479-英语背诵文选

479-英语背诵文选 英语背诵文选 第一篇:Youth 青春 Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being?s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing appetite for what?s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart, there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, courage and power from man and from the infinite, so long as you are young. When your aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you?ve grown old, even at 20; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there?s hope you may die young at 80. (242 words) 第二篇: Three Days to See(Excerpts)假如给我三天光明(节选) All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year, sometimes as short as 24 hours. But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed hero chose to spend his last days or his last hours. I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited. Such stories set us thinking, wondering what we should do under similar circumstances. What events, what experiences, what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings, what regrets? Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with gentleness, vigor and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come. There are those, of course, who would adopt the Epicurean motto of “Eat, drink, and be merry”. But most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death. In stories the doomed hero is usually saved at the last minute by some stroke of fortune, but almost always his sense of values is changed. He becomes more appreciative of the meaning of life and its permanent spiritual values. It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do. Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life. The same lethargy, I am afraid, characterizes the use of all our faculties and senses. Only the deaf appreciate hearing, only the blind realize the manifold blessings that lie in sight. Particularly does this observation apply to those who have lost sight and hearing in adult life. But those who have never suffered impairment of sight or hearing seldom make the fullest use of these blessed faculties. Their eyes and ears take in all sights and sounds hazily, without concentration and with little appreciation. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill. I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound. (491 words) 第三篇:Companionship of Books 以书为伴(节选) A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age. Men often discover their affinity to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, „Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this:” Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them. A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man?s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author?s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time have been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive e but what is really good. Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see the as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe. The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which on still listens. 第四篇:If I Rest, I Rust 如果我休息，我就会生锈 The significant inscription found on an old key---“If I rest, I rust”---would be an excellent motto for those who are afflicted with the slightest bit of idleness. Even the most industrious person might adopt it with advantage to serve as a reminder that, if one allows his faculties to rest, like the iron in the unused key, they will soon show signs of rust and, ultimately, cannot do the work required of them. Those who would attain the heights reached and kept by great men must keep their faculties polished by constant use, so that they may unlock the doors of knowledge, the gate that guard the entrances to the professions, to science, art, literature, agriculture---every department of human endeavor. Industry keeps bright the key that opens the treasury of achievement. If Hugh Miller, after toiling all day in a quarry, had devoted his evenings to rest and recreation, he would never have become a famous geologist. The celebrated mathematician, Edmund Stone, would never have published a mathematical dictionary, never have found the key to science of mathematics, if he had given his spare moments to idleness, had the little Scotch lad, Ferguson, allowed the busy brain to go to sleep while he tended sheep on the hillside instead of calculating the position of the stars by a string of beads, he would never have become a famous astronomer. Labor vanquishes all---not inconstant, spasmodic, or ill-directed labor; but faithful, unremitting, daily effort toward a well-directed purpose. Just as truly as eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, so is eternal industry the price of noble and enduring success. 第五篇:Ambition 抱负 It is not difficult to imagine a world short of ambition. It would probably be a kinder world: with out demands, without abrasions, without disappointments. People would have time for reflection. Such work as they did would not be for themselves but for the collectivity. Competition would never enter in. conflict would be eliminated, tension become a thing of the past. The stress of creation would be at an end. Art would no longer be troubling, but purely celebratory in its functions. Longevity would be increased, for fewer people would die of heart attack or stroke caused by tumultuous endeavor. Anxiety would be extinct. Time would stretch on and on, with ambition long departed from the human heart. Ah, how unrelieved boring life would be! There is a strong view that holds that success is a myth, and ambition therefore a sham. Does this mean that success does not really exist? That achievement is at bottom empty? That the efforts of men and women are of no significance alongside the force of movements and events now not all success, obviously, is worth esteeming, nor all ambition worth cultivating. Which are and which are not is something one soon enough learns on one?s own. But even the most cynical secretly admit that success exists; that achievement counts for a great deal; and that the true myth is that the actions of men and women are useless. To believe otherwise is to take on a point of view that is likely to be deranging. It is, in its implications, to remove all motives for competence, interest in attainment, and regard for posterity. We do not choose to be born. We do not choose our parents. We do not choose our historical epoch, the country of our birth, or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing. We do not, most of us, choose to die; nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death. But within all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live: courageously or in cowardice, honorably or dishonorably, with purpose or in drift. We decide what is important and what is trivial in life. We decide that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do. But no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make. We decide. We choose. And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about. 第六篇:What I have Lived for 我为何而生 Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness---that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what---at last---I have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always it brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me. 第七篇:When Love Beckons You 爱的召唤 When love beckons to you, follow him, though his ways are hard and steep. And when his wings enfold you, yield to him, though the sword hidden among his pinions may wound you. And when he speaks to you, believe in him, though his voice may shatter your dreams as the north wind lays waste the garden. For even as love crowns you so shall he crucify you. Even as he is for your growth so is he for your pruning. Even as he ascends to your height and caresses your tenderest branches that quiver in the sun, so shall he descend to our roots and shake them in their clinging to the earth. But if, in your fear, you would seek only love?s peace and love?s pleasure, then it is better for you that you cover your nakedness and pass out of love?s threshing-floor, into the seasonless world where you shall laugh, but not all of your laughter, and weep, but not all of your tears. Love gives naught but it self and takes naught but from itself. Love possesses not, nor would it be possessed, for love is sufficient unto love. Love has no other desire but to fulfill itself. But if you love and must have desires, let these be your desires: To melt and be like a running brook that sings its melody to the night. To know the pain of too much tenderness. To be wounded by your own understanding of love; And to bleed willingly and joyfully. To wake at dawn with a winged heart and give thanks for another day of loving; To rest at the noon hour and meditate love?s ecstasy; To return home at eventide with gratitude; And then to sleep with a payer for the beloved in your heart and a song of praise upon your lips. (307 words) 第八篇:The Road to Success 成功之道 It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the most subordinate positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust upon them at the very threshold of their career. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have janitors and janitresses now in offices, and our young men unfortunately miss that salutary branch of business education. But if by chance the professional sweeper is absent any morning, the boy who has the genius of the future partner in him will not hesitate to try his hand at the broom. It does not hurt the newest comer to sweep out the office if necessary. I was one of those sweepers myself. Assuming that you have all obtained employment and are fairly started, my advice to you is “aim high”. I would not give a fig for the young man who does not already see himself the partner or the head of an important firm. Do not rest content for a moment in your thoughts as head clerk, or foreman, or general manager in any concern, no matter how extensive. Say to yourself, “My place is at the top.” Be king in your dreams. And here is the prime condition of success, the great secret: concentrate your energy, thought, and capital exclusively upon the business in which you are engaged. Having begun in one line, resolve to fight it out on that line, to lead in it, adopt every improvement, have the best machinery, and know the most about it. The concerns which fail are those which have scattered their capital, which means that they have scattered their brains also. They have investments in this, or that, or the other, here there, and everywhere. “Don?t put all your eggs in one basket.” is all wrong. I tell you to “put all your eggs in one basket, and then watch that basket.” Look round you and take notice, men who do that not often fail. It is easy to watch and carry the one basket. It is trying to carry too many baskets that breaks most eggs in this country. He who carries three baskets must put one on his head, which is apt to tumble and trip him up. One fault of the American businessman is lack of concentration. To summarize what I have said: aim for the highest; never enter a bar room; do not touch liquor, or if at all only at meals; never speculate; never indorse beyond your surplus cash fund; make the firm?s interest yours; break orders always to save owners; concentrate; put all your eggs in one basket, and watch that basket; expenditure always within revenue; lastly, be not impatient, for as Emerson says, “no one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.” 第九篇:On Meeting the Celebrated 论见名人 I have always wondered at the passion many people have to meet the celebrated. The prestige you acquire by being able to tell your friends that you know famous men proves only that you are yourself of small account. The celebrated develop a technique to deal with the persons they come across. They show the world a mask, often an impressive on, but take care to conceal their real selves. They play the part that is expected from them, and with practice learn to play it very well, but you are stupid if you think that this public performance of theirs corresponds with the man within. I have been attached, deeply attached, to a few people; but I have been interested in men in general not for their own sakes, but for the sake of my work. I have not, as Kant enjoined, regarded each man as an end in himself, but as material that might be useful to me as a writer. I have been more concerned with the obscure than with the famous. They are more often themselves. They have had no need to create a figure to protect themselves from the world or to impress it. Their idiosyncrasies have had more chance to develop in the limited circle of their activity, and since they have never been in the public eye it has never occurred to them that they have anything to conceal. They display their oddities because it has never struck them that they are odd. And after all it is with the common run of men that we writers have to deal; kings, dictators, commercial magnates are from our point of view very unsatisfactory. To write about them is a venture that has often tempted writers, but the failure that has attended their efforts shows that such beings are too exceptional to form a proper ground for a work of art. They cannot be made real. The ordinary is the writer?s richer field. Its unexpectedness, its singularity, its infinite variety afford unending material. The great man is too often all of a piece; it is the little man that is a bundle of contradictory elements. He is inexhaustible. You never come to the end of the surprises he has in store for you. For my part I would much sooner spend a month on a desert island with a veterinary surgeon than with a prime minister. 第十篇:The 50-Percent Theory of Life 生活理论半对半 I believe in the 50-percent theory. Half the time things are better than normal; the other half, they re worse. I believe life is a pendulumng. It takes time and experience to understand what normal is, and that gives me the perspective to deal with the surprises of the future. Let?s benchmark the parameters: yes, I will die. I?ve dealt with the deaths of both parents, a best friend, a beloved boss and cherished pets. Some of these deaths have been violent, before my eyes, or slow and agonizing. Bad stuff, and it belongs at the bottom of the scale. Then there are those high points: romance and marriage to the right person; having a child and doing those Dad things like coaching my son?s baseball team, paddling around the creek in the boat while he?smming with the dogs, discovering his compassion so deep it manifests even in his kindness to snails, his imagination so vivid he builds a spaceship from a scattered pile of Legos. But there is a vast meadow of life in the middle, where the bad and the good flip-flop acrobatically. This is what convinces me to believe in the 50-percent theory. One spring I planted corn too early in a bottomland so flood-prone that neighbors laughed. I felt chagrined at the wasted effort. Summer turned brutal---the worst heat wave and drought in my lifetime. The air-conditioned died; the well went dry; the marriage ended; the job lost; the money gone. I was living lyrics from a country tune---music I loathed. Only a surging Kansas City Royals team buoyed my spirits. Looking back on that horrible summer, I soon understood that all succeeding good things merely offset the bad. Worse than normal wouldn?t last long. I am owed and savor the halcyon times. The reinvigorate me for the next nasty surprise and offer assurance that can thrive. The 50-percent theory even helps me see hope beyond my Royals? recent slump, a field of struggling rookies sown so that some year soon we can reap an October harvest. For that on blistering summer, the ground moisture was just right, planting early allowed pollination before heat withered the tops, and the lack of rain spared the standing corn from floods. That winter my crib overflowed with corn---fat, healthy three-to-a-stalk ears filled with kernels from heel to tip---while my neighbors? fields yielded only brown, empty husks. Although plantings past may have fallen below the 50-percent expectation, and they probably will again in the future, I am still sustained by the crop that flourishes during the drought. 第十一篇:What is Your Recovery Rate? 你的恢复速率是多少, What is your recovery rate? How long does it take you to recover from actions and behaviors that upset you? Minutes? Hours? Days? Weeks? The longer it takes you to recover, the more influence that incident has on your actions, and the less able you are to perform to your personal best. In a nutshell, the longer it takes you to recover, the weaker you are and the poorer your performance. You are well aware that you need to exercise to keep the body fit and, no doubt, accept that a reasonable measure of health is the speed in which your heart and respiratory system recovers after exercise. Likewise the faster you let go of an issue that upsets you, the faster you return to an equilibrium, the healthier you will be. The best example of this behavior is found with professional sportspeople. They know that the faster they can forget an incident or missd opportunity and get on with the game, the better their performance. In fact, most measure the time it takes them to overcome and forget an incident in a game and most reckon a recovery rate of 30 seconds is too long! Imagine yourself to be an actor in a play on the stage. Your aim is to play your part to the best of your ability. You have been given a script and at the end of each sentence is a ful stop. Each time you get to the end of the sentence you start a new one and although the next sentence is related to the last it is not affected by it. Your job is to deliver each sentence to the best of your ability. Don?t live your life in the past! Learn to live in the present, to overcome the past. Stop the past from influencing your daily life. Don?t allow thoughts of the past to reduce your personal best. Stop the past from interfering with your life. Learn to recover quickly. Remember: Rome wasn?t built in a day. Reflect on your recovery rate each day. Every day before you go to bed, look at your progress. Don?t lie in bed saying to you, “I did that wrong.” “I should have done better there.” No. look at your day and note when you made an effort to place a full stop after an incident. This is a success. You are taking control of your life. Remember this is a step by step process. This is not a make-over. You are undertaking real change here. Your aim: reduce the time spent in recovery. The way forward? Live in the present. Not in the precedent. 第十二篇:Clear Your Mental Space 清理心灵的空间 Think about the last time you felt a negative emotion---like stress, anger, or frustration. What was going through your mind as you were going through that negativity? Was your mind cluttered with thoughts? Or was it paralyzed, unable to think? The next time you find yourself in the middle of a very stressful time, or you feel angry or frustrated, stop. Yes, that?s right, stop. Whatever you?re doing, stop and sit for one minute. While you?re sitting there, completely immerse yourself in the negative emotion. Allow that emotion to consume you. Allow yourself one minute to truly feel that emotion. Don?t cheat yourself here. Take the entire minute---but only one minute---to do nothing else but feel that emotion. When the minute is over, ask yourself, “Am I wiling to keep holding on to this negative emotion as I go through the rest of the day?” Once you?ve allowed yourself to be totally immersed in the emotion and really fell it, you will be surprised to find that the emotion clears rather quickly. If you feel you need to hold on to the emotion for a little longer, that is OK. Allow yourself another minute to feel the emotion. When you feel you?ve had enough of the emotion, ask yourself if you?re willing to carry that negativity with you for the rest of the day. If not, take a deep breath. As you exhale, release all that negativity with your breath. This exercise seems simple---almost too simple. But, it is very effective. By allowing that negative emotion the space to be truly felt, you are dealing with the emotion rather than stuffing it down and trying not to feel it. You are actually taking away the power of the emotion by giving it the space and attention it needs. When you immerse yourself in the emotion, and realize that it is only emotion, it loses its control. You can clear your head and proceed with your task. Try it. Next time you?re in the middle of a negative emotion, give yourself the space to feel the emotion and see what happens. Keep a piece of paper with you that says the following: Stop. Immerse for one minute. Do I want to keep this negativity? Breath deep, exhale, release. Move on! This will remind you of the steps to the process. Remember; take the time you need to really immerse yourself in the emotion. Then, when you feel you?ve felt it enough, release it---really let go of it. You will be surprised at how quickly you can move on from a negative situation and get to what you really want to do! 第十三篇:Be Happy 快乐 “The days that make us happy make us wise.”