying waters, seabed and the subsoil natural resources (biotic and abiotic) exploration and development, maintenance and management of the sovereign rights, has jurisdiction over the artificial islands, marine scientific research and protection of the marine environment. Other countries in the area sail, fly over and lay submarine cables and pipelines without limitation. The application of aquatic science disciplines: (a subject); fisheries regulations (two subjects) in definition 4: beyond the territorial sea and connected territorial waters, its width from the baselines of the territorial sea amount of not more than 200 nautical miles of the sea has a specific legal system. A special sea area between the territorial sea and the high seas. Enjoy the sovereignty of natural resources in the exclusive economic zone of the coastal state, the construction and use of artificial islands, installations and structures of such rights, jurisdiction is of marine scientific research, marine environmental protection. Other countries enjoy freedom of navigation, flight, laying of submarine cables and pipelines. Applied Science: resource science and Technology (first level discipline); resource law (two level discipline) The above contents shall be examined and approved by the National Commission for the approval of scientific and technical terms Help edit an encyclopedia An exclusive economic zone is an area outside the territorial sea and adjacent to the territorial sea. It is a regional concept proposed by international public law to settle disputes between countries or regions due to territorial sea disputes. Catalog Basic introduction Rights and obligations Status quo issues Edit this paragraph Basic introduction Basic overview The exclusive economic zone map (1) exclusive economic zone is a new system established at the Third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea (EEZ). An exclusive economic zone is an area that measures 200 nautical miles from the baseline of the territorial sea, outside the territorial sea and adjacent to the territorial sea. In this region, the coastal state of the natural resources of other sovereign rights and jurisdiction, while other countries enjoy freedom of navigation and overflight, but this freedom should properly consider the rights and obligation of the state, and shall abide by the laws and regulations of the coastal state in accordance with the "provisions of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea" and other rules of international law the. The exclusive economic zone refers to an exclusive jurisdiction established by the coastal state in its territorial waters adjacent to and beyond its territorial sea waters. In this area, the coastal state for the conservation and management of seabed and subsoil and overlying water natural resources exploration and development, the purpose of sovereign rights. In addition, coastal countries have jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zones as well as in marine scientific research and marine environmental protection. The exclusive economic zone shall not exceed 200 nautical miles from the baseline for measuring the width of the territorial sea. According to the 1982 "United Nations Convention on the law of the sea", the coastal states have the following rights in its exclusive economic zone: Exploration and development, conservation and management of seabed and subsoil and superjacent water natural resources sovereignty rights; the sovereign rights of sea water, currents and wind energy production; the jurisdiction of the construction and use of artificial islands, marine scientific research and protection of the marine environment. Other countries enjoy the freedom to sail and fly, the freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines in their exclusive economic zones, and other uses in accordance with international law relating to these freedoms. Coastal States enjoy exclusive jurisdiction over fisheries in their exclusive economic zones. It provides for the acquisition of biological resources in the exclusive economic zone, as well as other management and conservation measures. The legislation of the exclusive economic zone generally stipulates that foreign fishing vessels shall not be allowed to fish in the area without permission. Some national legislation provides detailed provisions for the variety, quantity and net size of fish that are allowed to be caught in the area so as to conserve biological resources. According to the provisions of the "United Nations Convention on the law of the sea", the coastal state without the ability to capture all TACs, through agreements or other arrangements, the remaining part of the permit other countries can catch fishing, especially allowed to fishing in the same region of landlocked and geographically disadvantaged countries. The provisions of the "United Nations Convention on the law of the sea", "the boundaries between states with opposite or adjacent coasts of the exclusive economic zone, should be on the basis of international law" article thirty-eighth of the statute of the International Court "refers to the agreement to, in order to get a fair solution. Some countries have legislation on the exclusive economic zone, which ranges from the baseline of its territorial sea to less than 200 nautical miles from the middle line between neighbouring countries, and the extent of its exclusive economic zone to the middle line. Some countries have also stipulated that the boundary of the exclusive economic zone shall be decided by the relevant countries in consultation with the economic zones of other countries when their economic zones overlap. legal status The establishment of the 200 mile economic zone of coastal country to advocate the broad support, the legal status of the problems formed in the developing countries including some developed countries as a party to the Soviet Union and the United States Marine Power as one of the situation of fierce debate. The former advocate of the exclusive economic zone is a national jurisdiction of coastal states can be the exclusive jurisdiction of the coastal state; the latter