----John Masefield when I first read this line by England?s Poet Laureate, it startled me. What did Masefield mean? Without thinking about it much, I had always assumed that the opposite was true. But his sober assurance was arresting. I could not forget it. Finally, I seemed to grasp his meaning and realized that here was a profound observation. The wisdom that happiness makes possible lies in clear perception, not fogged by anxiety nor dimmed by despair and boredom, and without the blind spots caused by fear. Active happiness---not mere satisfaction or contentment ---often comes suddenly, like an April shower or the unfolding of a bud. Then you discover what kind of wisdom has accompanied it. The grass is greener; bird songs are sweeter; the shortcomings of your friends are more understandable and more forgivable. Happiness is like a pair of eyeglasses correcting your spiritual vision. Nor are the insights of happiness limited to what is near around you. Unhappy, with your thoughts turned in upon your emotional woes, your vision is cut short as though by a wall. Happy, the wall crumbles. The long vista is there for the seeing. The ground at your feet, the world about you----people, thoughts, emotions, pressures---are now fitted into the larger scene. Everything assumes a fairer proportion. And here is the beginning of wisdom. 第十四篇:The Goodness of life 生命的美好 Though there is much to be concerned about, there is far, far more for which to be thankful. Though life?s goodness can at times be overshadowed, it is never outweighed. For every single act that is senselessly destructive, there are thousands more small, quiet acts of love, kindness and compassion. For every person who seeks to hurt, there are many, many more who devote their lives to helping and to healing. There is goodness to life that cannot be denied. In the most magnificent vistas and in the smallest details, look closely, for that goodness always comes shining through. There si no limit to the goodness of life. It grows more abundant with each new encounter. The more you experience and appreciate the goodness of life, the more there is to be lived. Even when the cold winds blow and the world seems to be cov ered in foggy shadows, the goodness of life lives on. Open your eyes, open your heart, and you will see that goodness is everywhere. Though the goodness of life seems at times to suffer setbacks, it always endures. For in the darkest moment it becomes vividly clear that life is a priceless treasure. And so the goodness of life is made even stronger by the very things that would oppose it. Time and time again when you feared it was gone forever you found that the goodness of life was really only a moment away. Around the next corner, inside every moment, the goodness of life is there to surprise and delight you. Take a moment to let the goodness of life touch your spirit and calm your thoughts. Then, share your good fortune with another. For the goodness of life grows more and more magnificent each time it is given away. Though the problems constantly scream for attention and the conflicts appear to rage ever stronger, the goodness of life grows stronger still, quietly, peacefully, with more purpose and meaning than ever before. 第十五篇:Facing the Enemies Within 直面内在的敌人 We are not born with courage, but neither are we born with fear. Maybe some of our fears are brought on by your own experiences, by what someone has told you, by what you?ve read in the papers. Some fears are valid, like walking alone in a bad part of town at two o?clock in the morning. But once you learn to avoid that situation, you won?t need to live in fear of it. Fears, even the most basic ones, can totally destroy our ambitions. Fear can destroy fortunes. Fear can destroy relationships. Fear, if left unchecked, can destroy our lives. Fear is one of the many enemies lurking inside us. Let me tell you about five of the other enemies we face from within. The first enemy that you?ve got to destroy before it destroys you is indifference. What a tragic disease this is! “Ho-hum, let it slide. I?ll just drift along.” Here?s one problem with drifting: you can?t drift your way to the to of the mountain. The second enemy we face is indecision. Indecision is the thief of opportunity and enterprise. It will steal your chances for a better future. Take a sword to this enemy. The third enemy inside is doubt. Sure, there?s room for healthy skepticism. You can?t believe everything. But you also can?t let doubt take over. Many people doubt the past, doubt the future, doubt each other, doubt the government, doubt the possibilities nad doubt the opportunities. Worse of all, they doubt themselves. I?m telling you, doubt will destroy your life and your chances of success. It will empty both your bank account and your heart. Doubt is an enemy. Go after it. Get rid of it. The fourth enemy within is worry. We?ve all got to worry some. Just don?t let conquer you. Instead, let it alarm you. Worry can be useful. If you step off the curb in New York City and a taxi is coming, you?ve got to worry. But you can?t let worry loose like a mad dog that drives you into a small corner. Here?s what you?ve got to do with your worries: drive them into a small corner. Whatever is out to get you, you?ve got to get it. Whatever is pushing on you, you?ve got to push back. The fifth interior enemy is overcaution. It is the timid approach to life. Timidity is not a virtue; it?s an illness. If you let it go, it?ll conquer you. Timid people don?t get promoted. They don?t advance and grow and become powerful in the marketplace. You?ve got to avoid overcaution. Do battle with the enemy. Do battle with your fears. Build your courage to fight what?s holding ou back, what?s keeping you from your goals and dreams. Be courageous in your life and in your pursuit of the things you want and the person you want to become. (480 words) 第十六篇:Abundance is a Life Style 富足的生活方式 Abundance is a life style, a way of living your life. It isn?t something you buy now and then or pull down from the cupboard, dust off and use once or twice, and then return to the cupboard. Abundance is a philosophy; it appears in your physiology, your value system, and carries its own set of beliefs. You walk with it, sleep with it, bath with it, feel with it, and need to maintain and take care of it as well. Abundance doesn?t always require money. Many people live with all that money can buy yet live empty inside. Abundance begins inside with some main self-ingredients, like love, care, kindness and gentleness, thoughtfulness and compassion. Abundance is a state of being. It radiates outward. It shines like the sun among the many moons in the world. Being from the brightness of abundance doesn?t allow the darkness to appear or be in the path unless a choice to allow it to. The true state of abundance doesn?t have room for lies or games normally played. The space is too full of abundance. This may be a challenge because we still need to shine for other to see. Abundance is seeing people for their gifts and not what they lack or could be. Seeing all things for their gifts and not what they lack. Start by knowing what your abundances are, fill that space with you, and be fully present from that state of being. Your profession of choice is telling you of knowing and possibilities. That is their gift. Consultants and customer service professionals have the ministrative assistants and virtual assistants have an abundance of coordination and time management. Abundance is all around you, and all within. See what it is; love yourself for what it is, not what you?re missing, or what that can be better, but for what it is at this present moment. Be in a state of abundance of what you already have. I guarantee they are there; it always is buried but there. Breathe them in as if they are the air you breathe because they are yours. Let go of anything that isn?t abundant for the time being. Name the shoe boxes in your closet with your gifts of abundance; pull from them every morning if needed. Know they are there. Learning to trust in your own abundance is required. When you begin to be within your own space of abundance, whatever you need will appear whenever you need it. That?s just the way the higher powers set this universe up to work. Trust the universal energy. The knowing of it all will humble you to its power yet let the brightness of you shine everywhere it needs to. Just by being from a state of abundance, it is being you. 第十七篇:Human Life a Poem 人生如诗 I think that, from a biological standpoint, human life almost reads like a poem. It has its own rhythm and beat, its internal cycles of growth and decay. It begins with innocent childhood, followed by awkward adolescence trying awkwardly to adapt itself to mature society, with its young passions and follies, its ideals and ambitions; then it reaches a manhood of intense activities, profiting from experience and learning more about society and human nature; at middle age, there is a slight easing of tension, a mellowing of character like the ripening of fruit or the mellowing of good wine, and the gradual acquiring of a more tolerant, more cynical and at the same time a kindlier view of life; then In the sunset of our life, the endocrine glands decrease their activity, and if we have a true philosophy of old age and have ordered our life pattern according to it, it is for us the age of peace and security and leisure and contentment; finally, life flickers out and one goes into eternal sleep, never to wake up again. One should be able to sense the beauty of this rhythm of life, to appreciate, as we do in grand symphonies, its main theme, its strains of conflict and the final resolution. The movements of these cycles are very much the same in a normal life, but the music must be provided by the individual himself. In some souls, the discordant note becomes harsher and harsher and finally overwhelms or submerges the main melody. Sometimes the discordant note gains so much power that the music can no longer go on, and the individual shoots himself with a pistol or jump into a river. But that is because his original leitmotif has been hopelessly over-showed through the lack of a good self-education. Otherwise the normal human life runs to its normal end in kind of dignified movement and procession. There are sometimes in many of us too many staccatos or impetuosos, and because the tempo is wrong, the music is not pleasing to the ear; we might have more of the grand rhythm and majestic tempo o the Ganges, flowing slowly and eternally into the sea. No one can say that life with childhood, manhood and old age is not a beautiful arrangement; the day has its morning, noon and sunset, and the year has its seasons, and it is good that it is so. There is no good or bad in life, except what is good according to its own season. And if we take this biological view of life and try to live according to the seasons, no one but a conceited fool or an impossible idealist can deny that human life can be lived like a poem. Shakespeare has expressed this idea more graphically in his passage about the seven stages of life, and a good many Chinese writers have said about the same thing. It is curious that Shakespeare was never very religious, or very much concerned with religion. I think this was his greatness; he took human life largely as it was, and intruded himself as little upon the general scheme of things as he did upon the characters of his plays. Shakespeare was like Nature itself, and that is the greatest compliment we can pay to a writer or thinker. He merely lived, observed life and went away. 第十八篇:Solitude 独处 I find it wholesome to be alone the greater part of the time. To be in company, even with the best, is soon wearisome and dissipating. I love to be alone. I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude. We are for the most part more lonely when we go abroad among men than when we stay in our chambers. A man thinking or working is always alone, let him be where he will. Solitude is not measured by the miles of space that intervene between a man and his fellows. The really diligent student in one of the crowded hives of Cambridge College is as solitary as a dervish in the desert. The farmer can work alone in the field or the woods all day, hoeing or chopping, and not feel lonesome, because he is employed; but when he comes home at night he cannot sit down in a room alone, at the mercy of his thoughts, but must be where he can :see the folks,:” and recreate, and, as he thinks, remunerate himself for his day?s solitude; and hence he wonders how the student can sit alone in the house all night and most of the day without ennui and :the blues:; but he does not realize that the student, though in the house, is still at work in his field, and chopping in his woods, as the farmer in his, and in turn seeks the same recreation and society that the latter does, though it may be a more condensed form of it. Society is commonly too cheap. We meet at very short intervals, not having had time to acquire any new value for each other. We meet at meals three times a day, and give each other a new taste of that old musty cheese that we are. We have had to agree on a certain set of rules, called etiquette and politeness, to make this frequent meeting tolerable and that we need not come to open war. We meet at the post-office, and at the sociable, and about the fireside every night; we live thick and are in each other?s way, and stumble over one another, and I think that we thus lose some respect for one another. Certainly less frequency would suffice for all important and hearty communications. Consider the girls in a factory---never alone, hardly in their dreams. It would be better if there were but one inhabitant to a square mile, as where I live. The value of a man is not in his skin, that we should touch him. I have a great deal of company in my house; especially in the morning, when nobody calls. Let me suggest a few comparisons, that some one may convey an idea of my situation. I am no more lonely than the loon in the pond that laughs so loud, or than Walden Pond itself. What company has that lonely lake, I pray? And yet it has not the blue devils, but the blue angels in it, in the azure tint of its waters. The sun is alone, except in thick weather, when there sometimes appear to be two, but one is a mock sun. god is alone---but the devil, he is far from being alone; he sees a great deal of company; he is legion. I am no more lonely than a single mullein or dandelion in a pasture, or a bean leaf, or sorrel, or a horse-fly, or a bumblebee. I am no more lonely than the Millbrook, or a weathercock, or the north star, or the south wind, or an April shower, or a January thaw, or the first spider in a new house. 第十九篇:Giving Life Meaning 给生命以意义 Have you thought about what you want people to say about you after you?re gone? Can you hear the voice saying, “He was a great man.” Or “She really will be missed.” What else do they say? One of the strangest phenomena of life is to engage in a work that will last long after death. Isn?t that a lot like investing all your money so that future generations can bare interest on it? Perhaps, yet if you look deep in your own heart, you?ll find something drives you to make this kind of contribution---something drives every human being to find a purpose that lives on after death. Do you hope to memorialize your name? Have a name that is whispered with reverent awe? Do you hope to have your face carved upon 50 ft of granite rock? Is the answer really that simple? Is the purpose of lifetime contribution an ego-driven desire for a mortal being to have an immortal name or is it something more? A child alive today will die tomorrow. A baby that had the potential to be the next Einstein will die from complication is at birth. The circumstances of life are not set in stone. We are not all meant to live life through to old age. We?ve grown to perceive life3 as a full cycle with a certain number of years in between. If all of those years aren?t lived out, it?s a tragedy. A tragedy because a human?s potential was never realized. A tragedy because a spark was snuffed out before it ever became a flame. By virtue of inhabiting a body we accept these risks. We expose our mortal flesh to the laws of the physical environment around us. The trade off isn?t so bad when you think about it. The problem comes when we construct mortal fantasies of what life should be like. When life doesn?t conform to our fantasy we grow upset, frustrated, or depressed. We are alive; let us live. We have the ability to experience; let us experience. We have the ability to learn; let us learn. The meaning of life can be grasped in a moment. A moment so brief it often evades our perception. What meaning stands behind the dramatic unfolding of life? What single truth can we grasp and hang onto for dear life when all other truths around us seem to fade with time? These moments are strung together in a series we call events. These events are strung together in a series we call life. When we seize the moment and bend it according to our will, a will driven by the spirit deep inside us, then we have discovered the meaning of life, a meaning for us that shall go on long after we depart this Earth. 第二十篇:Relish the Moment 品味现在 Tucked away in our subconsciousness is an idyllic vision. We see ourselves on a long trip that spans the moment. We are traveling by train. Out the windows, we drink in the passing scene of cars on nearby highways, of children waving at a crossing, of cattle grazing on a distant hillside, of smoke pouring from a power plant, of row upon row of corn ad wheat, of flatlands and valleys, of mountains and rolling hillsides, of city skylines and village halls. But uppermost in our minds is the final destination. On a certain day at a certain hour, we will pull into the station. Bands will be playing and flags waving. Once we get there, so many wonderful dreams will come true and the pieces of our lives will fit together like a completed jigsaw puzzle. How restlessly we pace the aisles, damning the minutes for loitering---waiting, waiting, waiting for the station. “When we reach the station, that will be it!” we cry. “When I?m 18.” “When I buy a new 450SL Mercedes Benz!” “When I put the last kid through college.” “When I have paid off the mortgage!” “When I get a promotion.” “When I reach the age of retirement, I shall live happily ever after!” Sooner or later, we must realize there is no station, no one place to arrive at once and for all. The true joy of life is the trip. The station is only a dream. It constantly outdistances us. It isn?t the burdens of today that drive men mad. It is the regrets over yesterday and the fear of tomorrow. Regret and fear are twin thieves who rob us of today. So stop pacing the aisles and counting the miles. Instead, climb more mountains, eat more ice cream, go barefoot more often,m more rivers, watch more sunsets, laugh more, cry less. Life must be lived as we go along. The station will come soon enough. (323 words) 第二十一篇:The Love of Beauty 爱美 The love of beauty is an essential part of all healthy human nature. It is a moral quality. The absence of it is not an assured ground of condemnation, but the presence of it is an invariable sign of goodness of heart. In proportion to the degree in which it is felt will probably be the degree in which nobleness and beauty of character will be attained. Natural beauty is an all-pervading presence. The universe is its temple. It unfolds into the numberless flowers of spring. It waves in the branches of trees and the green blades of grass. It haunts the depths of the earth and the sea. It gleams from the hues of the shell and the precious stone. And not only these minute objects but the oceans, the mountains, the clouds, the stars, the rising and the setting sun---all overflow with beauty. This beauty is so precious, and so congenial to our tenderest and noblest feelings, that it is painful to think of the multitude of people living in the midst of it and yet remaining almost blind to it. All persons should seek to become acquainted with the beauty in nature. There is not a worm we tread upon, nor a leaf that dances merrily as it falls before the autumn winds, but calls for our study and admiration. The power to appreciated beauty not merely increases our sources of happiness---it enlarges our moral nature, too. Beauty calms our restlessness and dispels our cares. Go into the fields or the woods, spend a summer day by the sea or the mountains, and all your little perplexities and anxieties will vanish. Listen to sweet music, and your foolish fears and petty jealousies will pass away. The beauty of the world helps us to seek and find the beauty of goodness. 第二十二篇:The Happy Door 快乐之门 Happiness is like a pebble dropped into a pool to set in motion an ever-widening circle of ripples. As Stevenson has said, being happy is a duty. There is no exact definition of the word happiness. Happy people are happy for all sorts of reasons. The key is not wealth or physical well-being, since we find beggars, invalids and so-called failures, who are extremely happy. Being happy is a sort of unexpected dividend. But staying happy is an accomplishment, a triumph of soul and character. It is not selfish to strive for it. It is, indeed, a duty to ourselves and others. Being unhappy is like an infectious disease. It causes people to shrink away from the sufferer. He soon finds himself alone, miserable and embittered. There is, however, a cure so simple as to seem, at first glance, ridiculous; if you don?t feel happy, pretend to be! It works. Before long you will find that instead of repelling people, you attract them. You discover how deeply rewarding it is to be the center of wider and wider circles of good will. Then the make-believe becomes a reality. You possess the secret of peace of mind, and can forget yourself in being of service to others. Being happy, once it is realized as a duty and established as a habit, opens doors into unimaginable gardens thronged with grateful friends. 第二十三篇:Born to Win 生而为赢 Each human being is born as something new, something that never existed before. Each is born with the capacity to win at life. Each person has a unique way of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and thinking. Each has his or her own unique potentials---capabilities and limitations. Each can be a significant, thinking, aware, and creative being---a productive person, a winner. The word “winner” and “loser” have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society. Winners do not dedicated their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don?t pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them. Winners do not play “helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives. They don?t give others a false authority over them. Winners are their own bosses and know it. A winner?s timing is right. Winners respond appropriately to the situation. Their responses are related to the message sent and preserve the significance, worth, well-being, and dignity of the people involved. Winners know that for everything there is a season and for every activity a time. Although winners can freely enjoy themselves, they can also postpone enjoyment, can discipline themselves in the present to enhance their enjoyment in the future. Winners are not afraid to go after what he wants, but they do so in proper ways. Winners do not get their security by controlling others. They do not set themselves up to lose. A winner cares about the world and its peoples. A winner is not isolated from the general problems of society, but is concerned, compassionate, and committed to improving the quality of life. Even in the face of national and international adversity, a winner?s self-image is not one of a powerless individual. A winner works to make the world a better place. 第二十四篇:Work and Pleasure 工作和娱乐 To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human being may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week?s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend. It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune?s favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vacation. Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds. 第二十五篇:Mirror, Mirror--What do I see镜子,镜子,告诉我 A loving person lives in a loving world. A hostile person lives in a hostile world. Everyone you meet is your mirror. Mirrors have a very particular function. They reflect the image in front of them. Just as a physical mirror serves as the vehicle to reflection, so do all of the people in our lives. When we see something beautiful such as a flower garden, that garden serves as a reflection. In order to see the beauty in front of us, we must be able to see the beauty inside of ourselves. When we love someone, it?s a reflection of loving ourselves. When we love someone, it?s a reflection of loving ourselves. We have often heard things like “I love how I am when I?m with that person.” That simply translates into “I?m able to love me when I love that other person.” Oftentimes, when we meet someone new, we feel as though we “click”. Sometimes it?s as if we?ve known each other for a long time. That feeling can come from sharing similarities. Just as the “mirror” or other person can be a positive reflection, it is more likely that we?ll notice it when it has a negative connotation. For example, it?s easy to remember times when we have met someone we?re not particularly crazy about. We may have some criticism in our mind about the person. This is especially true when we get to know someone with whom we would rather spend less time. Frequently, when we dislike qualities in other people, ironically, it?s usually the mirror that?s speaking to us. I began questioning myself further each time I encountered someone that I didn?t particularly like. Each time, I asked myself, “What is it about that person that I don?t like?” and then “Is there something similar in me?” in every instance, I could see a piece of that quality in me, and sometimes I had to really get very introspective. So what did that mean? It means that just as I can get annoyed or disturbed when I notice that aspect in someone else, I better reexamine my qualities and consider making some changes. Even if I?m not willing to make a drastic change, at least I consider how I might modify some of the things that I?m doing. At times we meet someone new and feel distant, disconnected, or disgusted. Although we don?t want to believe it, and it?s not easy or desirable to look further, it can be a great learning lesson to figure out what part of the person is being reflected in you. It?s simply just another way to create more self-awareness. 第二十六篇:On Motes and Beams It is curious that our own offenses should seem so much less heinous than the offenses of others. I suppose the reason is that we know all the circumstances that have occasioned them and so manage to excuse in ourselves what we cannot excuse in others. We turn our attention away from our own defects, and when we are forced by untoward events to consider them, find it easy to condone them. For all I know we are right to do this; they are part of us and we must accept the good and bad in ourselves together. But when we come to judge others, it is not by ourselves as we really are that we judge them, but by an image that we have formed of ourselves fro which we have left out everything that offends our vanity or would discredit us in the eyes of the world. To take a trivial instance: how scornful we are when we catch someone out telling a lie; but who can say that he has never told not one, but a hundred? There is not much to choose between men. They are all a hotchpotch of greatness and littleness, of virtue and vice, of nobility and baseness. Some have more strength of character, or more opportunity, and so in one direction or another give their instincts freer play, but potentially they are the same. For my part, I do not think I am any better or any worse than most people, but I know that if I set down every action in my life and every thought that has crossed my mind, the world would consider me a monster of depravity. The knowledge that these reveries are common to all men should inspire one with tolerance to oneself as well as to others. It is well also if they enable us to look upon our fellows, even the most eminent and respectable, with humor, and if they lead us to take ourselves not too seriously. 第二十七篇:An October Sunrise 十月的日出 I was up the next morning be fore the October sunrise, and away through the wild and the woodland. The rising of the sun was noble in the cold and warmth of it peeping down the spread of light, he raised his shoulder heavily over the edge of grey mountain and wavering length of upland. Beneath his gaze the dew-fogs dipped, and crept to crept to the hollow places; then stole away in line and column, holding skirts, and clinging subtly at the sheltering corners where rock hung over grassland, while the brave lines of the hills came forth, one beyond other gliding. The woods arose in folds, like drapery of awakened mountains, stately with a depth of awe, and memory of the tempests. Autumn?s mellow hand was upon them, as they owned already, touched with gold and red and olive, and their joy towards the sun was less to a bridegroom than a father. Yet before the floating impress of the woods could clear it self, suddenly the gladsome light leaped over hill and valley, casting amber, blue, and purple, and a tint of rich red rose; according to the scene they lit on, and the curtain flung around; yet all alike dispelling fear and the cloven hoof of darkness, all on the wings of hope advancing, and proclaiming, “God is here!” then life and joy sprang reassured from every crouching hollow; every flower, and bud and bird had a fluttering sense of them; and all the flashing of God?s gaze merged into soft beneficence. So, perhaps, shall break upon us that eternal morning, when crag and chasm shall be no more, neither hill and valley, nor great unvintaged ocean; but all things shall arise, and shine in the light of the Father?s countenance, because itself is risen. 第二十八篇:To Be or Not to Be 生存还是毁灭 Outside the Bible, these six words are the most famous in all the literature of the world. They were spoken by Hamlet when he was thinking aloud, and they are the most famous words in Shakespeare because Hamlet was speaking not only for himself but also for every thinking man and woman. To be or not to be, to live or not to live, to live richly and abundantly and eagerly, or to live dully and meanly and scarcely. A philosopher once wanted to know whether he was alive or not, which is a good question for everyone to put to himself occasionally. He answered it by saying: "I think, therefore am." But the best definition of existence ever saw did another philosopher who said: "To be is to be in relations." If this true, then the more relations a living thing has, the more it is alive. To live abundantly means simply to increase the range and intensity of our relations. Unfortunately we are so constituted that we get to love our routine. But apart from our regular occupation how much are we alive? If you are interest-ed only in your regular occupation, you are alive only to that extent. So far as other things are concerned--poetry and prose, music, pictures, sports, unselfish friendships, politics, international affairs--you are dead. Contrariwise, it is true that every time you acquire a new interest--even more, a new accomplishment--you increase your power of life. No one who is deeply interested in a large variety of subjects can remain unhappy; the real pessimist is the person who has lost interest. Bacon said that a man dies as often as he loses a friend. But we gain new life by contacts, new friends. What is supremely true of living objects is only less true of ideas, which are also alive. Where your thoughts are, there will your live be also. If your thoughts are confined only to your business, only to your physical welfare, only to the narrow circle of the town in which you live, then you live in a narrow cir-conscribed life. But if you are interested in what is going on in China, then you are living in China~ if you?re interested in the characters of a good novel, then you are living with those highly interesting people, if you listen intently to fine music, you are away from your immediate surroundings and living in a world of passion and imagination. To be or not to be--to live intensely and richly, merely to exist, that depends on ourselves. Let widen and intensify our relations. While we live, let live! 第二十九篇:Gettysburg Address 葛底斯堡演说 Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now, we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us---that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 第三十篇:First Inaugural Address(Excerpts) 就职演讲(节选) We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning; signifying renewal, as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago. in your hands, my fellow citizens, more than in mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe. Now the trumpet summons us again, not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, “rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation”, a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself. Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort? In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility. I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it. And the glow from that fire can truly light the world. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth, God?s work must truly be our own. 新东方背诵文选50篇——01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely different movements. Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 02 Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life. Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling. 03 The Definition of "Price" Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, ransportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the "system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price. 04 Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators. Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity. All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing. The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four- fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body. 05 The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama. Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect- success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities. Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds. 06 Television Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies. The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image. Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings. The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques. Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer. 07 Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments. Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced," he often said. Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts. Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today. 08 American Revolution The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on. America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles. Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament. 09 Suburbanization If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders. With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts. 10 Types of Speech Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing. Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population. Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard" "colloquial" and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions. 11 Archaeology Archaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live - and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records. Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may "change the course of history," but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist's standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduce to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap. 12 Museums From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future. In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so. The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity. Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections. Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage. Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however," the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years," according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president. 13 Skyscrapers and Environment In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities. Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day. Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings. Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000. 14 A Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long. Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth. 15 The Nobel Academy For the last 82years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within. Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten , the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent "what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes." The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world. Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books. 16. the war between Britain and France In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist' goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe . this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain's efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties. Britain built coalitions (not dissimilar in concept to today's NATO) guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths; France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home. French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three- to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain's superior sea skills and technology because of Britain's superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack. 17. Evolution of sleep Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles. There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true. 18.Modern American Universities Before the 1850's, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students. Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them return to become presidents of venerable colleges-----Harvard, Yale, Columbia---and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor's own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research. At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers. 19.children's numerical skills people appear to born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impress accuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment. Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped--- --or, as the case might be, bumped into----- concepts that adults take for quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers------the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table-----is itself far from innate 20 The Historical Significance of American Revolut The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement; yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life. The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation. Here, in the popular rising against a "tyrannical" government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution. They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty. With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born, not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world. 21 The Origin of Sports When did sport begin? If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for , as we all have observed, the beasts play. Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games. Fishes and birds dance. The apes have simple, pleasurable games. Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with the universe of animals - past, present, and future. Young animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh (or so it seems) to the point of delighted exhaustion. Their play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in earnest. Some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic nature. In their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action. Play is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life. This is a grand conception that excites and provokes. The holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments ---- liturgy, literature, and law ---- can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children. Our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, transspecies play impulse. 22. Collectibles Collectibles have been a part of almost every culture since ancient times. Whereas some objects have been collected for their usefulness, others have been selected for their aesthetic beauty alone. In the United States, the kinds of collectibles currently popular range from traditional objects such as stamps, coins, rare books, and art to more recent items of interest like dolls, bottles, baseball cards, and comic books. Interest in collectibles has increased enormously during the past decade, in part because some collectibles have demonstrated their value as investments. Especially during cycles of high inflation, investors try to purchase tangibles that will at least retain their current market values. In general, the most traditional collectibles will be sought because they have preserved their value over the years, there is an organized auction market for them, and they are most easily sold in the event that cash is needed. Some examples of the most stable collectibles are old masters, Chinese ceramics, stamps, coins, rare books, antique jewelry, silver, porcelain, art by well-known artists, autographs, and period furniture. Other items of more recent interest include old photograph records, old magazines, post cards, baseball cards, art glass, dolls, classic cars, old bottles, and comic books. These relatively new kinds of collectibles may actually appreciate faster as short-term investments, but may not hold their value as long-term investments. Once a collectible has had its initial play, it appreciates at a fairly steady rate, supported by an increasing number of enthusiastic collectors competing for the limited supply of collectibles that become increasingly more difficult to locate. 23 Ford Although Henry Ford's name is closely associated with the concept of mass production, he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today's standards. Safety measures were improved, and the work day was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour day common at the time. In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three shifts. In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were instituted. The Ford Motor Company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants. Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former convicts. The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions. Ford explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing. He also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced - in effect creating a market for the product. In order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness, industriousness, and dependability. Although some criticism was directed at Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees, there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many people to establish themselves in America. 