believes that only in the exclusive economic zone in the exercise of jurisdiction rather than exclusive jurisdiction, and that part of the exclusive economic zone belongs to the high seas. In the 1957 definition of "high seas" in the informal single consultation text, the term "high seas" refers to an area not included in the exclusive economic zone of a country, which reflects the reasonable views of the developing countries. Although the Soviet Union and the United States still disagree in the follow-up meeting requirements of economic zone to maintain high seas properties in the main aspects, but in the text, do not change the original formulation. Therefore, the dominant position at present is the view that the exclusive economic zone is neither territorial nor high seas, but its status is one of its own. The provisions in the "Convention on the law of the sea" fifty-fifth "exclusive economic zone specific legal system", "the exclusive economic zone is an area with a territorial sea and adjacent to the territorial sea, restriction of the specific legal system by the provisions of this part, under this system, The rights and jurisdiction of coastal States and other countries of the rights of freedom are governed by the relevant provisions of the convention". System establishment Before the introduction of the Convention on the law of the sea, only 200 coastal states were administered by some coastal states. By 1978, 69 of the 130 countries surveyed had argued for 200 nautical miles of countries to manage the waters, but the names varied. By 1981, statistics on 152 countries and independent territories claimed that the state had jurisdiction over more than 12 nautical miles of territorial sea, with 90 countries claiming 200 nautical miles of maritime jurisdiction. 119. Among them, that the 200 mile territorial sea has 14, 22 of the 54 area 200 nautical miles, 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone. As of 1995, there were 112 coastal states in the world, with a total of 200 nautical miles and an exclusive economic zone. Among them, the exclusive economic zone of more than 80. The coastal state jurisdiction in 200 nm is established, to determine the jurisdiction of the legal status and the system through national legislation in this area, there are mainly four types: 1) in Latin American countries and African countries, announced the sovereignty and jurisdiction extended to 200 sea waters and resources belong to the concept of territorial waters. Legislation in these countries is usually held before the Third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea. 2) to map the exclusive economic zone (2) as the representative of some European countries, will now be expanded to 200 sea fishing. The legal content and original areas with significant differences. 3) a number of countries in the India ocean were represented, using the type set out in the text of the Third Conference on maritime law. 4) to the Soviet Union and the United States as the representative, implementation of regulation raises the area and fishing area. Sue and the United States named their expanded jurisdiction as a conservation area". The laws of such countries have provided provisions for total allowable catch of resources within 200 nautical miles, to assess the country's ability to capture fishery resources, and to distribute surplus to foreign fishermen. Following the establishment of the 200 nautical mile regional order, countries have taken the following measures, particularly in fisheries: 1) to formulate regulations for the implementation of the 200 mile zone and provisional management regulations. 2) to sign bilateral or multilateral fisheries agreements with foreign countries. 3) issue fishing licences. 4) for international cooperation, please establish joint ventures with foreign companies and establish new fisheries cooperation relations. Country profiles Generally speaking, the sea power or island countries still retain the former colonial powers of a large number of islands, and it is easy to obtain the declaration space of the larger exclusive economic zone. Such as the United States in the two seas on both sides of the mainland and the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic, such as Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, Saipan and other soil, so that its declared exclusive economic zone is the largest in the world. France, using its islands in the Pacific Ocean, declared a vast exclusive economic zone. Australia Island, surrounded by the sea, in addition to Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and the adjacent office, also declared large economic zone. (on the Pacific neighboring countries in the exclusive economic zone status). Development history The exclusive economic zone system is a gradually formed legal system. The reason for this system is that increasing attention has been paid to the exploitation of resources in the seabed, its subsoil and marine water near its coasts, and the urgent need for the protection of coastal fisheries resources and the protection of the marine environment. The system goes back to the efforts of some Latin American countries in 40s and 50s to protect their coastal resources. For example, in Argentina in 1946 to the "continental margin sea" claims; Chile in 1947 of its adjacent offshore claims; in 1952, Chile, Ecuador and Peru in the "Santiago Declaration on territorial waters in the country announced its maritime width to 200 nautical miles waters have exclusive sovereignty and jurisdiction right. But the exclusive economic zone of the formation of the concept and proposed in 1972, when several Central American and Caribbean countries through the "Santo Domingo declaration", announced on not more than 200 nautical miles "inherited the sea", the coastal state jurisdiction. The same year, the discussion on the law of the sea African countries will be held in the Cameroon capital of Yaounde, will propose "economic zone" concept, the participating countries support. In 1972, Kenya formally introduced the draft Economic Zone clause to the United Nations seabed Commission, and stipulated that the 200 nautical mile is the largest width of the exclusive economic zone. The Third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea in 1974 held in the Venezuelan capital of Caracas, there is a clear trend in favor of the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone. Later, the exclusive economic zone was incorporated into the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea in 1982 as a new system. Demarcation The provisions of the "United Nations Convention on the law of the sea", the boundaries between states with opposite or adjacent coasts of the exclusive economic zone, should be on the basis of international law "article thirty-eighth of the statute of the International Court" refers to the agreement to, in order to get a fair solution. Some countries have legislation on the exclusive economic zone, which ranges from the baseline of its territorial sea to less than 200 nautical miles from the middle line between neighbouring countries, and the extent of its exclusive economic zone to the middle line. Some countries have stipulated that the boundary of the exclusive economic zone should be decided by the countries concerned when it overlaps with other economic zones in its economic zone. Economic Zone Establishment Before the introduction of the Convention on the law of the sea, only 200 coastal states were administered by some coastal states. By 1978, 69 of the 130 countries surveyed had argued for 200 nautical miles of countries to manage the waters, but the names varied. By 1981, statistics on 152 countries and independent territories claimed that the state had jurisdiction over more than 12 nautical miles of territorial sea, with 90 countries claiming 200 nautical miles of maritime jurisdiction. 119. Among them, that the 200 mile territorial sea has 14, 22 of the 54 area 200 nautical miles, 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone. As of 1995, there were 112 coastal states in the world, with a total of 200 nautical miles and an exclusive economic zone. Among them, the exclusive economic zone of more than 80. The coastal state jurisdiction in 200 nm is established, to determine the jurisdiction of the legal status and the system through national legislation in this area, there are mainly four types: 1) in Latin American countries and African countries, announced the sovereignty and jurisdiction extended to 200 sea waters and resources belong to the concept of territorial waters. Legislation in these countries is usually held before the Third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea. 2) in some European countries as the representative, will now be expanded to 200 sea fishing. The legal content and original areas with significant differences. 3) a number of countries in the India ocean were represented, using the type set out in the text of the Third Conference on maritime law. 4) to the Soviet Union and the United States as the representative, implementation of regulation raises the area and fishing area. Sue and the United States named their expanded jurisdiction as a conservation area". The laws of such countries have provided provisions for total allowable catch of resources within 200 nautical miles, to assess the country's ability to capture fishery resources, and to distribute surplus to foreign fishermen. Following the establishment of the 200 nautical mile regional order, countries have taken the following measures, particularly in fisheries: 1) to formulate regulations for the implementation of the 200 mile zone and provisional management regulations. 2) to sign bilateral or multilateral fisheries agreements with foreign countries. 3) issue fishing licences. 4) for international cooperation, please establish joint ventures with foreign companies and establish new fisheries cooperation relations. The establishment of the exclusive economic zone, the coastal areas of the natural resources effectively in the coastal state jurisdiction. In the past, fishing fleets in some big maritime countries had been fishing in areas near other countries, which seriously endangered the fishing interests of these countries. In the exclusive economic zone system, and the use of the coastal state ownership management of coastal fishery and mining industry and develop all the natural resources, it is conducive to the rational development and utilization of these resources, and to serve the interests of coastal peoples. But on the other hand, if countries have set up economic zone, is the world's oceans will have 1/3 under the economic zone, the country under the jurisdiction of the sea will have more than 3700 square miles, and only 6700 square miles of international regional. As a result, it will be in a very advantageous position for countries with long coastline and ocean oriented countries, as well as some island countries in the ocean. Edit this paragraph Rights and obligations The fifty-sixth article of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea defines the rights of coastal states in their exclusive economic zones. The content mainly includes three aspects. That is: 1) for the development of the seabed and subsoil on top of the overlying waters sovereignty biological and non living resources; 2) rights under the jurisdiction of the artificial islands, on regional facilities and scientific research and the protection of the marine environment; 3) the provisions of the Convention on the rights of others. This is a great convenience for coastal countries to maintain their resources and conduct jurisdiction within 200 nautical miles of their coastal waters. And this kind of convenience has a further development trend in recent years. Resource right Coastal states own ownership of biological and non biological resources in their own exclusive economic zones, and have the sovereign rights of exploration, development, conservation and management. Coastal states may, according to their own needs, formulate relevant conservation and management measures, as well as the provisions for exploration and development. Other countries without without the consent of the development zone of biological resources, such as