24(Piano The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries --- the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic and never powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for intimate chamber music. The harpsichord with its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use, but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices. The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument). This instrument was called a piano e forte (sort and loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavier in the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance. NOTE: Musical Instruments 1.The strings (弦乐) 1) plectrum: harp, lute, guitar, mandolin; 2) keyboard: clavichord, harpsichord, piano; 3) bow: violin, viola, cello, double bass. 2. The Wood(木管)-winds : piccolo, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, English horn; 3. the brass(铜管): French horn, trumpet, trombone, cornet, tuba, bugle, saxophone; 4.the percussion(打击组): kettle drum, bass drum, snare drum, castanet, xylophone, celesta, cymbal, tambourine. 25. Movie Music Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as "silent", the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film. As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry. To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as " pleasant", "sad", "lively". The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next. Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W Griffith's film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915. Note: 美国通俗音乐分类: 1(Jazz; 1) traditional jazz---- a) blues, 代表人物:Billy Holiday b)ragtime(切分乐曲): 代表人物:Scott Joplin c)New Orleans jazz (= Dixieland jazz) eg: Louis Armstron d)swing eg: Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, etc. e)bop (=bebop, rebop) eg: Lester Young, Charlie Parker etc. 2)modern jazz ------ a) cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士乐。 Eg: Kenny G. b)third-stream jazz. Eg: Charles Mingus, John Lewis. c) main stream jazz. d)avant-garde jazz. e) soul jazz. Eg: Sarah Vaughn, Ella Fitzgerald f) Latin jazz. 2.gospel music 福音音乐， 主要源于 Nero spirituals. Eg. Dolly Parker, Mahalia Jackson 3.Country and Western music. Eg. John Denver, Tammy Wynette, Kenny Rogers, etc. 4. Rock music-----------a) rock and roll eg: Elvis Prestley(US) , the Beatles(UK.) b)folk rock Eg: Bob Dylon, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Bruce Springsteen, Lionel Riche etc. c)punk rock d)acid rock e)rock jazz eg: M.J. McLaughlin f) Jurassic rock 5.Music for easy listening (i.e. light music ) 26. International Business and Cross-cultural Comm The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross- cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation. In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash. In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short- term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long- term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator. 27. Scientific Theories In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion. A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientist's predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected. Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house." Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses. In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories. 28.Changing Roles of Public Education One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools. In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate --- every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the food. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better- paying jobs elsewhere in the economy. Therefore in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the " custodial rhetoric" of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline. The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths. 29 Telecommuting Telecommuting-- substituting the computer for the trip to the job ---- has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work. For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility. In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality. But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images. Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor. These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family. Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done. Management too must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee's situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement. That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small. 30 The origin of Refrigerators By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War( 1861- 1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880,half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool. 31 British Columbia British Columbia is the third largest Canadian provinces, both in area and population. It is nearly 1.5 times as large as Texas, and extends 800 miles(1,280km) north from the United States border. It includes Canada's entire west coast and the islands just off the coast. Most of British Columbia is mountainous, with long rugged ranges running north and south. Even the coastal islands are the remains of a mountain range that existed thousands of years ago. During the last Ice Age, this range was scoured by glaciers until most of it was beneath the sea. Its peaks now show as islands scattered along the coast. The southwestern coastal region has a humid mild marine climate. Sea winds that blow inland from the west are warmed by a current of warm water that flows through the Pacific Ocean. As a result, winter temperatures average above freezing and summers are mild. These warm western winds also carry moisture from the ocean. Inland from the coast, the winds from the Pacific meet the mountain barriers of the coastal ranges and the Rocky Mountains. As they rise to cross the mountains, the winds are cooled, and their moisture begins to fall as rain. On some of the western slopes almost 200 inches (500cm) of rain fall each year. More than half of British Columbia is heavily forested. On mountain slopes that receive plentiful rainfall, huge Douglas firs rise in towering columns. These forest giants often grow to be as much as 300 feet(90m) tall, with diameters up to 10 feet(3m). More lumber is produced from these trees than from any other kind of tree in North America. Hemlock, red cedar, and balsam fir are among the other trees found in British Columbia. 32 Botany Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of pre- industrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of " knowledge" at all. Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild- and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away. 33 Plankton浮游生物 Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animals called plankton. Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see. They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals. Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one. In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses. One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea's plankton generates more than twice as much. Despite its enormous food potential, little effect was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land. Now marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea's resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expanding world population. No one yet has seriously suggested that " plankton-burgers" may soon become popular around the world. As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists. One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimp-like creature called krill. Growing to two or three inches long, krill provides the major food for the great blue whale, the largest animal to ever inhabit the Earth. Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily. 34 Raising Oysters In the oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes- by transplanting them. First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about. Next, they "planted" fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae. The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom. There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat. The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food. Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up. Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people's needs. But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance. The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely. Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900's marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food. So they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to work. But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs. They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae. And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions. They failed, but they doggedly kept at it. Finally, in the 1940's a significant breakthrough was made. The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring. Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat. Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures. In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better! 35.Oil Refining An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil war. Crude oil, or petroleum - a dark, thick ooze from the earth - had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it. In the 1850's Samuel M. Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene. Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material. Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get. Soon there was a large demand for kerosene. People began to search for new supplies of petroleum. The first oil well was drilled by E.L. Drake, a retired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it " Drake's Folly". But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters), Drake struck oil. His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day. News of Drake's success brought oil prospectors to the scene. By the early 1860's these wildcatters were drilling for " black gold" all over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush. Crude oil could be refined into many products. For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocery stores and door-to- door. In the 1880's refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil. 36.Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes all the crust and part of the underlying mantle. The lithosphere(n.[地]岩石圈)is divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes, in general the plates are in motion with respect to one another. A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plates where new lithospheric material is injected from below. As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere. Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere. The site of this destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone. There one plate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle. Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems, earthquakes and volcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed at the two boundaries are quite different. The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics. In its original version, in the early 1960's, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but it did not specify rigid lithospheric plates. The hypothesis was substantiated soon afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are recorded in the oceanic crust. As magma rises under the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become magnetized in the direction of the magma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field. When the magma cools and solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the magnetized volcanic rock. Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift. The oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently; the width of the stripes indicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading. 37 Icebergs Icebergs are among nature's most spectacular creations, and yet most people have never seen one. A vague air of mystery envelops them. They come into being ----- somewhere ------in faraway, frigid waters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence, which in most cases no one hears or sees. They exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just as unnoticed. Objects of sheerest beauty they have been called. Appearing in an endless variety of shapes, they may be dazzlingly white, or they may be glassy blue, green or purple, tinted faintly of in darker hues. They are graceful, stately, inspiring ----- in calm, sunlight seas. But they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are --- - in the night, in the fog, and in storms. Even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe distance away from them. Most of their bulk is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top. Also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them. Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt. Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. They embody snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in some cases maybe a million years ago. The snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries. As each year's snow accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice. When new snow fell on top of the old, it too turned to icy grains. So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower ones. With time and pressure from above, the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice. 38 Topaz Topaz is a hard, transparent mineral. It is a compound of aluminum, silica, and fluorine. Gem topaz is valuable. Jewelers call this variety of the stone "precious topaz". The best-known precious topaz gems range in color from rich yellow to light brown or pinkish red. Topaz is one of the hardest gem minerals. In the mineral table of hardness, it has a rating of 8, which means that a knife cannot cut it, and that topaz will scratch quartz. The golden variety of precious topaz is quite uncommon. Most of the world's topaz is white or blue. The white and blue crystals of topaz are large, often weighing thousands of carats. For this reason, the value of topaz does not depend so much on its size as it does with diamonds and many other precious stones, where the value increases about four times with each doubling of weight. The value of a topaz is largely determined by its quality. But color is also important: blue topaz, for instance, is often irradiated to deepen and improve its color. Blue topaz is often sold as aquamarine and a variety of brown quartz is widely sold as topaz. The quartz is much less brilliant and more plentiful than true topaz. Most of it is variety of amethyst: that heat has turned brown. [ NOTE] : topaz / 'tэupжz; `topжz/ n (a) [U] transparent yellow mineral 黄玉(矿 物). (b) [C] semi-precious gem cut from this 黄玉; 黄宝石. 39 The Salinity of Ocean Waters If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation--- conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind. The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff. Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas. A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When sea water is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, sea water directly materials are left behind. In this manner, sea water directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water. In the Weddell Sea Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world. [ NOTE ]: salinity / sэ'linэti; sэ`linэti/ n [U] the high salinity of sea water 海水的高 含盐量. -à>>saline / 'seilain; US -li:n; `selin/ 1.adj [attrib 作定语] (fml 文) containing salt; salty 含盐的; 咸的: * a saline lake 盐湖 * saline springs 盐泉 * saline solution, eg as used for gargling, storing contact lenses, etc 盐溶液(如用于漱 喉、存放隐形眼镜等). 2. n [U] (medical 医) solution of salt and water 盐水. 40 Cohesion-tension Theory Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher; the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps. But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures. If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask: how does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken. 41.American black bears American black bears appear in a variety of colors despite their name. In the eastern part of their range, most of these brown, red, or even yellow coats. To the north, the black bear is actually gray or white in color. Even in the same litter, both brown and black furred bears may be born. Black bears are the smallest of all American bears, ranging in length from five to six feet, weighing from three hundred to five hundred pounds Their eyes and ears are small and their eyesight and hearing are not as good as their sense of smell. Like all bears, the black bear is timid, clumsy, and rarely dangerous , but if attacked, most can climb trees and cover ground at great speeds. When angry or frightened, it is a formidable enemy. Black bears feed on leaves, herbs. Fruit, berries, insects, fish, and even larger animals. One of the most interesting characteristics of bears, including the black bear, is their winter sleep. Unlike squirrels, woodchucks, and many other woodland animals, bears do not actually hibernate. Although the bear does not during the winter moths, sustaining itself from body fat, its temperature remains almost normal, and it breathes regularly four or five times per minute. Most black bears live alone, except during mating season. They prefer to live in caves, hollow logs, or dense thickets. A little of one to four cubs is born in January or February after a gestation period of six to nine months, and they remain with their mother until they are fully grown or about one and a half years old. Black bears can live as long as thirty years in the wild , and even longer in game preserves set aside for them. 42.Coal-fired power plants The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power. Coal seemed to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations. (which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself). As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased. Since the First World War, coal-fired power plants had a combined in the United States each year. In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289,000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty in the future growth of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year. Given the uncertainty in the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United States by the end of the century. Yet, in spite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain on for many years(coal represents about 80 percent of United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants. Coal contains less energy per unit of weight than weight than natural gas or oil; it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain. Since the late 1960's problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants. The cost of ameliorating these environment problems along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, have also made such plants less attractive from a purely economic perspective. Changes in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however. Whereas some of these changes are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed. 43.Statistics There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of government units (states and statistics come from the same Latin root status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses-all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability. Describing collections involves tabulating, depicting and describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative such as measures of height, intelligence or grade level------variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum---or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data. Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child: the proportion for the sample of as few as 100 children. Thus , the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population. 44.Obtaining Fresh water from icebergs The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food. Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently. Three-quarters of the Earth's fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea. As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult. The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water. 