the coastal state license, should comply with the laws and regulations formulated by the state. For the special species, such as mammals, highly migratory anadromous and catadromous species or other coastal state the right to formulate measures and regulations prohibit, restrict and management of more stringent. As for non biological resources, coastal countries can exercise sovereign rights for the purpose of exploration and development. This kind of right is exclusive. Coastal states are not explored or developed, and no other country is allowed to develop without permission. The so-called "non biological resources of the exclusive economic zone" actually includes all the non biological resources of the continental shelf and waters of the area. In addition, the coastal state of other resources the biological or non biological resources, how to use the wind, current and hydraulic energy development activities (i.e. the development of renewable energy sources), also enjoy sovereign rights, and for the development of natural resources, the right tunnel. These rights are exclusive, and the coastal state has the right to determine its jurisdiction and exercise its power within its own sovereignty. Of course, this also takes into account the interests of international law and the interests of other countries concerned. Jurisdiction This right mainly consists of three aspects. 1) coastal artificial islands, in the exclusive economic zone and the construction of the structure and use of facilities has jurisdiction, coastal countries have the exclusive right to authorize construction of the facilities in the exclusive economic zone, and enjoy the exclusive jurisdiction of these facilities. In addition, there is a right to set up a special width security zone around the island, facilities and structure (radius 500 meters). 2) the exclusive jurisdiction of marine scientific research in the economic zone of the jurisdiction of the coastal state scientific research is the exclusive nature of the coastal management, authorization and carry out such a study, other countries are not the coastal countries agree in principle is not for marine scientific research. Coastal countries can either agree or refuse or even suspend research in other countries. If coastal countries agree to carry out marine scientific research in their exclusive economic zones, coastal countries have the right to participate and provide intelligence, results and conclusions to units conducting research activities. 3) the protection and preservation of the marine environment: for this purpose, coastal states have exclusive rights to take measures within their own exclusive economic zones. Coastal states may enact laws and regulations to prevent, control and reduce all kinds of pollution. And these regulations can be implemented within the exclusive economic zone, and, where necessary, various measures taken. 4) other aspects: A. administration: the coastal state may exercise administrative jurisdiction over various activities within the exclusive economic zone, including customs, finance, health, safety and immigration. B. civil jurisdiction and criminal jurisdiction: the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea stipulates that coastal states may exercise civil jurisdiction in violation of regulations, liabilities and other matters within the exclusive economic zone, and use judicial procedures. The coastal country in peacetime to foreign ships passing through its own exclusive economic zone on the criminal criminal jurisdiction, but when such crimes against the consequences of the coastal state sovereignty in the exclusive economic zone in the country, or crimes occur in the territorial sea and the consequences of Exercising Criminal Jurisdiction over the coastal states can, and to take any legal steps authorized. When a ship collides in an exclusive economic zone and involves criminal liability and disciplinary responsibility, the coastal state also has criminal jurisdiction. C. other rights granted by international law jurisdiction: for example, in due to pollution or due to accidents caused by pollution or serious and urgent dangerous situation, take measures to prevent the right of hot pursuit; rights to the violation of the exclusive economic zone regulations; capture pirates, contraband, drug trafficking and other several other international law the rights and jurisdiction. Other rights and obligations "The United Nations Convention on the law of the sea" fifty-eighth provisions: all countries in the exclusive economic zone, whether coastal or inland country, the Convention on the limitation, enjoy "freedom of navigation and overflight, the laying of submarine cables and pipelines and the use of" free ", such as the operation of the ship and aircraft and submarine cable and conduit" or use and these free marine related and other international legal uses of freedom. In addition, the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea, the provisions of the eighty-eighth to 115th provisions of the high seas legal system, as long as the system does not conflict with the exclusive economic zone can apply. This provision was formulated in accordance with the views of the large maritime powers, such as the Soviet Union and the United States. Although it has been strongly opposed by developing countries, it is still preserved. Residual rights This issue relates to the identification of the nature and status of the exclusive economic zone. The developing countries and the great powers like the Soviet Union and the United States are seriously divided about this issue. According to the developing countries in the exclusive economic zone is under the jurisdiction of the state, that residual rights should belong to the coastal ocean country adhere to a part of the exclusive economic zone of the high seas, emphasizing the residual rights should belong to the international community. While the fifty-ninth articles of the covenant have evaded and solved the problem head-on, they have only laid down the basis for resolving contradictions and conflicts, and have made a compromise treatment between the two sides.