45.The source of Energy A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in the Sun; in fact, at the Sun's very center. It is here that is to be found the source of the energy that the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat. This energy is librated at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide with each other and fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and in doing so, release some of the energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms. The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600 million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second. This the Sun has been doing for several thousands of millions of year. The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun to be reemitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation , in its turn is absorbed and reemitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrum eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth. 46.Vision by Human vision like that of other primates has evolved in an arboreal environment. In the dense complex world of a tropical forest, it is more important to see well that to develop an acute sense of smell. In the course of evolution members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the snout has shrunk to give the eye an unimpeded view. Of mammals only humans and some primates enjoy color vision. The red flag is black to the bull. Horses live in a monochrome world .light visible to human eyes however occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans have no direct perception of infrared rays unlike the rattlesnake which has receptors tuned into wavelengths longer than 0.7 micron. The world would look eerily different if human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation. Then instead of the darkness of night, we would be able to move easily in a strange shadowless world where objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity. But human eyes excel in other ways. They are in fact remarkably discerning in color gradation. The color sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by sophisticated technical devices. 47 Folk Cultures A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut "humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order. By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner. 48 Bacteria Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter. Thus if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile(1.6 kilometer) tall. Even with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see bacteria. Using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots. One cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains, one can see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy- looking "hairs" called flagella. Others have only one flagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power, while others can glide along over surfaces by some little- understood mechanism. From the bacteria point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans. To a bacterium water is as thick as molasses is to us. Bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them. Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water. This is because they collide with the watery molecules and are pushed this way and that. Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacteria have all been replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment. 49 Sleep Sleet is part of a person's daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep, and they too occur in cycles. If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows. When you fist drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, you temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing well slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves 1 sleep. For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep. The lower your stage of sleep. slower your brain waves will be. Then about 40to 69 minutes after you lose consciousness you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep. You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long, but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly. The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves. Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep. It is during REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep----only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later. 50. Cells and Temperature Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37C;a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature. For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperature. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into "warm-blooded" and "cold-blooded" species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds whereas all other creatures were considered cold- blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana-each cold-blooded----usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature, called home0therms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environments, called poikilotherms. But this classification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates that live in the dep`hs of `@e o#eaf never `Pperien` chang! in the epths n the oa@an leve exper `nce ch`@ge In t@e #hil, of the Deep wapdr, and he)p bh@y tempa atures emahn b nstant& 42篇 The journey two naval officers made some time ago to the very deepest point on the earth makes us realize how much of the world still remains to be explored. The two men went down seven miles to the bottoms of the Pacific Ocean inside a small steel ball called a 'bathyscaphe'(1) to find out if there are any ocean currents(2) or signs of life. Above the ball there was a special tank full of petrol which was slowly emptied(3) into the water to make the bathyscaphe heavy enough to complete its journey. It was necessary to set out early, so that the bathyscaphe would come to the surface in daylight, and so be easily found by the mother ship(4) which would be waiting for it. The divers began preparations at dawn and soon afterwards, when all was ready, the steel ball disappeared under the surface of the water. The divers felt as if they were going down steps as they passed through warm and cold layers of water(5). In time(6), the temperature dropped to freezing-point and the men shivered inside the ball. They kept in touch with the mother ship by telephone describing how they felt. Then, at a depth of 3,000 feet, the telephone stopped working and they were quite cut off from the outside world. All went well until some four hours later at 30,000 feet, the men were startled by a loud, cracking noise: even the smallest hole in the ball would have meant instant death. Luckily, though, it was only one of the outer windows that had broken. Soon afterwards, the bathyscaphe touched the soft ocean floor raising a big cloud of 'dust' made up of small, dead sea-creatures. Here, powerful lights lit up the dark water and the men were surprised to see fish swimming just above them quite untroubled by the enormous water-pressure. But they did not dare to leave the lights on for long, as the heat from them made the water boil. Quite unexpectedly, the telephone began working again and the faint but clear voices of the officers were heard on the mother ship seven miles away. After a stay of thirty minutes the men began their journey up, arriving three hours later, cold and wet through, but none the worse(7) for their experience. 到太平洋底的旅行 不久前，两位海军军官到地球表面上最深处所作的旅行，使我们意识到世界 上还有多么多的地方依然有待于探索。这两个人在一只叫做"深海潜水器"的小钢 球内，下沉七英里到达太平洋底部，为了探明那里是否有洋流和生命迹象。球的 上端有一只特制的装满汽油的箱子。汽油被慢慢地注入水中，使深海潜水器能够 有足够的重量下沉以完成它的海底旅行。 出发必须很早，以便潜水器在天还亮着时能回到海面，这样就容易为等候在 水面的母舰发现。天刚破晓，潜水员们就开始准备，不久，一切准备就绪，钢球 就在水面上消失了。 潜水员们在穿过暖水层和冷水层的时候，感到仿佛是在下梯级。后来水温降 到了冰点，这两人在球内冷得发抖。他们通过电话与母舰保持联系，随时详细报 告他们的感觉。接着，在三千英尺深处，电话突然中断，他们与外界完全失去了 联系。一切都很顺利，直到四个钟头以后，在三万英尺水下，潜水员们被一声很 响的爆裂声吓了一跳:球上那怕出现极小的洞都意味着立即死亡。不过还算幸运， 只是外层的一扇窗碎了。不久，深海潜水器触到松软的海底，顿时扬起了一大团 由小小的海生动物遗骸组成的"尘埃"。这时，强烈的灯光把黑沉沉的海水照亮了， 他们惊讶地看到鱼儿在他们上面游动，完全不受巨大的水压的干扰。可是他们不 敢把灯开得太久，因为灯光的热量使海水沸腾。完全出乎意料地电话又通了，七 英里外的母舰上又能听到这两个军官的轻微然而清晰的声音了。在海底逗留三十 分钟以后，他们开始返回，三小时后到达水面，冷得要命，浑身湿透，可是这次 经历并没有使他们受到丝毫损伤。 L(G(亚历山大 (1) bathyscaphe: 深海潜水器。 (2) ocean currents: 洋流，海流。 (3)was slowly emptied:慢慢地倒光。 (4)the mother ship:(海军)母舰。 (5)warm and cold layers of water;暖冷水层。 (6)in time:终于，最后。 (7)none the worse;并不因此而稍差。 The march to Italy was begun. The soldiers were even more enthusiastic than caesar (2) himself. They climb- ed mountains, waded rivers, endured fatigue, faced all kinds of danger for the sake of their great leader. At last they came to a little river called the Rubicon. It was the boundary line of caesar's province of Gaul; on the other side of it was Italy. caesar paused a moment on the bank. He knew that to cross it would be to declare war against Pompey and the Roman Senate; it would involve all Rome in a fearful strife, the end of which no man could foresee. But he did not hesitate long. He gave the word, and rode boldly across the shallow stream. "We have crossed the Rubicon," he cried as he reached the farther shore. "There is now no turning back." Soon the news was carried to Rome: "caesar has cross- ed the Rubicon;" and there was great dismay among those who had plotted to destroy him. Pompey's soldiers desert- ed him and hastened to join themselves to caesar's army. The Roman senators and their friends made ready(3) to flee from the city. "caesar has crossed the Rubicon !" was shouted along the roads and byways leading to Rome; and the country people turned out(4) to meet and hail with joy the conquer- hag hero. The word was carried a second time to the city: "caesar has crossed the Rubicon," and the wild flight began. Senators and public officers left everything behind and hurried away to seek safety with Pompey. On foot, on horseback, in litters, in carriages, they fled for their lives all because Caesar had crossed the Rubicon. Pompey was unable to protect them. He hurried to the seacoast, and, with all who were able to accompany him, sailed away to Greece. caesar was the master of Rome. 越过卢比孔河 向意大利的进军开始了。士兵们甚至比恺撒本人还要热情旺盛。为了他们的 伟大领袖，他们跋山涉水，不顾疲劳，面临各种艰难险阻而毫无惧色。 最后，他们来到了一条叫做卢比孔的小河边。这条小河是恺撒管辖的高卢省 的边界线，河那边就是意大利。恺撒在岸边停留了片刻。他知道越过这条河就是 对庞培和罗马元老院宣战，就会使整个罗马卷入一场可怕的战争，其结局是没有 人能够预料的。 但是，他没有犹豫多久。他下了命令，并且无畏地策马渡过了这条浅流。 "我们已经越过卢比孔河了，"他到达河的对岸时喊道，"现在只有前进，决 不后退。" "恺撒越过卢比孔河了，"这一消息很快就传到了罗马，在那些曾经密谋消灭 他的人中间引起了极大的惊慌。庞培的部下纷纷叛离，急忙投奔恺撒的部队。罗 马元老院的议员和他们的朋友都准备逃离罗马了。 "恺撒越过卢比孔河了～"在通往罗马的大道和小路上到处都呼喊着(乡村里 的人们都奔走欢呼，准备迎接这位胜利的英雄。 消息第二次传到罗马:"恺撒越过卢比孔河了。"于是大家仓惶出逃，一片慌 乱。元老和政府官员们扔下了一切，急急忙忙逃到庞培那里去避难。他们或徒步， 或骑马，或坐轿子，或乘马车，纷纷逃命--只因为恺撒越过了卢比孔河。庞培无 力保护他们。他匆匆赶到海边，带着所有能够伴随他的人，坐船逃往希腊去了。 恺撒成了罗马的主宰， 詹姆斯(鲍德温 (1)the Rubicon:卢比孔河，在意大利北部。Cross the Rubicon有"破釜沉舟" 之意。 (2)Caesar:恺撒(公元前100-44年)，古罗马统帅和政治家，与庞培，克拉苏 结成前三头政治联盟，率军侵略海外，屡建奇功。公元前49年初，元老院与庞 培联合，解除其军权并召之回国。同年恺撒率军越过卢比孔河，进占罗马。庞培 偕大批元老院议员出奔希腊。公元前46年，恺撒在征服了海外很多国家后，返 回罗马建立独裁政权，公元前44年3月16日遇刺身亡。 (3) made ready:解作'准备好'，后面常接动词不定式短语或介词for所引导的 短语o (4)turned out:出动。 The time is now near at hand which must probably determine whether Americans are to be freemen or slaves; whether they are to have any property they can call their own; whether their houses and farms are to be pillaged and destroyed, and themselves consigned to a state of wretchedness from which no human efforts will deliver them. The fate of unborn millions will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army. Our cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of a brave resistance or the most abject submission. We have, therefore, to resolve to conquer or to die. Our own, our country's honour, calls upon us for a vigorous and manly exertion; and if we now shamefully fail, we shall become infamous to the whole world. Let us then rely on the goodness of our cause, and the aid of the Supreme Being, in whose hands victory is, to animate and encourage us to great and noble actions. The eyes of all our countrymen are now upon us, and we shall have their blessings and praises, if happily we are the instruments of saving them from the tyranny meditated against them. Let us animate and encourage each other, and show the whole world that a free man contending for liberty on his own ground is superior to any slavish mercenary on earth. Liberty, property, life, and honour are all at stake, upon your courage and conduct rest the hopes of our bleeding and insulted country; our wives, children, and parents expect safety from us, only; and they have every reason to believe that Heaven will crown with success so just a cause(2). The enemy will endeavour to intimidate by show and appearance(3); but, remember, they have been repulsed on various occasions by a few brave Americans. Their cause is bad--their men are conscious of it; and if op- posed with firmness and coolness on their first onset, with our advantage of works, and knowledge of tile ground(4), the victory is most assuredly ours. Every good soldier will be silent and attentive- wait for orders, and reserve his fire until he is sure of doing execution(5). 乔治?华盛顿对部队的演说 美国人能否成为自由人，还是沦为奴隶，能否享有可以称之为自己所有的财产，能否使自己的住宅和农庄免遭洗劫和毁坏;能否使自己免于陷人入非人力所能拯救的悲惨境地--决定这一切的时刻已迫在眉睫。苍天之下，千百万尚未出生的人的别无他路，要么奋起反击，要么屈膝投降。因此，我们必须下定决心，若不克敌制胜，就是捐躯疆场。 我们的尊严，祖国的尊严，都要求我们进行英勇顽强的奋斗:如果我们做不到这一点，我们将感到羞愧，并将为全世界所不齿。所以，让我们凭借我们事业的正义性和上帝的恩助--胜利掌握在他手中--鼓励和鞭策我们去创造伟大而崇高的业绩。全国同胞都注视着我们，如果我们有幸为他们效劳，将他们从企图强加于他们的暴政中解救出来，我们将受到他们的祝福和赞颂。让我们互相激励，互相鞭策，并向全世界昭示:在自己国土上为自由而斗争的自由民胜过世上任何受人驱使的雇佣兵。 自由、财产、生命和荣誉都在危急存亡之中。我们正在流血受辱的祖国寄希望于你们的勇敢和战斗。我们的妻儿父老只指望我们去保护。他们有充分的理由相信，上苍一定会保佑如此正义的事业获得胜利。 敌人将炫耀武力，竭力恫吓;但是，别忘了，在许多场合，他们已经被为数刁;多的勇敢的美国人所击败。他们的事业是邪恶的--他们的士兵也意识到这--点。如果我们在他们开始进攻时，就沉着坚定地予以反击，凭着我们有利的工事和熟悉地形，胜利必将属于我们。每一位优秀的士兵都将枕戈待旦--整装待命，一旦出击，必歼强敌。 乔治?华盛顿 (1)本文为乔治(华盛顿在独立战争中对部队的演说。乔治?华盛顿(1732-1799)为美国的奠基人，第一任总统(1789-1797)，出身大种植园主家庭，早年在英国殖民军中服务，后任第一届和第二届大陆会议代表。1775年北美独立战争爆发，被推选为十三州起义部队总司令。 (2) will crown with success so just a cause:将以胜利酬报如此正义之事业。crown是"酬报"的意思，cause是它的宾语。 (3)by show and appearance:炫耀卖弄，这里指炫耀武力。 (4) with our((ground:凭着我们有利的工事和熟悉地形。 (5)reserve his fire until he is sure of doing execution;保存其火力，直到有把握打中敌人才开枪。doing execution原意为"(发挥)武器的效力"。 How comforting it is to see a cheerful and contented old age; and to behold a poor fellow, like this, after being tempest-tost through life, safely moored in a snug and quiet harbour in the evening of his days ! His happiness, how- ever, sprung from within himself, and was independent of external circumstances; for he had that inexhaustible good-nature, which is the most precious gift of Heaven, spreading itself like oil over the troubled sea of thought, and keeping the mind smooth and equable in the roughest weather. On inquiring further about him I learned that he was a universal favorite in the village, and the oracle of the tap- room; where he delighted the rustics with his songs(1), and, like Sindbad(2), astonished them with his stories of strange lands, and shipwrecks, and sea-fights. He was much noticed too by gentlemen sportsmen of the neighborhood; had taught several of them the art of angling; and was a privileged visitor to their kitchens(3). The whole tenor of his life was quiet and inoffensive, being principally passed about the neighboring streams, when the weather and season were favorable; and at other times he employed himself at home(4), preparing his fishing tackle for the next campaign(5), or manufacturing rods, nets, and flies(6), for his patrons and pupils among the gentry. 钓 鱼 翁 见到一位欢乐愉快，心满意足的老人，特别是看到这样一位贫穷的人，一生 饱经风暴的颠簸，最终却在一个平静安宁的港湾里停泊下来，安度晚年，这是多 么令人欣慰啊1然而，他的欢愉乃出自深心，不受外界环境的影响，因为他有永 不厌烦的好脾气--这是最珍贵的天赋，能象油那样在汹涌的思想海洋上延展开 来，使心潮在狂风暴雨袭击下也能保持平静安宁。 经过进一步打听，我了解到他在村子里深受众人喜爱。他在酒店里是一位博 古通今，未卜先知的智者。在那里，他的歌声使得乡里们笑逐颜开，他象《天方 夜谭》里的辛巴德，用那些异乡仙境，沉船和海战的故事使他们听得目瞪口呆。 他也颇受当地爱好运动的绅士们的青睐。他曾经给几位绅士传授过钓鱼的窍门， 从而被特许进入他们的厨房。他生活淡泊清静，与世无争。风和日丽季节宜人时， 他主要是在附近的溪流消磨时光，其他时间，则在家中忙碌，或是为下次捕鱼准 备渔具，或是为乡绅中的主顾和弟子制作鱼杆，鱼网和鱼饵。 华盛顿(欧丈 (1)where he delighted…with his songs:在那里他以歌声使……高兴。where 是关系副词，指在tap-room里。 (2)Sindbad:辛巴德，《天方夜谭》中的人物，曾作过七次冒险航行而成为 巴格达的富翁。 (3)a privileged visitor to their kitchens:含'备受恩宠，得以赏饭'之意。十九世 纪之前英美乡村的大户人家常在厨房赏饭给宠爱的农夫。 (4)he employed himself at home:他在家中忙碌。 employ oneself后一般接介 词in所构成的词组，解作"从事于(((("。 (5)the next campaign:下次战役。这里把钓鱼比作一次战役，表示他郑重其 事。 (6)flies:fly的复数，作钓饵用的假蝇。 The Use of Money is all the Advantage there is in having Money. For , 6 a Year you may have the Use of , 100 if you are a Man of known Prudence and Honesty. He that spends a Groat a day idly, spends idly above , 6 a year, which is the Price of using ,100. He that wastes idly a Groat's worth of his Time per Day, one Day with another, wastes the Privilege of using , 100 each day. He that idly loses 5 s. worth of time, loses 5 s. and might as prudently(1) throw 5 s. in the River. He that loses 5 s. not only loses that Sum, but all the Advantage that might be made by turning it in Dealing, which, by the time that a young Man becomes old, amounts to a comfortable Bag of Money. Again, He that sells upon Credit, asks a Price for what he sells equivalent to the Principal and Interest of his Money for the Time he is like to be kept out of it(2): therefore He that buys upon Credit, pays Interest for what he buys. And he that pays Ready Money, might let that Money out to Use; so that He that possesses any Thing he has bought, pays Interest for the Use of it. Consider then when you are tempted to buy any unnecessary Household stuff, or any superfluous thing, whether you will be willing to pay Interest, and Interest upon Interest for it as long as you live; and more if it grows worse by using. ret, in buying goods, 't is best to pay Ready Money, because, He that sells upon Credit, expects to lose 5 per Cent by Bad Debts(3); therefore he charges, on all he sells upon Credit, an Advance~ that shall make up that deficiency. Those who pay for what they buy upon Credit, pay their Share of this Advance. He that pays Ready Money, escapes or may escape that Charge. A Penny sav'd is Twopence clear(5), A Pin a Day is a Groat a Year.(6) 致富之道 有钱的唯一好处就在于用钱。如果你是一个节俭而诚实的人，一年六英镑就可以当一百英镑的钱使用。 一天浪费四便士的人，一年就浪费六个多英镑，而六英镑相当于一百英镑的使用价值。 每天虚度值四便士的时间的人，日复一日，等于浪费了每天使用一百英镑的权利。 一个游手好闲而损失了价值五先令时间的人，就是失去了五个先令，他还不如把五先令扔进河里的好。 一个失去五先令的人，不仅失去了那笔钱，还失去了把钱用于经商可能带来的好处，而一个年轻人到年老的时候这笔钱就会等于一笔可观的财产。 还有，一个赊帐出售物品的人，对他所售货物要求的价格相当于货物的本钱加上他暂时不能利用的那笔钱的利息。因此，一个赊帐购买的人，要为他所买的货物支付利息。而一个用现金购买的人，如果不买的话，是可以把那笔钱借给别人使用的。所以，一个拥有任何买来的东西的人，都要为使用这东西而支付利息。 当你感到一种引诱，想要买任何并不急需的家用品，或任何不必要的东西的时候，你就要好好考虑一下，你是否愿意为它支付利息，并且终身利上加利，如果这东西是会用坏的，那末还要付得更多。 然而，在买东西时，最好还是付现金，因为赊帐售物的人，估计由于吃倒帐会损失百分之五，所以把赊售的所有货物都要加码，以弥补这笔损失。 那些赊帐购物的人，得支付他们所应分担的这笔加码的价款。 而用现金购物的人，则不需或可能不需支付这笔钱。 省下的一便士是不折不扣的两便士， 每天节约一丁点儿一年就是一大笔。 本杰明?富兰克林 (1) might as prudently:结构与一般常用的 might as well相同。might as well含有"反正一样"、"倒不如"的意思。 (2)to be kept out Of it:it代表money。to be kept out of，((解作"受到阻碍不能享有……"。 (3) bad debts:坏账，倒账。商业用语，指赊卖后不能收到的账款。 (4)advance:通常解作'预付款"，这里作"涨价"或"加码"解。其涵义是，商人 赊卖后很可能有一部分账款不能收回，因此对每个顾客多开价百分之五，以弥补 将来必然会发生的倒账损失。 (5) clear:十足的，整整的，相当于with out any deduction。 (6) 在商业上订立的契约和其他重要法律文件中常把要紧的术语以大写字 母开始，或整个词中的字母都大写。这篇文章也仿照这个习惯做法，主要名词或 词组都用大写，含有幽默之意( It is perfectly possible to organize the life of our colleges in such a way that students and teachers alike will take part in it; in such a way that a perfectly natural daily intercourse will be established between them; and it is only by such an organization that they can be given real vitality as places of serious training(1), be made communities in which youngsters will come fully to realize(2) how interesting intellectual work is, how vital, how important, how closely associated with(3) all modern achievement- only by such an organization that study can be made to seem part of life itself. Lectures often seem very formal and empty things; recitations generally prove very dull and nrewarding. It is in conversation and natural intercourse with scholars chiefly that you find how lively knowledge is, how it ties into everything that is interesting and important, how intimate a part it is of everything that is interesting and important, how intimate a part it is of everything that is "practical'' and connected with the world. Men are not always made thoughtful by books; but they are generally made thoughtful by association with men who think. 大学生活的一个重要方面 完全有可能把我们大学的生活组织得使学生和教师都参加在其中，使师生之 间产生完全自然的日常交流;只有通过这样的组织，才能使大学这种严格地培养 人的地方真正充满朝气，才能使它们成为共同生活的团体，年轻人在其中会充分 认识到脑力劳动是多么有趣味，多么充满活力，多么重要，并且与一切现代成就 有着多么紧密的联系--只有通过这样的组织，才能使学习似乎成为生活本身的组 成部分。课堂讲授常常显得很一本正经而空洞无物，背诵往往非常枯燥而收效甚 微。主要是在与学者们的谈话和自然的交往中，你才能懂得知识是多么生气蓬勃， 知识与一切有趣和重要的事物是多么紧密相连，它是这些事物的不可分割的一部 分，是一切'实用的"以及与当今世界有关的事物密切相连的一部分。读书并不一 定能使人变得善于思考，但是，一般说来，与善于思考的人们交往，就能使人好 学善思。 伍德罗?威尔逊 (1)as places Of serious training:进行严格训练的地方。用as引出的这个词组 用来进一步说明前面的主语they(指colleges)。 (2)come fully tO realize;(逐渐)充分认识到。 (3)how closely associated with…:与……多么紧密联系。此处associated为过 去分词，how closely associated with all modern achievement与how vital， how important并列，用来补充说明前面的how interesting intellectual work is, 它们后 面可以看作都各自省略了不起intellectual work is. One day thirty years ago Marseilles lay in the burning sun. A blazing non upon a fierce August day was no greater rarity in southern France then than at any other time before or since. Every-tiring in Marseiiles and about Marseilles had stared at the fervid sun, and been stared at in return, until a staring habit had become universal there. Strangers were stared out of countenance(1) by staring white houses, 8taring white streets, staring tracts of arid road, staring hills from which verdure was burnt away. The only things to be seen not fixedly staring and glaring were the vines drooping under their loads of grapes. These did occasionally wink a little, u the hot air barely moved their faint leaves. The universal stare made the eyes ache. Towards the distant blue(2) of the Italian coast, indeed, it was a little relieved by light clouds of mist Slowly rising from the evaporation of the sea, but it softened nowhere else. Far away the staring roads, deep in dust, stared from the hillside, stared from the hollow, stared from the interminable plain. Far away the dusty vines overhanging wayside cottages, and the monotonous wayside avenues of parched trees without shade, dropped beneath the stare of earth and sky. So did the horses with drowsy bells, in long files of carts, creeping slowly towards the interior; so did their recumbent drivers, when they were awake, which rarely happened; so did the exhausted laborers in the fields.(3) Every- thing that lived or grew was oppressed by the glare; except the lizard, passing swiftly over rough stone walls, and cicada, chirping its dry hot chirp, like a rattle. The very dust was scorched brown, and something quivered in the atmosphere as if the air itself were panting. Blinds, shutters, curtains ,awnings, were all closed and drawn to keep out the stare. Grant it but a chink or a keyhole, and it shot in like a white-hot arrow.(4) 夏 日 三十年前的一天，马赛躺在烈日之下。在法国南部，八月炎热的日子里赤日当空，在那时以前或以后都不是什么罕见的事。马赛范围内以及马赛周围的一切都凝视着灼热的太阳，而太阳反过来也凝视着这一切，久而久之，在马赛普遍形成一种耀眼的色彩。白色的房屋，白色的街道，一段段干旱的大路，草木晒得枯死的小山都十分耀眼象在瞪着眼瞧人似的，使初到此地的人们手足无措。能看到的唯一不是老瞪着眼使人眼花缭乱的，只有坠着串串葡萄的葡萄藤，热空气微微吹动着萎缩的藤叶时，葡萄确实也偶而眨眨眼。 这种普遍的耀眼的色彩令人眼睛发痛。说实在的，要远到意大利沿海蔚蓝的天空，由于海水蒸发冉冉升起的缕缕薄雾，这耀眼的色彩才不致那么强烈，但是除此之外别的地方，它一点也不曾柔和下来。远处，耀眼的大路，上面积着很厚的尘土，沿着山坡盯着人看，穿过山谷盯着人看，横过一望无际的平原盯着人看。远处，悬挂在路旁小屋上蒙着尘土的葡萄藤，还有路旁单调的成行的晒焦了不能遮荫的树木，都在大地和天空的凝视下耷拉着脑袋。长长的大车队中，发出催人欲睡的铃铛声的马匹也耷拉着脑袋，慢慢地向内地爬行着，斜靠在车上的车夫们醒来时，也耷拉着脑袋，不过他们也难得醒，田野里精疲力尽的农夫们也耷拉着脑袋。一切动物和植物都受到这耀眼光芒的压抑，例外的只是在那凹凸不平的石墙上敏捷爬行的蜥蜴和拨浪鼓似地发出强烈鸣声的蝉儿。连那尘土都被炙烤成褐色了，大气中似乎也有什么东西在颤抖，仿佛空气本身也在气喘吁吁。 竹帘子、百叶窗，窗帘、遮篷全都拉拢了，把这耀眼的光芒挡在外面。那怕只露出一条小缝或者一个钥匙孔，它就会象一支白热的箭直射进来。 查尔斯?狄更斯 (1) out of countenance:感到难堪或局促不安。 (2)the blue:天空。有时也指海洋 (3) So did ...; so did ...; so did ...:这里 so did 代替 dropped beneath the stare of earth and sky. (4)Grant it but a chink or a keyhole, and it...:那怕只给它一条小缝或者一个钥匙孔，它就会……… Grant 解作"给予"， it 指 the stares.此句结构为"祈使句+ and +陈述句"，含义相当于"条件从句+主句"。 Executive Mansion(2), Washington, Nov. 21, 1864 Mrs. Bixby, Boston, Massachusetts, Dear Madam, I have been shown in the files of the War Department(3) a statement of the Adjutant General of Massachusetts that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle. I feel how weak and fruitless must be any words of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the Republic they died to save. I pray that our heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement, and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost(4), and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom. Yours very sincerely and respectfully, Abraham Lincoln 致比克斯比夫人的信 华盛顿 总统府 一八六四年十一月二十一日 马萨诸塞州，波士顿 比克斯比夫人 亲爱的夫人: 在送我披阅的陆军部档案中，我看到一份马萨诸塞州陆军副官长写的， 说您便是有五个儿子光荣牺牲在战场上的那位母亲。我深深感到，无论我用什么 言词，企图来排遣如此巨大的损失给您带来的悲痛，都一定是无力和徒劳的。但 我还是抑制不住要向您表示慰问，这种慰问体现在您的儿子们献身拯救的共和国 对您的感谢之中。我祈求我们的天父减轻您的丧子之痛，使您只怀有对于已故亲 人的美好回忆和庄严的自豪感，您有这种自豪感是理所当然的，因为您在自由的 祭坛上献出了代价如此昂贵的牺牲。 您的最诚挚的亚伯拉罕?林肯敬启 亚伯拉罕?林肯 (1)Mrs. Bixby: 一位美国妇女。她的五个儿子都在南北战争中光荣牺牲，林肯总统知道这事后，就写了这封信去慰问她 (2)Executive Mansion:美国总统府，现在叫白宫(White House )。 (3)War Department:陆军部。也可以说Department of War;相当于英国的War Office。 (4)the loved and lost:失去了的亲人。 I remember, I remember The house where I was born, The little window where the sun Came peeping m at morn(1); He never came a wink too soon, Nor brought too long a day,(2) But now I often wish the night Had borne my breath away I(3) I remember, I remember The roses red and white, The violets, and the lily-cups, Those flowers made of light !(4) The lilacs where the robin built, And where my brother set The laburnum on his birth-day,-- The tree is living yet ! I remember, I remember Where I was used to swing(5), And thought the air must rush as fresh To swallows on the wing(6); My spirit flew in feathers then, That is so heavy now, And summer pools could hardly cool The fever on my brow! I remember, I remember The fir-trees dark and high; I used to think their slender tops Were close against the sky: It was a childish ignorance, But now 't is little joy To know I'm further off from heaven(7) Than when I was a boy. 我记得，我记得 我记得，我记得 我出生的那所房屋， 还有那扇小窗， 清晨太阳向里面窥探。 它从不提前一瞬来临， 也不使人感到白天太长。 可现在我却常常希望， 黑夜能使我安息长眠! 我记得，我记得 那红色的和白色的玫瑰， 还有紫罗兰和百合花瓣， 那些光彩斑斓的花朵! 那知更鸟筑巢的紫丁香， 我弟弟在他生日那天 将金链花种在它旁边-- 这棵树至今生机勃勃! 我记得，我记得 我常去荡秋千的地方， 心想那扑向飞翔着的燕子的清风 必定是同样地令人心旷神怡， 我的心啊，那时犹如插翅飞翔， 现在却沉重无比， 即使夏日的水潭也难以 消退我额头上的高热! 我记得，我记得 那些枞树苍郁而高耸， 我常思量它们纤细的树梢 几乎紧贴着天空， 那是孩子的天真无知， 但现在我却很少欢乐， 由于知道自己离开天国 比儿时更加遥远。 托马斯?胡德 (1) morn,morning，常用于诗歌中。 (2) Nor brought too long a day:也不使人感到白天太长。暗指童年快乐，不觉察时光之流逝。 (3)Had borne my breath away:带走我的生命。breath代表"生命'。这句暗指老年觉得长夜漫漫，但愿能长眠安息。 (4)Those flowers made of light;由光彩组成的花朵。指花朵色彩鲜艳。 (5)I Was used to swing:was used to解作"习惯于"，swing用作名词，解作"秋千的摆动"。由于swing作动词时，可解作"上绞刑"，因此不使用 I used to swing的结构。 (6) on the wing:正在飞翔的。 (7) I'm further off from heaven:离开天国更加遥远。这句话感叹自己年老时不如童年时天真无邪，那样圣洁。 Days(1) of witchery, subtly sweet, When every hill and tree finds heart(2), When winter and spring like lovers meet In the mist of noon and part -- In the April days. Nights; when the wood frogs faintly peep(3) Once -- twice -- and then are still, And the woodpeckers' martial voices sweep Like bugle notes from, hill to hill,-- Through the pulseless haze(4). Days when the soil is warm with rain, And through the wood the shy wind steals, Rich with the pine' and the poplar smell, And the joyous earth like: a dancer reels(5)-- Through, April days! 四月的日子 迷人的日子，发出飘逸的幽香( 每座山和每株树都焕发出生机， 冬天和春天象情人一样 在正午的雾霭中相聚又分离-- 在这四月的日子里。 夜晚，树蛙在轻轻地叫， 一下--两下--接着一片寂静， 啄木鸟威武的嗓音 象军号声越过重重山峦-- 穿过无声无息的雾气。 在那些日子里，雨水浸润的土地发出暖气， 羞怯的风悄悄地穿过树林， 满载着松树和白杨的清香， 还有欢乐的大地，象舞蹈家一样翩翩起舞-- 在这整个四月的日子里! 哈姆林?加兰 (1)Days: 第二节诗的中心词其他部分都是用来修饰它 的，其中of witchery和subtly sweet是词组作定语，而when every hill and tree…和when winter and spring…是两个修饰中心词的定语从句。第二节中以Nights为中心词，第三节中再以Days为中心词。每一节都可以看作一个独立的句子。 (2)finds heart:重现生机勃勃的景象。此语系诗人借习语"lose heart"反其义而用之，以拟人的手法，喻冬去春来，萧索的万木重现生机。 (3)peep:拟声词，代表小动物(鸟、鼠等)的尖叫声，这里用作动词。 (4)haze:和上一节第四行中的mist意义上没有什么差别，都代表"一片薄雾"，但是它和第一节及第三节末行的days押韵。 (5)reels:翩翩起舞。动词reel作此解系来自其名词形式。在美国英语中，reel 可作Virginia reel(一种乡村舞蹈)的省略形式。诗人以大地起舞结束全诗，以拟人 手法进一步渲染了浓郁的春意。 A wet Sunday in a country inn ! Whoever has had the luck to experience one(1) can alone judge of(2) my situation. The rain pattered against the casements; the bells tolled for church with a melancholy sound. I went to the windows in quest of something to amuse the eye; but it seemed as if I had been placed completely out of the reach of ail amusement. The windows of my bed-room looked out(3) among tiled roofs and stacks of chimneys, while those of my sitting-room commanded a full view of(4) the stable yard. I know of nothing more calculated to make a man sick of this world than a stable yard on a rainy day. The place was littered with wet straw that had been kicked about by travellers and stable-boys. In one corner was a stagnant pool of water, surrounding an island of muck; there were several half-drowned fowls crowded together under a cart, among which was a miserable, crest-fallen cock, drenched out of ail life and spirit; his drooping tail matted, as it were, into a single feather, along which the water trickled from his hack; near the cart was a half- dozing cow, chewing her cud, and standing patiently to be rained on, with wreaths of vapour(5) rising from her reeking hide; a wall-eyed(6) horse, tired of the loneliness of the stable, was poking his spectral head out of a window, with the rain dripping on it from the eaves; an unhappy cur, chained to a dog-house hard by, uttered something every now and then between a bark and a yelp; a drab of a kitchen wench(7) tramped backwards and forwards through the yard in pat- tens, looking as sulky as the weather itself; everything, iq short, was comfortless and forlorn, excepting a crew of hardened ducks, assembled like boon companions round a puddle and making a riotous noise over their liquor. 乡村客栈一个阴雨的星期天 乡村客栈一个阴雨的星期天!凡有幸度过这样一天的人，都能体会我现在的 处境。雨点子噼噼啪啪地打在窗子上，教堂里传来沉重的钟声，召唤人们去做礼 拜(我走到窗前，想找一些赏心悦目的东西，但看来我已完全被摒于一切欢乐之 外(从卧室的窗口望出去，是一片砖瓦的屋顶和林立的烟囱，而从起居室的窗口 往下看，则能望见整个马厩院子。我觉得再电没有比雨天的马厩院子更令人厌舸 的了(遍地是淋湿了的稻草，被 旅客和小马倌们踢得凌乱不堪。在院子的一角， 一潭污水围着孤岛似的粪堆，几只几平被雨水淋透的鸡簇拥在一辆马车底下，其 中一只可怜的公鸡，倒垂着鸡冠，被淋得没精打彩，毫无生气，它那耷拉着的尾 巴粘结在一起，仿佛只成了一根羽毛，雨水顺着它从背脊往下直淌，高马车不远 处(有一头睡跟惺忪的奶牛，嘴里嚼着反刍的食物，默默地站在那里，任凭雨水 打在身上，湿淋琳的背上日出缭绕的水气;一匹眼珠小而眼白特大的马厌倦了马 厩里的寂寞，把它那幽灵似的脑袋从窗口探了出来，屋檐上的雨水漓沥滴沥地落 在它头上;一只不幸的杂种狗被链条拴在近旁的狗窝里，时时发出似吠似嗥的声 音;一个邋遢厨娘拖着木屐，迈着沉重的步子在院子里进进出出，她那郁郁不乐 的神色，就象阴沉的天气一样;总之，除了一群饱经风雨的鸭子，象饮酒作乐的 朋友那样聚集在污水潭的四周呷呷嬉水而外，这儿的一切都令人感到凄凉的沮 丧。 华盛顿?欧文 (1) One: 代词:这里指的是"A wet Sunday in a country inn"，作experience 的宾语。 (2)judge of:对……作出评价。 (3)looked out: (房间等)面朝。 (4)commanded a full view of…( 俯瞰……的全景;居高临下，可以全部看 见…"。 (5) wreaths of vapour: wreath是烟、云作螺旋状的涡圈，这里的wreath of vapour指缭绕升起的水气涡圈。 (6) wall-eyed: 眼白特别大的，两醒珠向外斜视的。 (7)a drab of a kitchen wench: 一个邋遢厨娘。drab:不整洁的女人，邋遢女 人。荚语中常用a … of a…这种名词结构来描写人或物，如a fool or a man(一个 呆子般的男人)，a beast of a Place(一个很脏的地方)等等。 A little Scotch boy was sitting in his grandmother's kit- chen. He was watching the red flames in the wide open fire- place and quietly wondering about the causes of things. In- deed, he was always wondering and always wanting to know. "Grandma," he presently asked, "what makes the fire burn ?" This was not the first time he had puzzled his grand- mother with questions that she could not answer. So she went on with her preparations for supper and paid no heed to his query. Above the fire an old-fashioned teakettle was hanging. The water within it was beginning to bubble. A thin cloud of steam was rising from the spout. Soon the lid began to rattle and shake. The hot vapor puffed out at a furious rate(2). Yet when the lad peeped under the lid he could see nothing. "Grandma, what is in the teakettle ?" he asked. "Water, my child--nothing but water(3)." "But I know there is something else. There is some- thing in there that lifts the lid and makes it rattle." The grandmother laughed. "Oh, that is only steam," she said. "You can see it coming out of the spout and puffing up under the lid." "But you said there was nothing but water in the kettle. How did the steam get under the lid ?" "Why(4), my dear, it comes out of the hot water. The hot water makes it." The grandmother was beginning to feel puzzled. The lad lifted the lid and peeped inside again. He could see nothing but the bubbling water. The steam was not visible until after it was fairly out of the kettle. "How queer !" he said. "The steam must be very strong to lift the heavy iron lid. Grandma, how much water did you put into the kettle?" "About a quart(5), Jamie(6)." "Well, if the steam from so little water is so strong, why would not the steam from a great deal of water be a great deal stronger? Why couldn't it be made to lift a much greater weight ? Why couldn't it be made to turn wheels ?" The grandmother made no reply. These questions of Jamie's were more puzzling than profitable,(7) she thought. She went about(8) her work silently, and Jamie sat still in his place and studied the teakettle. 詹姆斯?瓦特和水壶 一个苏格兰小男孩坐在祖母的厨房里。他望着大壁炉里逼红的火焰，默默地 思索着事物发生的缘由。确实，他总是产生疑惑，总是想要知道究竟。 "奶奶，什么东西使炉火燃烧的?"一会儿他问道。 奶奶被他提出的问所难倒已经不是第-次了。所以她继续做她的晚餐，不 理会他的疑问。 悬吊在炉子上的一只老式水壶里，水开始沸腾，壶嘴冒出淡淡的云雾般的蒸 气。不一会儿，壶盖开始掀动，发出格格的响声。接着，热气猛烈地喷将出来。 可是，孩子仔细窥看壶盖下面，却什么也没看见。 "奶奶，壶里装的是什么呀,"他问道。 "水呀，孩子，没有别的东西。" "但是我知道还有别的东西，里面有东西在把壶盖顶起来，而且使壶盖格格响。" 奶奶笑了起来，说:"啊那是蒸气。你可以看见蒸气从壶口冒出来，还在壶盖底下噗吱噗吱着。" "但你刚才说壶里只有水，没有别的东西。那未壶盖底下的蒸气又是打哪儿来的呢," "嗳，亲爱的，它是从热水里出来的。热水产生蒸气。"奶奶开始感到说不清楚了。 孩子拎起壶盖，再一次缶壶里窥探，只见壶里的水在噗噗地冒着气泡，其他可什么也没发现。蒸气只有在完全离开水壶以后才看得见。 "多么奇怪～"他说。"蒸气要顶起这样重的铁盖子，力量一定很不小。奶奶，你在壶里装了多少水呢," "大约一夸脱，杰米。" "噢，如果这么一点点水产生的蒸气力量有那么大，那末大量的水产生的蒸气力量不就大得多了吗,为什么不可以使蒸气顶起比这重得多的东西呢,为什么不可以使蒸气转动轮子呢," 奶奶没有回答。她想:杰米的这些问题没有什么用处，却难以回答。她默默地继续干她的活，而杰米仍一动不动地坐在老地方研究着这把水壶。 詹姆斯(鲍德温 (1)James Watt: 詹姆斯?瓦特(1736--1819)，苏格兰工程师，蒸汽机的发明者。 (2) at a furious rate: 猛烈地。 (3) nothing but water: 除了水以外什么也设有;只有水， (4) why: 感叹词,"嗳"(此处表示犹豫)。 (5) quart: 夸脱(英美容量单位，等于四分之-加仑或二品脱)。 (6) Jamie: 杰米，是James的爱称。 (7) These questions…more puzzling than profitable: 这句的意思是:与其说杰米的问题有什么用处，倒不如说它们令人困惑。 (8)went about:从事;干。 A poor chimney-sweeper, who had not enough money to buy a meal, stopped one hot summer day at noon before an eating-house, and remained regaling his nose with the smell of the victuals. The master of the shop told him several times to go away, but the sweep(1) could not leave the savory smell, though unable to purchase the taste of the food. At last the cook came out of the shop, and taking hold of the sweep, declared that, as he had been feeding upon(2) the smell of his victuals, he should not go away without paying half the price of a dinner. The poor fellow said that he neither could nor would pay, and that he would ask the first person who should pass, whether it was not an unreasonable and un- just demand. The case was referred to a policeman,(3) who happened to pass at that moment. He said to the sweep: "As you have been feasting one of your senses with the odor of this man's meat(4), it is but just you should make him some recompense; therefore you shall(5), in your turn, regale one of his senses, which seems to be more insatiable than your appetite. How much money have you ?" "I have but two pence in all the world, sir, and I must buy me some bread." "Never mind," answered tile officer, "take your two pence between your hands; now rattle them loudly." The sweep did so, and the officer, turning to the cook, said: "Now, sir, 1 think he has paid you: the smell of you victuals regaled his nostrils; the sound of his money has tick- led your ears." This decision gave more satisfaction to the bystanders than to the cook, but it was the only payment he could obtain. 奇妙的载决 有一个贫穷的扫烟囱工人，穷得连一顿饭也买不起。一个炎热的夏天中午， 他在一家餐馆前停下来，站在那儿用鼻子贪婪地嗅着食物的香味。餐馆老板儿次 叫他走开，但他虽然没有能力买食物来尝尝，却又舍不得离开这令人馋涎欲滴的 香味。最后，厨师从店堂内走了出来，一把抓住那个扫烟囱工人，说他闻饱了菜 肴的捍味，硬要他付一半饭钱，不然，就不放他走。那个穷汉子说他既付不起， 也不愿意付，并且提出要请第一个过路人来评一评这样的要求是否公道合理。 这时候，一个警察碰巧从旁边经过，这事就告到了他那里。警察对扫烟囱工 人说:"既然你的一个感官享受了这人烹调的食物的香味，你就应该给他一定的 报酬，这是公平合理的;所以现在该轮到你使他的一个感官得到享受，他的这一 感官看来比的胃口更难以满足。你身上有多少钱," "总共只有两个便士，我还要买面包吃呢，先生。" "不要紧，"警察回答道，"把你的两个便士用双手捂着;现在使劲把它们咔 嗒咔嗒地摇出声音来。" 扫烟囱的工人这样做了。于是警察转身对厨师说:"先生，我想现在他给了 你报酬了;你那食物的香味给了他鼻子以享受;他那钱币的响声也饱了斧耳福。 " 这一裁决使旁观者大为满意，厨师虽然不满意，但他也只能得到这样的报酬 了。 佚名作者 (1) the sweep: 扫烟囱的工人。 (2) feed upon(on)...: 以……为食物。 (3) The case was referred to a policeman: 此事提交警察处理。to refer…to: 把……提交。 (4)meat: 这里作"食物"解( (5) you shall: shall用于陈述句的第二、第三人称时，表示说话者的意向， 命令，允诺，警告等。这里作"应该" 解。在现代英语中，表示这种意思时，一 般都用should代替shall。 Hodeslea, Eastbourne, November 5, 1892 Dear Sir, I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter. In my opinion a man's first duty is to find a way(1) of supporting himself, thereby relieving other people of(2) the necessity of supporting him. Moreover, the learning to do work of practical value in the world, in an exact and careful manner, is of itself(3) a very important education, the effects of which make themselves felt(4) in all other pursuits. The habit of doing that which you do not care about' when you would much rather be doing something else, is invaluable. It would have saved me a frightful waste of time if I had ever had it drilled into me in youth.(5) Success in any scientific career requires an unusual equipment of capacity, industry, and energy. If you possess that equipment, you will find leisure enough after your daily commercial work is over, to make an opening(6) in the scientific ranks for yourself. If you do not, you had better stick to commerce. Nothing is less to be desired than the fate of a young man who, as the Scotch proverb says, in "trying to make a spoon spoils a horn,"(7) and becomes a mere hanger- on in literature or in science, when he might have been a useful and a valuable member of Society in other occupations.(8) I think that your father ought to see this letter. Yours faithfully, T. H. Huxley 选择职业 伊斯特本，荷达斯里亚 一八九二年十一月五日 亲爱的阁下: 近来忙于各种事务，未能及早复信，深感抱歉。 依我看来，一个(人的首要职责是设法自立，以免除别人对他生活的负担。此外，学会严谨而审慎地从事社会上有实际价值的工作，其本身就是一种非常重要的教育，其效果必将体现在所有别的事业上。在你宁愿做其他事情的时候，却仍能够从事你不感兴趣的工作，这种习惯是十分可贵的。要是我在年轻时养成了这种习惯，就可以避免时间上惊人的浪费。 任何科学事业上的成就，都需要具有不寻常的才能、勤勉和精力。你若具有上述资质，你在日常商业工作之余，将有足够的闲暇为自己在科学界觅得立足之地。你若不具有那种资质，还是一心经商为宜。天下最不足取的事情，莫过于一个年轻人如同苏格兰谚语所说的那样，"匙子没做成，倒毁了羊角，"成为在文学或科学领域里滥竽充数的食客，要是去从事其他工作的话，他或许会成为社会上有用和有价值的一员。 我认为此信应请你父亲一阅。 你的忠实的 T(H?赫胥黎 托马斯?亨利?赫胥黎 (1)to find a way: 设法。 (2)relieving other people of(((: 使别人免除……。relieve Sb(of sth(:free sb(from sth( (3)of itself:本身。 (4)make themselves felt: felt是过去分词，作宾语补语，意为"被人感觉到"，此处可解释为"体现"。 (5) It would have saved(((if l had ever had it drilled into me…: 过去时态虚拟语气。第二个it指the habit。drill into:通过反复教导或训练使人学会。 (6)to make an opening:开辟一条路。 (7) trying to make a spoon spoils a horn: 原为苏格兰谚语:"匙子做不成反而 毁了做匙子的羊角"，含有两者都落空之意。 (8)Nothing is less to be desired than…in other occupations: 这是一个比较复杂 的主从复合句，主句为Nothing is less to be desired，它带有一个比较状语从句than the fate of a young man(is to be desired)，该从句本身又带有一个定语从句，定语 从句中who的谓语动词是spoils和becomes，as the Scotch proverb says是插入语。 when he might…为定语从句中的状语从句，修饰becomes…。 Spring, the sweet Spring, is the year's pleasant king(1); Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting(2), the pretty birds do sing(3), Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!(4) The palm(5) and may(6) make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay,(7) Cuckoo, jug-jug' pu,we, to-witta-woo ! The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit(8), In every street these tunes bur ears do greet(9), Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! Spring! The sweet Spring! 春 天 春天，甜蜜的春天，一年中欢乐的君王， 春光中万物昌盛，春光中少女们团团起舞， 寒冷不再砭骨，美丽的鸟儿处处啼唱， 咕咕，喳一喳，卜一威，嘟一威嗒一喔! 棕榈树和山楂花把乡村房舍点缀得喜气洋洋， 小羔羊活蹦欢跳，牧羊人整日价笛声袅袅， 我们时时斯到鸟儿唱起快乐的曲调， 咕咕，喳一喳， 卜一威，嘟一威嗒一喔! 田野间一片芬芳，盛开的雏菊紧贴在我们脚旁， 年轻的情侣对对相聚，老妇人坐着沐浴阳光， 每条街上都有这样的曲调在我们耳边回荡， 咕咕，喳一喳， 卜一威，嘟一威嗒一喔! 春天!甜蜜的春天! 托马斯?纳什 (1)the year's Pleasant king: 涵义是"一年四季中以春为最欢乐的时期"，king 比喻一岁之首。 (2)Cold doth not sting: 寒冷不再砭骨。doth是古英语中do的第三人称现在 时态形式，现仅用于诗歌中。 (3)the pretty birds do sing: 助动词do是为了韵律的需要而加进去的。 (4)cuckoo: 布谷鸟叫声;jug:夜莺的呜叫声;pu-we:田凫的鸣声 to-witta-woo: 泛指各种鸟鸣。 (5)palm: 棕榈。其枝叶常作为胜利的象征。 (6)may: 山楂花。因在五月盛开，故名may。 (7)And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay: 句中aye是古英语副词，解作" 经常"s tune用作动词，在古英语中解作"唱"; lay是名词，在古英语中解作"歌曲"。 这些词常见于诗歌中。 (8)old wives a-sunning sit:sit是谓语动词。a-sunning:晒太阳，作状语; a- 作为特殊介词，在现代英语中已不如此使用。例如:在现代英语中不说He went a-fishing而说He went fishing。 (9)these tunes our ears do greet:do greet是谓语动词， our ears是它的宾语。 把greet放在句尾是为了和该节第一行的feet押韵 Sitting on a grassy grave, beneath one of the windows of the church, was a little girl.(1) With her head bent back(2) she was gazing up at the sky and singing, while one of her little hands was pointing to a tiny cloud that hovered like a golden feather above her head. The sun, which had suddenly become very bright, shining on her glossy hair, gave it a metallic luster, and it was difficult to say what was the color, dark bronze or black. So completely absorbed was she in watching the cloud to which her strange song or incantation seemed addr0ssed, that she did not observe me when I rose and went towards her.(3) Over her head, high up in the blue, a lark that was soaring towards' the same gauzy cloud was singing, as if in rivalry(4). As I slowly approached the child, I could see by her forehead, which, in the sunshine seemed like a globe of pearl, and especially by her complexion, that she was uncommonly lovely. Her eyes, which at one moment seemed blue-gray, at another violet(5), were shaded by long black lashes, curving backward in a most peculiar way, and these matched in hue her eyebrows, and the tress- es that were tossed about her tender throat and were quivering in the sunlight. All this I did not take in(6) at once; for at first I could see nothing but those quivering, glittering, changeful eyes turned up into my face. Gradually the other features, especially the sensitive full-lipped mouth, grew upon me as I stood silently gazing. Here seemed to me a more perfect beauty than had ever come to me in my loveliest dreams of beauty. Yet it was not her beauty so much as the look she gave me that fascinated me, melted me.(7) 小 女 孩 在教堂的一扇窗下长满绿草的坟堆上，坐着个小女孩。她仰着头，望着天空， 唱着歌儿。她的小手指点着一朵飘浮在她头顶的金色羽毛般的小彩云。突然间， 阳光显得格外灿烂，照在她光泽的头发上，给它涂上一层金属似的光彩，很难说 出它突竟是什么颜色，是深褐色，还是黑色。她是那么全神贯注地望着彩云，她 那奇妙的歌声，或可说是喃喃自语，似乎是对着那彩云而发的。因而她没有注意 到我站起身来朝她走去。在她上空高高的蓝天里，一只展翅飞向那朵轻盈透明的 彩云的云雀也在歌唱，似乎在与她赛e(。我慢步向小女孩走去，她那在阳光下如 同珍珠一样圆润的前额，特别是她那肤色，使我感到她真是异常可爱。媳耶黑黑 的长睫毛非常别致地朝后弯曲着，掩映着一双一会儿象是蓝灰色的，一会儿又象 是紫罗兰色的眼睛。她的长睫毛同她的眉毛和头发色泽调和，披拂在她娇嫩的脖 子上的发绺，在阳光里轻轻飘动。我并没有马上领略到这一切，因为我一开始只 注意了那双闪闪发光、富于表情、盯着我看的眼睛。我伫立在一边默默地注视着 她，才渐渐地看清了她容貌的其他部分，特别是那张灵敏而又丰满的小嘴。呈现 在我眼苎的这一美的形象似乎比我在最美好的梦境中所见过的更美。然而，与其 说是她的美丽，不如说是她朝我看的那种眼神，更使我着迷，更使我陶醉( 西奥多?瓦茨?邓顿 (1)Sitting on a grassy grave…Was a little girl: 这是一句全倒装句，按正常语 序可以写成:A little girl was sitting on a grassy grave(((( (2)with her head bent back: with+名词或代词宾格十分词(或形容词，介词短 语等)作状语，表示伴随情况。 (3)So completely absorbed was she…that(((: 这是一个so…that…结构的 主从复合句，其中主句采用全倒装语序。address…to:对……说话。这里是指对 着云彩歌唱或念念有词。that引导的是一个本身带有时间状语从句的结果状语从 句。 (4)in rivalry(with):与……比高低，争雄，斗艳，等等。 (5)at another violet:,at another moment(seemed) violet:一会儿又象是紫罗 兰色的( (6)take in:接受，领会。 (7) Yet it was not her beauty so much as the look(((that fascinated me, melted me:not so much(((as作"与其说……不如说……"解释. It was…that…用作强 调结构。melted me: 融化了我，即;使我陶醉。 The body of an animal may well be compared with(1) some machine like a locomotive engine. Indeed, the animal body is a machine. It is a machine composed of(2) many parts, each part doing some particular kind of work for which a particular kind of structure fits it(3); and all the parts are dependent on each other and work together for the accomplishment of the total business of the machine. The locomotive must be provided with fuel, such as coal or wood or other combustible substance, the consumption of which furnishes the force or energy of the machine. The animal body must be provided with fuel, which is called food, which furnished similarly the energy of the animal. Oxygen must be provided for the combustion of the fuel in the locomotive and of the food(4) in the body. The locomotive is composed of special parts: the fire box for the reception and combustion of fuel; the steam pipes for the carriage of steam; the wheels for locomotion; the smokestack for throwing off waste. The ani- mal body is similarly composed of parts: the alimentary canal for the reception and assimilation of food; the excretory organs for the throwing off of waste matter; the arteries and veins for the carriage oxygen and food-holding blood; the legs or wings for locomotion. 动物与机器 动物的身体很可以与某种机器如火车头相比。实际上，动物的身体就是一台 机器(它是一台由许多部件组成的机器。每个部件起某种特定的作用，并具有特 殊构造使它适合于这种作用，所有的部件互相依赖、彼此合作，以完成机器的整 个任务。火车头必须添加燃料，如煤，木柴或其他可燃物质。燃料的消耗给机器 提供动力或能量。动物的身体也得补充燃料，它被称为食物，给动物同样地提供 能量。为使火车头里的燃料燃烧以及动物体内的食物氧化，必须提供氧气。火车 头是由特殊部件构成的;接受并燃烧燃料的炉膛、运送蒸气的管道，使车头运行 的轮子及排出废气的烟囱。与此相似，动物的身体也是由各种部件构成的:摄入 并吸收食物的消化道、排出废物的排泄器官以及运送氧气和保存养料的血液的动 脉与静脉，还有使动物行进的腿或翅膀。 乔丹和凯洛格 (1)may well be compared with…: 很可以与……相比。 (2)composed of…: 由……组成。分词短语作定语。 (3) for which a particular kind of structure fits it: 有种特殊结构使它适合起这 种作用。定语从句，修饰some particular kind of work(句中的it代替each part( (4) of the food: 即for the combustion of the food(这里的combustion意为氧 化( Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal(2) Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated(3), can long endure. We are met(4) on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live(5). It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate -- we cannot consecrate -- we cannot hallow(6) -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us- that from these honoured dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under Cod, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of tile people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth(7). 葛提斯堡演说 八十年前，我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。他孕育了自由之 中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则。现在，我们正从事于一场伟大的内战，以考验 这个国家，或者说，以考验任何孕育于自由并奉行上述原则的国家能否长久生存。 我们聚集在这场战争中的一个伟大的战场上。我们在此集会，是为了把这战场的一部分奉献给那些为这个国家的生存而献身的烈士，作为他们的最后安息之所。我们这样做，是理所当然、恰如其分的。 但是，从更为广泛的意义上来说，我们无法奉献、无法圣化、无法神化这块土地。那些曾在这里战斗过的勇敢的生者与死者已经将这块土地圣化，这远不是我们微薄的力量所能增减的。全世界不会注意，也不会长久记住我们今天在这里所讲的话。但是，全世界永远不会忘记这些勇士在这里做过的事。对我们这些活着的人来说，倒是应该把自己奉献于勇士们以崇高的精神向前推进而尚未完成的事业，应该把自己奉献于依然摆在我们面前的伟大任务--我们要从这些可敬的死者身上汲取更多的献身精神，来完成他们为之献出全部忠诚的事业;我们要在这里下定最大的决心，不让烈士们的鲜血白流;要在上帝的保佑下，使我们的国家获得自由的新生;要使我们这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。 亚伯拉罕?林肯 (1) Gettysburg: 葛提斯堡。美国宾夕法尼亚州南部边境的小镇。美国内战史上南、北军之间规模量大的关键一仗在此发生，双方死伤各约二万五千人(林肯总统于1863年11月19日在葛提斯堡国家烈土公墓落成典礼上作了这一篇著名的演讲( (2)"All men are created equal": "一切人生来平等"，是美国第三，四届总统杰佛逊在美国"独立宣言'中写下的。 (3) so conceived and so dedicated: 指第一句中的conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal。so是副词，意为，这样地，如上所述那样地。 (4)are met: 集会。 (5)who here gave their lives that that nation might live: 为了这个国家的生存而献身的……。定语从句，其中第一个that是连词，引导目的状语，第二个that是指示代词(修饰nation。 (6) we cannot..: 我们无法……。这里we cannot重复了三次，以加深印象井抒发强烈的情感。这种修饰法称为句首重复(Anaphora)(常用于演说和诗歌。 (7)--that from these honoured dead we take increased devotion...shall not perish from the earth: 破折号后面以分号隔开的四个以that引导的从句是 the great task 的同位语并列结构。 Who loves his country will not rest Content with(2) vow and pledge alone, But flies her banner in his breast And counts her destiny his own(3) -- Not only when the bugle plays Stands forth to give his life for her, But on the field of common days Is strong to live his life(4) for her. He is not satisfied to claim As heritage her power and fame,(5) But, striving, earns the light to wear The shining honor of her name. 爱国志士 爱国志士决不满足于 泛泛的誓词与诺言， 而要在胸中扬起祖国的旗帜 与她共命运，同呼吸--, 不只是在军号吹响的时刻 毅然挺身而出，为国捐躯， 就是在平常的日子里 也为她呕心沥血，坚定不渝。 爱国志士决不满足于 承袭祖国的威力与声望， 而要奋发图强，去赢得权利 以分享祖国英名的光辉荣誉。 南希?伯德?特纳 (1)Who loves his country:who在这里作whoever解，意即"热爱祖国的人";这种用法在现代英语中已属罕见。 (2)rest content with: 以……为满足。 (3) And counts her destiny his own: 把祖国的命运视为自己的命运。 (4) to live his life: 度过他的一生。不定式短语，修饰strong。 (5)He is not satisfied to claim as heritage her power and fame: 他并不满足于要求承袭祖国的威力与声望。as heritage为宾语补语。这里把as heritage提前，是为了使诗句押韵(claim, fame，name)。 We dined at an excellent inn at Chapelhouse(2), where Dr. Johnson expatiated on the felicity of England in its taverns and inns, and triumphed over(3) the French for not having, in any perfection, the tavern life. "There is no private house," said he, "in which people can enjoy themselves so well as at a capital tavern. Let there be ever so great plenty of good things(4), ever so much grandeur, ever so much elegance, ever so much desire that everybody should be easy, in the nature of things(5) it cannot be: there must always be some degree of care and anxiety. The master of the house is anxious to entertain his guests; the guests are anxious to be agreeable to him; and no man but a very impudent dog(6) indeed can as freely command what is in another's house as if it were his own(7). Whereas at a tavern there is a general freedom from anxiety. You are sure you are welcome; the more noise you make, the more trouble you give, the more good things you call for, the welcomer you are. No servants(8) will attend you with the alacrity which waiters(9) do, who are excited with the prospect of an immediate reward(10) in proportion as(11) they please. No, sir; there is nothing which has as yet been contrived by man, by which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn. 小客栈的乐趣 我们在查普尔壕斯一家极好的小客栈里吃饭，约翰逊博土在那儿详细叙述了 英格兰的小客栈和小旅馆的妙处，并得意洋洋地指出法国人没有任何这等完美的 小客栈生活。"任何私人住宅，"他说，"都不能使人们象在一家顶好的小客栈里 那样舒适愉快。尽管那里好东西应有尽有，尽管屋宇是那样的宏伟，陈设是那样 的雅致，尽管主人一心一意要让每个人都感到自由自在，而实标上这是不可能实 现的(相反，那里总是有着某种程度的顾虑和急切的心情(屋主人要小心地招待 客人，客人要留神地迎合主人(除了非常无礼的鲁莽家伙，决没有人在别人的屋 于里会象在自己家里那样可以随心所欲，颐指气使。然而在小客栈里就根本没有 这种顾虑了(在这里，你肯定是受欢迎的，你嗓门越大，你越添麻烦，你要的好 东西越多，你就越受欢迎。没有一个仆人会象受到小费刺激的店倌那样殷勤地侍 候你，因为店倌的侍候越中意，你给小费越慷慨。投有的，先生，在人类迄今所 创造的一切事物中，投有什么能象一家优美的乡村小客栈或者小旅馆那样给人们 提供那么多的乐趣。 詹姆斯?鲍斯韦尔 (1)tavern: 英国乡村中供给酒莱的小客栈o (2) Chapelhouse: 查普尔壕斯，英国伦敦附近的一个小村镇。 (3) triumphed over: 因胜过而表现欣喜。 (4) Let there be ever so…: 此句中Let表示假设。 (5) in the nature of things: 按照事物的性质，实际上。 (6) no man but a very impudent dog: 也可译作"除了真正不懂礼貌的畜生外， 谁也不……"。a very impudent dog此处指极其无礼的鲁莽汉。 (7) as if it were his own: 行为方式状语，内含与事实相反的情况，所以动词 用虚拟语气。 (8) servants: 此处指私人住宅(private house)里的仆人。 (9) waiters: 此处指tavern里的店倌。 (10) an immediate reward: 能立即到手的报酬，意即小费。 ( (11)in proportion as:与……成比例。通常用in proportion to…，后面接从句 时用as。这句的意思是他们所得的小费多少与他们取悦顾客的程度成正比 You may believe me, when I assure you in the most solemn manner that, so far from(2) seeking this employment, I have used every effort in my power to avoid it, not only from my unwillingness to part with you and the family, but from a consciousness(3) of its being a trust(4) too great for my capacity; and I should enjoy more real happiness in one month with you at home than I have the most distant prospect of finding abroad, if my stay were to be seven times seven years(5). But as it has been a kind of destiny that has thrown me upon this service, I shall hope that my undertaking it(6) is designed to answer some good purpose .... I shall rely confidently on that Providence(7) which has heretofore preserved and been bountiful to me, not doubting but that I shall return safe to you in the fall(8). I shall feel no pain from the toil or danger of the campaign; my unhappiness will flow from(9) the uneasiness I know you will feel from being left alone. I therefore beg that you will summon your whole fortitude, and pass your time as agree- ably as possible. Nothing will give me so much sincere satisfaction as to hear this(10), and to hear it from your own pen. 受命统率全军 你可以相信我，我极其庄严地向你保证我根本没有追求过这项任命，而是竭 尽全力，千方百计地回避它。这不仅是因为我不愿意同你以及全家人分别，而且 因为我深知重大，苎我力所能及。另外，倘若我出门数十载寻求前景非常遥 远的幸福，那还比不上在家中与你相聚一个月那样真正幸福。但是，既然命运已 赋予我这个使命，我希望，安排我来承担这个任务是为了使我有所建树。…… 我将信赖一直保佑我和降福于我的上帝，深信到秋天我将平安地回到你的身 边。对出征所带来的艰辛和危险，我不会感到痛苦，使我难过的是我知道你独自 一人留在家中必然感到焦虑不安。因此，我恳求你鼓起全部勇气，尽量愉快地过 日子.没有什么比听到你过得愉快的消息--并且是从你的笔下听到这消息，能使我 感到更大的欣慰了( 乔治?华盛顿 (1)accepting the command of the army: 受命统率全军。华盛顿于1775年就 任全军总司令时给爱妻写了一封信。本文摘自这封信的两段。 (2) far from: 远远不;完全不。 (3) not only from…(but from…: 不仅由于……而且由于……。but后面省 去了also. ( (4) its being a trust: 这是一种信任。动名词短语，作介词of的宾语。 (5)if my stay were to be seven times seven years:假如我在外数十年。虚拟语 气。seven times seven:许许多多。 (6) my undertaking it: 我来承担这一任务。动名词短语， 作is designed的 主语。 (7) Providence: 大写时，解释为"上帝"。 (8)mot doubting but that…: 深信……。这里but无实义，but that相当于that, (9)flow from:来自。 (10) this: 代词，代替前面的you will summon your whole fortitude，and pass your time as agreeably as possible。 Night is a dead and monotonous period under a roof(1); but in the open world(2) it passes lightly, with its stars and dews and perfumes, and the hours are marked by changes in the face of Nature. What seems a kind of temporal death to people choked between walls and curtains(3) is only a light and living slumber to the man who sleeps afield. All night long he can hear Nature breathing deeply and freely; even as she(4) takes her rest she turns and smiles; and there is one stirring hour, unknown to those who dwell in houses, when a wakeful influence goes abroad over the sleeping hemisphere, and all the outdoor world are on their feet(5). It is then that the cock first crows, not this time to announce tile dawn, but like a cheerful watchman speeding the course of night. Cat- fie awake on the meadows; sheep break their fast(6) on dewy hill-sides, and change to a new lair among the ferns; and houseless men, who have lain down with the fowls, open their dim eyes and behold the beauty of the night. 露天世界的夜晚 在室内，夜是死气沉沉，单调乏味的时刻。但是在露天世界里，有星星，有 露珠，还有芬芳的香气，黑夜轻快地流逝，而大自然的面貌却在夜里时刻变化着。 禁锢在室内和帘后的人们觉得夜似乎是短暂的死亡，而露宿野外的人却觉得夜只 是一场充满生机的微睡。他整夜能听见大自然深沉的、自由自在的呼吸。大自然 即使在休息时也在转动和微笑。当沉睡着的半球出现韪醒迹象的时候，室外的万 物都起来丁，那种忙碌的时刻是居住在室内的人所不知道的。雄鸡最先啼鸣，这 时不是报晓，而是象欢乐的更夫在催黑夜快走。草地上牛群醒来;露珠晶莹的山 坡上羊群在进早餐，并且在羊齿植物丛中改换新的羊窝;与禽鸟共眠的无家可归 的人们睁开了惺松的双眼，观赏美丽的夜色。 罗拍特?路易斯(斯蒂文柬 (1)under a roof: 在屋顶下，指在室内。 (2) in the open world: 在露天世界，指在室外(野外)。 (3) What seems…walls and curtains: 主语从句，其中 choked between…为分 词短语，修饰the people。 (4)she: 指Nature。 (5)all the outdoor world are on their feet: all the outdoor world指室外的万物， 所以动词用are，代词用their;(be) on one's feet:站起来。 (6)break their fast:开斋，吃早饭。 The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to date as far back as the time of Roger Bacon(1), the wonderful monk and philosopher of Oxford(2), who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first, in the mid- tide ages to assert that we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself made many remarkable discoveries. Galileo(3), however, who lived more than 800 years later (1564 to 1642), was the greatest of several great men, who in Italy, France, Germany, or Eng- land, began by degrees to show how many important truths could be discovered by well-directed observation. Before the time of Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fall more rapidly towards the earth than small ones, because Aristotle(4) said so. But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa(5), let fall two unequal stones, and proved to some friends, whom he had brought there to see his experiment, that Aristotle was in error. It is Galileo's spirit of going direct to Nature, and verifying our opinions and theories by experiment, that. has led to all the great discoveries of modern science.(6) 科学实验的重要性 现代科学的兴起也许要追溯到罗杰?培根的时代.罗杰?培根是牛津杰出的僧侣和哲学家，他出生于1214年，死于 1292年。他可能是中世纪第一个提出我们必须通过对周围事物进行观察和实验来学习科学的人，他自己也有许多卓越的发现。然而，生活在三百多年之后的伽利略(1564-1642),却是好几个伟大人物中最伟大的一个，这些人在意大利，法国，德国和英国开始逐步使人们看到许多重要的真理是可以通过掌握得当的观察去发现的。在伽利略之前，学者们相信大的物体掉到地面比小的物体要快，因为亚理斯多德是这样说的。可是，伽利略登上比萨斜塔的顶端，让两块体积不相等的石头同时落地，从而向一些他带去观看实验的朋友们证明，亚理斯多德错了。正是伽利略的这种直接到大自然中去通过实验来证明我们的判断和理论的精神，导致了所有现代科学的伟大发现。 威廉?斯坦利?杰文斯 (1)Roger Bacon: 罗杰?培根(1214-1292)，英国僧侣及哲学家，实验科学的先驱。 (2) Oxford: 牛津，举世闻名的英国的一所大学城。牛津大学(Oxford University)位于此。 (3) Galileo: 伽利略(1564--1642)，意大利物理学家及天文学家。 (4) Aristotle: 亚理斯多德(公元前384-322)，古希腊哲学家和科学家。 (5) the Leaning Tower of Pisa: 比萨斜塔。Pisa:意大利中部城市。 (6) It is Galileo's spirit…that has led to…:这是强调主语的结构。 There are gains for all our losses. There are balms for all our pain: But when youth, the dream, departs(1) It takes something from our hearts, And it never comes again. We are stronger, and are better, Under manhood's sterner reign:(2) Still we feel that something sweet Followed youth, with flying feet(3), And will never come again. Something beautiful is vanished, And we sigh for it in vain; We behold it everywhere(4), On the earth, and in the air, But it never comes again !(5) 青春的飞逝 我们失去的一切都能得到补偿， 我们所有的痛苦都能得到安慰， 可是梦境似的青春一旦消逝， 它带走了我们心中某种美好的事物， 从此一去不复返回。 严峻的成年生活将我们驱使， 我们变得日益刚强、更臻完美， 可是依然感到某种甜美的东西， 已随着青春飞逝， 永不再返回。 美好的东西已经消失， 我们枉自为此叹息， 虽然在天地之间， 我们到处能看见青春的魅力， 可是它永不再返回! 理查德?亨利?斯托达德 (1)when youth, the dream，departs: 时间状语从句。句中dream是youth的同位语，诗人把"青春"比作"梦"。 (2) Under manhood's sterner reign: 在成年时代较严峻的治理下。意即，成年时代人们不能再象在青春时代那样陶醉在美梦之中了。 (3) with flying feet: 以飞快的脚步，飞速地。 (4) behold it everywhere: behold,see,看到(文学用语)，it=something beautiful。下一行中的on the earth和in the air进一步说明everywhere。 (5) But it never comes again! 指的是对个人来说，青春一去不复返;与前面 behold it everywhere相对照，抒发了诗人惆怅惋惜的心情。 An hour before sunrise in the city there is all air of cold, solitary desolation about the noiseless streets, which we are accustomed to see thronged at other times by a busy, eager crowd, and over the quiet, closely shut buildings which throughout the day are swarming with life. (1) The drunken, the dissipated, and tile criminal(2) have disappeared; the more sober and orderly part of the population have not yet awaken- ed to the labors of the day, and the stillness of death is over the streets; its very hue seems to be imparted to them(3), cold and lifeless as they look in the gray, somber light of day- break. A partially opened bedroom window here and there bespeaks the heat of the weather and the uneasy slumbers of its occupant; and the dim scanty flicker of a light through the blinds of yonder windows denotes the chamber of watching and sickness. Save for that sad light, the streets present no signs of life, nor the houses of habitation(4). 日出前的一小时 日出前的一小时，城里一片冷清和孤寂，我们惯于看到的在一日中其他时刻 挤满匆忙人群的大街变得空荡荡、静悄悄，整天人来人往，活动频繁的房屋，此 刻门户紧闭，寂静无声。醉鬼，放荡者、犯罪分子都不见了，居民中比较循规蹈 矩，持重沉着的人们还没有醒来开始他们一天的工作，大街死一般地寂静，似乎 也染上了死一般的色彩，在拂晓阴沉、灰暗的光线里显得冷清而毫无生气。到处 都有一扇扇半开半掩的卧室窗户，表明天气炎热，屋主人睡眠不宁，那边百叶窗 里透露出摇曳的微光，表明那房间里有人卧病或守夜。除了那忧郁的灯光，街上 一片死寂，住房里也没有人活动的迹象。 查尔斯?狄更斯 (1)An hour before sunrise…swarming with life: 句中about the noiseless streets 与over the…buildings是并列成分，作there is an air of cold， solitary desolation 的地点状语which we are accustomed(to see thronged…by a busy，eager crowd是 修饰streets的定语从句，其中thronged by…是分词短语， 作which的宾语补语。 (2)the drunken，the dissipated，and the criminal: 醉鬼，放荡者，犯罪分子。 参阅"The First Snow"注(1)。 (3)its very hue seems to be imparted to them: 这句中its指death;its very hue ,the very hue of death; them指the streets。 (4)nor the houses Of habitation,nor do the houses present any signs of habitation。 Etiquette to society is what apparel is to the individual. Without apparel men would go in shameful nudity which would surely lead to the corruption of morals; and without etiquette society would be in a pitiable state and the necessary intercourse between its members would be interfered with by needless offences and troubles. If society were a train, the etiquette would be the rails along which only the train could rumble forth; if society were a state coach, the etiquette would be the wheels and axis, on which only the coach could roll forward.(1) The lack of proprieties would make the most intimate friends turn to be the most decided enemies and the friendly or allied countries declare war against each other.(2) We can find many examples in the history of mankind. Therefore I advise you to stand on ceremony(3) before anyone else and to take pains (4) not to do anything against etiquette lest you give offences or make enemies.(5) 论 礼 仪 礼仪之于社会犹如衣着之于个人。人若不穿衣服，就会一丝不挂，令人耻笑， 必然导致道德败坏，社会要是没有礼仪，就会陷入可悲的境地，而社会成员之间 所必需的交往就会被无谓的冲突和纠纷所干扰。假定社会是一列火车，礼仪就好 比轨道，火车只能沿着它隆隆前进。假定社会是一辆贵宾车，礼仪就好比轮子与 轴，马车只有靠它们才能滚滚前进。缺了礼节，最亲密的朋友会变成死敌，友好 或结盟的国家会兵戎相见。我们可以从人类历史上找到许多这种例子。因此我劝 你对于任何人都要讲究礼仪，并且尽力不做违背礼仪的事，以免冒犯他人或者树 敌。 威廉?黑兹利特 (1)If society were a train，the etiquette would be…roll forward: 这是现在时态 的虚拟句，分号后面的是一个同样结构的语句，与这一句并列。 (2)The lack of proprieties would make…friends turn to be…and the(((countries declare war…:本句中的make有两个宾语。第一个宾语是 friends，turn to be是 friends的补语，第二个宾语是countries，declare war是countries的补语。动词不 定式作make的宾语补语时，必须省略to。 (3)stand on ceremony:讲究礼节。 (4) take pains: 尽力。后接动词不定式。 (5)lest you give offences or make enemies: 免得触犯人或树敌。lest引导的状 语从句中常用should或原形动词。 Crickets are fond of kitchens and bakers' ovens on ac- count of(1) their warmth. Tender insects that live abroad(2) either enjoy only the short period of one summer, or else doze away(3) the cold, uncomfortable months in profound slumbers; but these residing, as it were(4), in a torrid zone, are always alert and merry: a good Christmas fire is to them like the heats of the dog-days. Though they are frequently heard by day, yet is their natural time of motion only in the night. As soon as it grows dusk, the chirping increases, and they come running forth, ranging from the size of a flea to that of their full stature(5). As one should suppose from the burning atmosphere which they inhabit, they are a thirsty race, and show a great propensity for(6) liquids; being frequently drowned in pans of water, milk, broth, and the like(7) Whatever is moist(8) they affect; and therefore often gnaw holes in wet woolen stockings and aprons that are hung to the fire. 屋内蟋蟀 蟋蟀喜欢厨房和面包房的烘箱间，因为那些地方暖和。生活于野外的脆弱的 昆虫，或者仅能愉快地度过一个短暂的夏季， 或者在沉睡中度过寒冷难受的那 几个月，然而这些生活在可以说是"热带"地方的虫儿，却始终是活跃而欢快的。 对于它们，熊熊的圣诞节炉火好比是三伏天的暑热。虽然在白天可以经常听到它 们的唧唧鸣声，但只有夜晚才是它们天然活动的时间。一到黄昏，不仅那鸣声更 为嘹亮，而且它们都跳了出来，小的只有跳蚤那样大，大的可已长够了个头。它 们生活于炎热的环境，人们可以猜想出它们是一种嗜水的昆虫，酷爱各种流质， 因而常常溺死在有水的、有牛奶的、有汤汁之类的锅盘里。它们爱好潮湿的东西， 因此常常把挂在炉边的湿羊毛袜或围裙咬出一个个窟窿。 吉尔伯特?怀特 (1)on account of:因为。 (2)abroad:户外。 (3)doze away: 用瞌睡来度过。doze在句中作及物动词，其宾语为months。 (4)as it were: 可以说是。作插入语。 (5)ranging from the size of a flea to that of their full stature: 大小都有，最小 的只如跳蚤那般大，最大的则已完全长足。range:(在一定范围内)变化。 (6) show a great propensity for: 对……有很大的癖好。 (7)and the like: 等等，诸如此类。 (8)whatever is moist: 凡是潮湿的东西。 作affect的宾语。 Devote some of your leisure, I repeat, to cultivating a love of reading good books. Fortunate indeed are those who contrive to make themselves genuine book-lovers. For book- lovers have some noteworthy advantages over other people. They need never know lonely hours so long as they have books around them, and the better the books the more delightful the company(1). From good books, moreover, they draw much besides entertainment. They gain mental food such as few companions can supply.(2) Even while resting from their labors they are, through the books they read, equipping themselves to perform those labors more efficiently. This albeit~ they may not be deliberately reading to improve their mind. All unconsciously the ideas they derive from the printed pages(4) are stored up, to be worked over(5) by the imagination for their future profit. 阅读好书 我再说一遍，把你的一部分空闲时光用来培养阅读好书的爱好吧。那些设法 把自己培养成为真正爱好读书的人，确实是幸运的。因为爱读书的人比之别人有 着明显的好处。只要手头有书，他们就从来不知寂寞。书越好，读来越是津津有 味。他们从好书中不但得到乐趣，而且受到很多教益。他们从中获得的那种精神 食粮，从其他地方是很难得到的。即使是在工作休息时，通过读书，他们的工作 效率也能更加提高，尽管他们未必有意识地想到读书是为了提高才智。在钱然不 知不觉中，他们从书中吸取的知识积累起来，经过想想象力的加工，对将来大有 用处。 H?爱丁顿?布鲁斯 (1) the better the books the more delightful the company:书越好，与书作伴就越 快活。 (2) They gain mental food such as few companions can supply: 他们得到的那 种精神食粮是没有什么同栏能提供的。此处such as相当于 such mental food as (3) This: 指上句;albeit: 连词，含义是 although it be(尽管，虽然)，用于书 面语。 (4) the printed pages:书本。 (5) to be worked over:以便加以研究。 I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree; A tree whose hungry mouth is prest(1) Against the earth's sweet flowing breast(2); A tree that looks at God all day, And lifts her leafy arms(3) to pray; A tree that may in Summer wear A nest of robins in her hair; Upon whose bosom snow has lain, Who intimately lives with rain. Poems are made by fools like me, But only God can make a tree. 树 我想我永远也不会看到 象一棵树那样优美的诗篇， 树那饥渴的嘴唇紧紧贴住 大地乳汁甘美的胸脯， 它整天仰望着上帝， 举起枝叶繁茂的手臂祈祷， 它那茂密如发的枝叶里 夏天会筑起知更鸟的安乐窝， 雪花飘落在它怀里， 它同雨水亲密无间。 诗歌出自我等愚人之手， 而树却是造化的天工。 乔埃斯?基尔默 (1) prest: pressed的变体，为了与下面一行最后一个词breast押韵而采用。 (2)flowing breast: 相当于breast flowing with milk，解作"流出奶汁的乳房'，用来比喻土壤的肥沃。 (3)leafy arms: 指叶子茂盛的树枝 The pine, placed nearly always among scenes disordered and desolate, brings into them all possible elements of order and precision. Lowland trees may lean to this side and that, though it is but a meadow breeze that bends them, or a bank of cowslips(1) from which their trunks lean aslope(2). But let storm and avalanche do their worst(3), and let the pine find only a ledge of vertical precipice to cling to, it will nevertheless grow straight. Thrust a rod from its last shoot down the stem; it shall point to the center of the earth as long as the tree lives.(4) It may be well also for what they need, and to take all kinds of irregular shape and extension. But the pine is trained to need nothing and endure everything. I is resolvedly whole, self-contained, desiring nothing but rightness, content with resrticted completion. Tall or short, it will be straight. 松树 松树几乎总是长在凌乱荒凉地地方，但它却把周围的景色点缀得井井有条， 蔚然可观。低地上的树木会东倒西歪，虽说使它们弓腰曲背的，不过是草地上吹 过的一阵阵微风;或者，它们的躯干歪到一边，不过时由于一排野樱草的影响。 可是，尽管风暴和寻崩姿意摧残，尽管松树所能依附的只是陡壁上一块凸出的岩 石，它依然长得笔挺。从它初发的嫩枝旁沿茎插一根笔直的杆子，只要这树活着， 杆子将一直指着地的中心。低地上的树，可能为了获得它们所需要的东西，枝桠 四下仲延，形成各种不规则的形状，任意扩张。然而松树却饱经锻炼，什么也不 需要，什么都能忍受。它坚定完整，独立成长，除了长得挺拔正直，别无所求， 虽受限制而依然完美，它便感到满足。刁;管是高是矮，它总是长得笔直。 约翰?拉斯金 (1) a bank of cowslips :一排野樱草。它与上文中的a meadow breeze 是并列 成分。 (2) from which their trunks lean aslope:树干由于野樱草的影响而倾斜。 (3) let...do their worst:让……恣意肆虐。 (4) Thrust a rod...as long as the tree lives:这个句子的意思是:松树活着永远 长得笔直，象插在一旁的杆子一样的直。松树如果长弯了，就会把插一旁的杆子 推歪而不能笔直地指着地心了。 it shall point to... shall用于第三人称时表示说话 者的意向。这里作“应该”解。 (5) reach hither and thither:向个方向伸展。 hither and thither=here and there. Of all animated beings this is the most elegant in form and the most brilliant in colors. The stones and metals polished by our arts are not comparable to(1) this jewel of Nature(2). She(3) has placed it least in size of (4) the order of birds(5), "maxime Miranda in minimis."(6). Her masterpiece is this little humming-bird, and upon it she has heaped all the gifts(7) which the other birds may only share. Lightness, rapidity, nimbleness, grace, and rich apparel(8) all belong to this little favorite. The emerald(9), the ruby(10), and the topaz(11) gleam upon its dress(12). It never soils them with the dust of earth, and in its aerial life scarcely touches the turf an instant. Always in the air, flying from flower to flower, it has their freshness as well as their brightness. It lives upon their nectar, and dwells only in the climates where they perennially bloom. 蜂鸟 在一切生物中，要算蜂鸟体型最优美、颜色最鲜艳。经过工艺加工和各种宝 石和金属是无法跟这个大自然的珍宝媲美的。大自然按照鸟类的大小把它列为最 小号，真是"最小的绝妙珍品"。这咱小蜂鸟是大自然的杰作。大自然把其他鸟类 只能分其中一部分的种种天赋全部慷慨地给了它。这个小宠儿具有轻盈、敏捷、 灵活、优雅以及羽毛绚丽等一切妙外。那翠绿的、艳红的、嫩黄色的羽毛闪闪发 光。蜂鸟从不让它的羽毛沾染尘土，它生活在天空中，一刻也不碰在草皮。它总 是在空中飞翔，从花丛飞向花丛;它象花一样的新鲜，又象花一样的艳丽。蜂鸟 靠花蜜为生，它只生活在四季鲜花盛开的地带。 乔治?路易?勒史莱尔?布丰 (1) are not comparable to :比不上……的。 (2) this jewel of Nature:这个大自然的珍宝。这里作者把美丽无比的蜂鸟比 作大自然中的一颗天然珍宝。 (3) she :指Nature (4) in size of :按……大小 (5) the order of birds:鸟类 (6) maxime Miranda in minimis:拉丁语 maxime解作"最大"， Miranda 解作 "值得称羡的东西"， minimis 解作"最小"。 (7) upon it she has heaped all the gifts…:大自然赋予蜂鸟……的一切资质。 (8) rich apparel :原义为色彩鲜艳的衣服，这里借喻蜂鸟绚丽的羽毛。 (9) emerald:原义绿宝石，这里指翠绿色。 (10) ruby:原义红宝石，这里指艳红色。 (11) topaz:原义黄玉，这里指嫩黄色。 (12) dress:这里借喻蜂鸟的羽毛。 The first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead!(1) All with(2) save(3) the river, that marked its course(4) by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky(5) now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies(6) of their branches. What silence, too, came with the snow, and what seclusion! Every sound was muffled(7), every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels! Only the chiming of sleigh-bells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children(8). 初雪 初雪飘临。多么美啊～它整日整夜那么静静地飘着，落在山岭上，落在草地 上，落在世人的屋顶上，落在死才的坟墓上～在一片白茫茫之中，只有河流在美 丽的画面上划出一道曲曲弯弯的黑线;还有那叶儿落净的树木，映衬着铅灰色的 天空，此刻更显得枝丫交错，姿态万千。初雪飘落时，是何等的宁谧，何等的幽 静～一切声响都趋沉寂，一切噪音都化作柔和的音乐。再也听不见马蹄得得，再 也听不见车轮辚辚～唯有雪橇的铃铛，奏和谐的乐声，那明快欢乐的节拍犹如孩 子们心房的搏动。 享利?沃兹沃思?朗费罗 (1) the living:活着的人;the dead:死去的人。形容词(有时是分词)前面加 上定冠词 the 表示具有某一特性的一类人。 (2) all white=All was white, 省略句 (3) save:除……以外，介词 (4) marked its course:标示出它所经过的路线 (5) against the leaden sky:在铅灰色天空的衬托下。 (6) intricacies:这里指树枝的缠结交错。 (7) was muffled:(声音)被压抑而变得低沉 (8) beating…as the hearts of children=beating…as the hearts of children beat,默 这个被省略的 beat确作"(心脏的)搏动"解，前面那个 beating别指铃儿的碰击。 Is there for honest poverty That hings his head, an' a' that ?(2) The coward slave, we pass him by We dare be poor for a' that! For a' that, an' a' that, Our toils obscure, an' a' that; The rank is but the guinea's stamp(3), The man's the gowd(4) for a' that. What though on hamely fare(5) we dine, Wear hoddin grey(6), an' a' that ? Gie(7) fools their silks, and knaves their wine-- A man's a man for a' that. For a' that, an' a' that, Their tinsel show(8), an' a' that, The honest man, tho' e'er sae poor(9), Is king o' men (10) for a' that. Ye see yon(11) birkie(12), ca'd(13) a lord, Wha(14) struts, an' stares, an' a' that ? Thou' hundreds worship at his word,(15) He's but a coof(16) for a' that. For a' that, an' a' that, His ribband(17), star, an' a' that, The man o' independent mind, He looks and laughs at a' that. A prince can mak a belted knight(18), A marquis, duke, an' a' that! But an honest man's aboon his might(19) Guid faith,(20) he mauna fa' that(21) ! For a' that, an' a' that, Their dignities, an' a' that, The pith o' sense(22) an' pride o' worth,(23) Are higher rank than a' that. Then let us pray that come it may(24), As come it will(25) for a' that, That Sense and Worth, o'er a' the earth, Shall bear the gree(26), an' a' that! For a' that, an' a' that, It's comin(27) yet for a' that, That man to man, the world o'er, Shall brithers(28) be for a' that. 人总是人，不管那一切 是否有人因清白的贫穷， 便垂头丧气，这样那样的? 这种怯懦的奴才，我们不睬他-- 我们敢于做穷人，不管那一切! 不管那一切，那一切， 我们干的活儿低贱，这样那样的， 官位不过是金币上的图案， 人才是真金，不管那一切( 我们吃粗茶淡饭， 穿破旧衣服，这样那样的，算得了什么? 让蠢人穿绫罗绸缎，让恶棍去花天酒地， 人总是人，不管那一切( 不管那一切，那一切， 他们虚有其表，这样那样的， 清白的人虽然一贫如洗， 却是人中英杰，不管那一切( 你看那个家伙，被称作"老爷"， 高视阔步，这样那样的? 尽管上千人任凭他使唤， 他不过是个傻瓜，不管那一切。 不管那一切，那一切， 他那绶带，星章，这样那样的， 有独立见解的人 看了只会嗤笑那一切。 君王可以钦赐佩带册封爵士， 侯爵、公爵，这样那样的! 但是清白的人可不服他的管-- 老实说，君王的权力对他毫无作用! 不管那一切，那一切， 他们权势显赫，这样那样的， 洞察真理的睿智，值得自豪的品格， 高于那一切。 那么，让我们祈祷，但愿那一天会来到-- 不管那一切，那一天必定会来到， 那时智慧和品格将在全世界 赢得胜利，这样那样的! 不管那一切，那一切， 那一天就要来到，不管那一切， 那时普天之下 人人皆是兄弟，不管那一切。 罗伯特(彭斯 (1)for a'that,for all that，in spite of all that，尽管有此种种。 (2)Is there…an'a'that?这句有省略，等于 is there anyone who，because of honest poverty，hangs his head，and all that?其中honest,honourable，光明正大的; hings ,hangs;and all that:如此等等。 (3)guinea's stamp:金币(畿尼，值二十一先令)上的花纹。 (4)gowd:gold的变体。 (5)hamely fare:粗茶淡饭。hamely是homely的变体。 (6)hoddin grey:灰色粗呢衣(贫苦农民所穿)。hoddin= hodden。 (7) Gie,give。 (8) tinsel show;华而不实的外表。 (9)tho'e'er sae poor:though(he should be)ever so poor，不管怎么穷。Sea 是 so 的变体。 (10) king o'men,king of men，人杰， (11) yon,yonder。 (12) birkie:神气活现的家伙。 (13) ca'd,called。 (14) Wha,who。 (15)Thou'hundreds worship at his word:虽然他一呼百喏。 (16) He's but a coof=he is only a fool。cool为cuif的变体。 (17)ribband,ribbon，绶带(爵位的标志)。 (18)mak a belted knight，封人为爵士。mak是make的变体，belted:系带子 的(表示有爵位)。 (19) aboon his might:在他的权力之上，不受他管。aboon,above;might, power。 (20)Guid faith,good faith，老实说(发誓语)。 (21) he mauna fa'that,he must not claim that，他得不到那种权力。意谓君王 虽能封官，但对好人无能为力。 (22) The pith o'sense:真知灼见的力量。pith:[古]力量。 (23) pride o'worth:值得自豪的品格。pride:自豪感，worth:高尚的品格等。 (24) come it may,it may come,这可能成为现实。 (25) As come it will=As it will come，因为这一定能成为现实。 (26)bear the gree;carry off the prize，赢得胜利。 (27) It's comin,It's coming，这正在变成现实。It指下行开始的That从句。 (28)brithers=brothers。 On each side of a bright river he saw rise a line of brighter palaces, arched and pillared, and inlaid with deep red porphyry, and with serpentine(2); along the quays before their gates were riding troops of knights, noble in face and form, dazzling in crest and shield; horse and man one labyrinth of quaint colour and gleaming light(3)--the purple, and silver, and scarlet fringes flowing over the strong limbs and clashing mail, like sea-waves over rocks at sunset. Opening on each side from the river were gardens, courts, and cloisters; long successions of white pillars among wreaths of vine; leaping of fountains through buds of pomegranate and orange; and still along the garden-paths, and under and through the crimson of the pomegranate shadows, moving slowly, groups of the fairest women that Italy ever saw fairest, because purest and thoughtfulest; trained in all high knowledge, as in all courteous art--in dance, in song, in sweet wit, in lofty learning, in loftier courage,-ill loftiest love- able alike to cheer, to enchant, or save, the souls of men(4). Above all this scenery of perfect human life, rose dome and bell-tower, burning with white alabaster and gold: beyond dome and bell-tower the slopes of mighty hills, hoary with olive; far in the north, above a purple sea of peaks of solemn Apennine(5), the clear, sharp- cloven Carrara mountains(6) sent up their steadfast flames of marble summit into amber sky; the great sea itself, scorching with expanse of light, stretching from their feet to the Gorgonian isles(7); and over all these, ever present, near or far--seen through the leaves of vine, or imaged with all its march of clouds in the Arno's stream,(8) or set with its depth of blue close against the golden hair and burning cheek of lady and knight,-- that untroubled and sacred sky, which was to all men, in those days of innocent faith, indeed the unquestioned abode of spirits, as the earth was of men; and which opened straight through its gates of cloud and veils of dew into the awfulness of the eternal world; a heaven in which every cloud that passed was literally the chariot of an angel and every ray of its Evening and Morning streamed from the throne of God.(9) 午后比萨之美 在一条灿烂的大河两岸，他看到每一边都矗立着一排更为灿烂的宫殿，有拱 门和石柱，并且镶嵌着深红色的斑岩，还有蛇纹岩，宫殿门前的码头上，一队队 骑在马上的骑土，威风凛凛，神采奕奕，头盔和盾牌金光锃亮，马匹和骑手组成 了色彩和光泽上光怪陆离的一团--披挂在健壮的四肢和铿锵作声的铠甲上的紫 红色、银白色和猩红色的流苏，宛如日落时涌上岩石的海浪。呈现在河岸两边的 是花园、庭园以及修道院，是缭绕的葡萄藤花掩映着的白色的石柱，一根接一根， 长长的一排;是石榴花蕾和桔子花蕾丛中喷泉喷出的水柱，还有就是沿着园中小 径，在石榴花绯红色的荫影中成群地姗姗而行的女士们，她们是意大利所见到的 最美的美人--最美，是因为她们纯洁无瑕，最富有想象力，她们熟谙各门高尚知 识和各种社交艺术:跳舞、唱歌、解颐的妙语、高贵的学识、更高贵的勇气、最 高贵的爱情，她们都能鼓舞、陶醉或者拯救男人们的灵魂。在这一片人世间完美 无缺的景色之上，高耸着发出白雪花石膏和黄金的辉煌光芒的圆拱屋顶和钟楼， 在拱顶和钟楼的后面是雄伟的山脉，山上长满了灰色的油橄榄树，遥远的北方， 在威严的亚平宁山脉紫色的群峰之上，轮廓分明的卡拉拉山把永恒不变的火焰似 的大理石山顶插入琥珀色的天空，光芒夺目的浩瀚大海从山脚下一直延伸到戈尔 高尼群岛，而在这一切之上，无论是透过葡萄叶丛所见到的，还是阿尔诺河上伴 着飘忽的云影所反映出来的，还是同贵妇人和骑士的金色头发和红润面颊相映衬 的，是一片蔚蓝的天空，无远弗届，无时不在，宁静而庄严。在那信仰单纯的年 月里，对所有的人来说，那苍天无容置疑地是神仙的住所，就象地球是人的住所一样。穿过云端的大门，透过露珠的纱幕，一直通向令人敬畏的永恒世界--那就是天国，在那儿朵朵飘过的云彩实际上都是天使的战车，晨曦和晚霞的每缕光芒都来自上帝的宝座。 约翰?罗斯金 (1)Pisa，比萨，意大利城市，城内有著名的斜塔。 (2)he saw rise a line of brighter palaces,…serpentine，在这一句中，rise本应在句末，补充说明谓语动词 saw所带的宾语，但由于宾语a line of brighter palaces 加上后面所带的许多定语显得太长了，所以移到前面。 (3)horse and man one labyrinth Of quaint colour and gleaming light(马匹和骑手组成了色彩和光泽上光怪陆离的一团。这是一个主格独立结构，在horse and man后省略了分词being。 (4)able alike to cheer，…the souls of men:作定语，与前面trained…in love并列，修饰the fairest women。 (5)Apennine:亚平宁山脉，在意大利境内。 (6) Carrara mountains:卡拉拉山，位于意大利西北部，盛产优质大理石。 (7)Gorgonian isles:戈尔高尼群岛。 (8)the Arno:阿尔诺河，意大利中北部河流，流入地中海。 (9)Above all this scenery(((from the throne of God;这是课文中最后一句，它是一个复杂的主从复合句，由五个并列的分句和它们所带的从句构成。第一分句是倒装句，主语是dome and bell-tower，谓语动词是rose; 第二分句beyond dome and bell-tower the slopes of mighty hills，hoary with olive也是一个倒装句，但句中省略了谓语中的联系动词，主语为the slopes;第三分句的主语为Carrara mountains，谓语动词为sent up;第四分句the great sea itself，scorching with expanse of light，stretching from their feet to the Gorgonian isles是一个仅有主语部分的句子。紧跟着的第五个分句也为倒装句，句中省略了谓语联系动词 was，主语为that untroubled and sacred sky，它后面接两个用which引出的定语从句，而破折号后面的a heaven是sky的同位语，它本身又带了个in which…的定语从句。五个分句中除第一句因为起了引出后面各分句内容的作用，所以用冒号与其余部分分开外，其他各分句都用分号彼此分开，两个定语从句，因为很长，并且第一句内部已有了逗号，所以也用分号分开。 I was up the next morning before the October sunrise, and away through the wild and the woodland. The rising of the sun was noble in the cold and warmth of it; peeping down the spread of light, be raised his shoulder heavily over the edge of gray mountain and wavering length of upland. Beneath his gaze the dew-fogs dipped and crept to the hollow places, then stole away in line and column, holding skirts and clinging subtly at the sheltering comers where rock hung over grass-land, while the brave lines of the hills came forth, one beyond other gliding(1). The woods arose in folds, like drapery of awakened mountains, stately with a depth of awe, and memory of the tempests(2). Autumn's mellow hand was upon them, as they owned already, touched with gold and red and olive, and their joy towards the sun was less to a bridegroom than a father. Yet before the floating impress of the woods could clear itself, suddenly the gladsome light leaped over hill and valley, casting amber, blue, and purple, and a tint of rich red rose, according to the scene they lit on, and the curtain flung around; yet all alike dispelling fear and the cloven hoof(3) of darkness, all on the wings of hope advancing, and proclaiming, "God is here !" Then life and joy sprang reassured from every crouching hollow; every flower and bud and bird had a fluttering sense of them(4), and all the flashing of God's gaze merged into soft beneficence. So, perhaps, shall break upon us that eternal morning, when crag and chasm shall be no more, neither hill and valley, nor great unvintaged ocean; when glory shall not scare happiness, neither happiness envy glory; but all things shall arise, and shine in the light of the Father's countenance, because itself is risen. 十月的日出 第二天凌晨，在十月的太阳升起之前，我已经起身，并穿过旷野和丛林。十 月的清晨乍寒还暖，日出的景象是很壮观的。透过一片晨曦，朝日从朦胧的山岗 和起伏连绵的高地边际，沉重地抬起肩头。在它的逼视下，漾漾的雾气向下沉降， 落到洼地里去，接着化成一丝丝一缕缕，悄悄地飘去了，而在草地之上悬岩之下 的那些隐蔽角落里，雾气却还在引裾徘徊，而群山的雄姿却在接二连三地涌现。 树木层层叠叠，宛若披在刚被唤醒的山峦上的斗篷，端庄威严，唤起狂风暴 雨的回忆。秋季的成熟的手已经在抚摸它们了，它们顺从秋季的到来，染上了金 黄，丹红和榄榄绿。它们对朝日所怀的一片喜悦，象是奉献给一个新郎的，但更 象是奉献给一位尊长的。 然而，在树林的缥渺的印象逝去之前，突然那欢悦的晨光跃过峰峦和山谷， 光线所及，把照到的景致和撒开的帷幕分别染成青色;紫色、琥珀色和富丽的红 玫瑰色。而所有的一切都同样在驱散恐惧和黑暗的魔影，所有的一切都展开希望 的翅膀，向前飞翔，并大声宣告"上帝来到这里"于是生命和欢乐从每一个蜷伏的 洞穴里信心十足地欣然跃出，一切花朵、蓓蕾和鸟雀都感到了生命和欢乐而抖动 起来，上帝炯炯的目光全部融入温柔的恩泽。 也许，那永恒的晨光就会这样降临人间，那时不再有魄岩沟壑，不再有峰峦 山谷，也不再有浩瀚而无益的海洋，那时荣耀不会吓走幸福，幸福也不会忌妒荣 耀，万物都将涌跃升腾，在造物主慈爱的光芒中生辉，因为太阳已经升起。 理查德?D?布莱克默 (1)one beyond other gliding:形容雾气散开时，一座座山峦相继浮现出来时 的情景。 (2)…stately with a depth of awe，and memory of the tempests:端庄威严，唤 起狂风暴雨的回忆。全句的涵义是群山上的树木的层叠形状，会使人想起风云骤 起的情景。 (3) cloven hoof原指魔鬼的蹄子。这里把darkness比喻作如恶魔一般的不祥 之物。 (4)a fluttering sense of them:them指life和joy,意为花朵抖动花瓣，蓓蕾含 苞欲放，鸟雀振羽展翅，充满了一派生机和喜悦。 A Dervise had once made a purchase of a fine fat sheep, intending to offer it up in sacrifice; and having tied a cord about its neck, was leading it to his home, when four thieves perceived him, and instantly made up their minds to steal the sheep. They knew the Dervise to be an honest, inoffensive man, and one who thought of no more harm in others than he had in himself. They dared not, however, take the sheep away from the Dervise by force, for they were too near the city; therefore they made use of this stratagem: they first parted company, and then accosted the Dervise, as if they had come from several distinct parts. The. first thief, who had contrived to meet him full- face, said, "My good old man, whither are you leading this dog ?" At this instant the second robber, coming from another quarter, cried to him, "Venerable old man, I hope you have not so far forgot yourself as to have stolen this dog;" and immediately after him, the third coming up, asked him, "Whither are you going with that handsome greyhound ?" The poor Dervise began to doubt whether the sheep which he had was a sheep or not. But the fourth robber put him quite beside himself(2) by approaching him and asking what the dog cost him. The Dervise, absolutely persuaded(3) that four men, coming from four several directions, could not all be deceived, verily believed that the grazier who had sold him the sheep was a conjurer, and had bewitched his sight; inasmuch that, no longer giving credit to his Own eyes,(4) he began to be firmly convinced that the sheep he was leading was a dog. In full persuasion of this, the Dervise went back to the market to demand his money of the grazier(5), leaving the wether with the felons, who made off with(6) it. 托钵僧和四个贼(寓言) 有一次，一个托钵僧买了一头硕大的肥羊，打算用它作祭品。正当他用绳子 缚住了羊的脖子，牵着它回家的时候，四个贼看见了他，就立刻决定要把这头羊 偷到手。他们知道这个托钵僧是一个老老实实、与世无争的人，是一个自己心中 从不想伤害别人而且认为别人也跟他-'样没有恶意的人。尽管如此，这四个贼还 是不敢从他手中强夺这头羊，因为当时他们离城太近了，因此，他们采用了这样 一个计策;首先，四人各自分散，然后走上前去与托钵僧搭讪，好象他们来自几 个不同的地方。 第一个贼设法从他正面迎上去，跟他说:"好心的老人，您牵着这条狗上哪 儿去呀?" 这时候，第二个贼从另一个方向走过来，向他喊道:"尊敬的老人，我希望 您不至于糊涂到偷了这条狗吧!"紧接着，第三个贼走上前来，问道:"您带着这 条漂亮的猎狗到哪儿去呀?" 可怜的托钵僧开始怀疑自己买的那头羊是否真的是羊了。但是第四个贼走到 他跟前问他花了多少钱买这条狗，这把他完全弄糊涂了。 托钵僧因为绝对相信四个来自不同方向的人不可能全都搞错了，就确实认为 那个卖这头羊给他的牧人是个魔术师，迷了他的眼，于是，他不再相信自己的眼 睛，确信自己所牵着的那头羊是一条狗了。托钵僧完全信以为真，于是就回到市 场去向牧人讨钱，而把那头阉羊交给了这些坏蛋，他们就牵着羊逃走了。 理查德?D?布莱克默 (1)dervise:托钵僧。英语中应为dervish，这里的Dervise是借用土耳其浯中 的读音而拼成。 (2) put him quite beside himself: 把他完全弄糊涂了。 beside oneself:若狂， 发狂。 (3)a bsolutely persuaded:绝对相信。persuaded在这里是过去分词，相当于 who Was persuaded(被说服而相信)，后面可以接of短语或that所引导的从句。 (4)no longer giving credit to his own eyes:不再相信他自己的眼睛。credit在 这里解作"信任"。 (5)demand his money of the grazier:向牧人讨回他的钱。demand(((of(叫 向……要求(索取)……。 (6)made off with…:携……而逃。 Thirteen years have passed since, but it is all to me as if it had happened yesterday, -- the clanging of the fire-bells, the hoarse shouts of the firemen, the wild rush and terror of the streets; then the great hush that fell upon the crowd; the sea of upturned faces(1) with the fire glow upon it; and there, against the background of black smoke that poured from roof and attic, the boy clinging to the narrow ledge so far up that it seemed humanly impossible that help could ever come. But even then it was coming. Up from the street, while the crew of the truck-company were labouring with the heavy extension ladder that at its longest stretch was many feet too short, crept four men upon long slender poles with cross- bars, iron-hooked at the end. Standing in one window, they reached up and thrust the hook through the next one above, then mounted a storey higher. Again the crash of glass, and again the dizzy ascent. Straight up the wall they crept, looking like human flies on the ceiling, and clinging as close, never resting, reaching one recess only to set out for the next; nearer and nearer in the race for life, until but a single span separated the foremost from the boy. And now the iron hook fell at his feet, and the fireman stood upon the step with :the rescued lad in his arms, just as the pentup flame burst lurid from the attic window, reaching with impotent fury for its prey(2). The next moment the) were safe upon the great ladder waiting to receive them below. Then such a shout went up ! Men fell on each other's necks, and cried and laughed at once. trangers slapped one another on the back with glistening faces, shook hands, and behaved generally like men gone suddenly mad. Women wept in the street. The driver of a car stalled in the crowd, who had stood through it all speechless, clutching the reins, whipped his horses into a gallop and drove away, yelling like a Comanche(3), to relieve his feelings(4). The boy and his rescuer were carried across the street without anyone knowing how. Policemen forgot their dignity and shouted with the rest. Fire, peril, terror, and loss were alike forgotten in the one touch of nature(5) that makes the whole world kin. Fireman John Binns was made captain of his crew, and the Bennett medal was pinned on his coat on the next parade day. 火灾见闻 事情已经过去十三年了，然而对我来说，它仿佛是昨天才发生似的--报火警钟的当当声，消防队员声嘶力竭的喊叫声，大街上人们狂奔乱跑，惊恐万分。突然，人群寂静无声。熊熊的火光照着那无数张向上仰望着的脸。那边，小男孩紧紧地拽住墙壁上狭窄的突出部分，后面是屋顶和顶楼里喷涌而出的黑烟，他离地面是那么高，看来人力是无法搭救他的了。 但是，尽管这样，还是有人来搭救了。消防梯车上的救火队员正在费劲地架起笨重的伸缩梯，但是那梯子伸足后还是太短，差了一大截。这时候，四名消防队员缘着细长的杆子从街面往楼上爬，杆子上装有横档，顶端用铁钩钩住。他们站上一扇窗口，把杆子伸上去，用钩子钩住上面的窗子，随后又爬上一层楼。接着，又一阵砸碎玻璃的砰砰声，又一次令人头晕目眩的攀登。他们沿着墙壁笔直地往上爬，看上去小得好似天花板上的苍蝇。四名消防队员紧贴着墙，不歇气地一个窗台接着一个窗台向上爬。在这场争夺生命的竞赛中，他们愈爬愈近了，爬在最前面的消防队员离小孩只剩下一柞的距离了。这时候，铁钩落到了孩子的脚下，接着，消防队员站在踏脚上，用双手抱下了小男孩。就在这一刹那，一片火光，烈焰终于冲破浓烟，猛地从顶楼窗口喷了出来，想攫住它嘴边的猎物，可是却只能白白地冒火了。接着，消防队员和小男孩安然踏上了在下面候着他们的大梯子。 一下于，爆发出一阵热烈的欢呼声。男人们互相搂着脖子，又是叫，又是笑。互不相识的人拍打着对方的背脊，相互握手，脸上喜气洋洋，一个个象突然疯了似的。女人们在街上哭泣。一个马车夫连车带入被阻塞在人群牛，他紧握缰绳，自始至终没说过一句话，这时一声响鞭，策马驱车，飞驰而去，象科曼契人那样叫喊着，以发泄他心中的情感。那个小男孩和他的救命恩人被人们高抬着穿过大街，谁也不知道怎么会这样的。警察也忘了他们自己的身分，跟着别人高声欢呼。这四海之内皆兄弟的本性使人们把大火、险情、恐惧和损失全都忘得一千二净。 救火员约翰(宾斯被任命为消防队长。在下一次检阅中，宾斯的外衣上给佩上了一枚贝内特奖章。 雅各布?里斯 (1) the sea of upturned faces:无数张仰起的脸。一般用a sea of(((表示" 许许多多，一大片"。这里作者回忆从前的情景，一切都历历在目，所以用定冠 词。 (2) prey:猎物，牺牲品。这里是指火焰所要攫取的小男孩。 (3)Comanche:科曼契人(美国印地安人)。 (4)to relieve his feelings:发泄其感情。 (5)the one touch of nature:自然赋予人类的感情，本性。 Night has fallen over the country. Through the trees rises the red moon, and the stars are scarcely seen. In the vast shadow of night the coolness and the dews descend. I sit at the open window to enjoy them; and hear only the voice of the summer wind. Like black hulks, the shadows of the great trees ride at anchor on the billowy sea of grass. I cannot see the red and blue flowers, but I know that they are there. Far away in the meadow gleams the silver Charles(1). The tramp of horses' hoofs sounds from the wooden bridge. Then all is still save the continuous wind of the summer night. Sometimes I know not if it be the wind or the sound of the neighboring sea.(2) The village clock strikes; and I feel that I am not alone. How different it is in the city! It is late, and the crowd is gone. You step out upon the balcony, and lie in the very bosom of the cool, dewy night as if you folded her garments about you. Beneath lies the public walk with trees, like a fathomless, black gulf, into whose silent darkness the spirit plunges, and floats away with some beloved spirit clasped in its embrace. The lamps are still burning up and down the long street. People go by with grotesque shadows, now foreshortened, and now lengthening away into the darkness and vanishing, while a new one springs up behind the walker, and seems to pass him revolving like the sail of a windmill(3). The iron gates of the park shut with a jangling clang. There are footsteps and loud voices;--a tumult;--a drunken brawl;--an alarm of fire;--then silence again. And now at length the city is asleep, and we can see the night. The belated moon looks over the roofs, and finds no one to welcome her. The moonlight is broken. It lies here and there in the squares, and the opening of the streets- angular like blocks of white marble. 夜 夜幕已笼罩着乡间。一轮红月正从树林后面冉冉升起，天上几乎看不到星星。 在这苍茫的夜色中，寒气与露水降下来了。我坐在敞开的窗前欣赏着这夜色，耳 边只听到那夏天的风声。大树的阴影象黑色的大船停泊在波浪起伏的茫茫草海上。虽然我见不到红色和蓝色的花朵，但我知道它们在那儿。在远处的草地上，银色的查尔斯河闪闪发光。木桥那边传来了踢嗒踢嗒的马蹄声。接着，一片寂静，留下的只是那夏夜不断的风声。有时，我根本辨别不出它究竟是风声，还是邻近的海涛声。村子里的时钟敲起来了，于是我觉得并不孤独。 城市的夜晚可是多么不同呀I夜深了，人群已经散去。你走到阳台上，躺在凉快和露水弥漫的夜幕中，仿佛你用它作为外衣裹住了你的身子。阳台下面是栽着树木的人行道，象一条深不可测的黑色海湾，飘忽的精灵就投入了这漆黑沉静的海湾，拥抱着某个所爱的精灵随波荡漾而去。漫长的大街上，街灯依然到处亮着。人们打灯下走过，拖着各种各样奇形怪状的影子，影子时而缩短，时而伸长，最后消失在黑暗中，同时，一个新的影子又突然出现在那个行路人的身后，这影子似乎象风车上的翼板一样，转到他身体的前方去了。公园的铁门当啷一声关上了。耳边可以听见脚步声和响亮的说话声，--一阵喧闹，--一阵酒醉后的吵架声，--一阵火灾的报警声，--接着，又是一片寂静。于是，城市终于沉睡，我们终于能看到夜的景色。姗姗来迟的月亮从屋顶后面探出脸来，发觉没有人在欢迎她。破碎的月光东一块，西一块地撒落在各个广场上和各条大街的开阔处--象一块块白色的大理石一样棱角分明。 纳撒尼尔?霍桑 (1)the Charles，美国马萨诸塞州的一条河流。 (2)Sometimes I know not if it be the wind or the sound of the neighboring sea，有时，我根本辨别不出它究竟是风声，还是邻近的海涛声。know not是古文体。not放在谓语动词后以代替动词前的do not，这形式，现在只用在诗歌和带有诗意的描写文中。宾语从句中的be是虚拟语气形式，在现代英语中也只用于上述情况。 (3)and seems to pass him revolving like the sail of a windmill:象风车上的翼板一样转到他身体的前方去了。pass him revolving中两个动词所表示的动作合成一个1类似的例子有;He came in running( Loud shouting in the distance made us look up. This was nothing unusual for Hyde Park, for many people come here on a Sunday to air their views, and shouting is the only means by which they can make themselves heard. We had become part of a large crowd which moved from speaker to speaker to hear what each one had to say. So far, we had listened to political speeches, serious debates, and lonely singers wailing dolefully to themselves. Now the newcomer attracted our attention, mainly because of the extreme loudness of his; voice. We soon discovered that the cause of all this commotion was certainly the ugliest fellow we had ever seen. He was completely bald and his face was painted red and blue so that he looked rather like a Red Indian chieftain. When a reasonable crowd had gathered, the man quietened down, surveyed everybody with some contempt, and proceeded to undo his shirt. Soon he was displaying a huge, coloured tattoo which covered the whole of his back and chest. When the man was satisfied that he had produced the desired effect on the crowd, he explained quite plainly that he was a burglar and wanted to say a few words about his trade. He commenced by criticizing the police severely tor impeding him in his work. Policemen, he explained, were ungrateful to him, because it was people like himself who kept them busy. These remarks so astonished the crowd, that it drew round him closer, anxious to hear more. The man began describing the art of getting through a closed window at night, when a formidable old lady shook her umbrella at him and said that if he did not go away, she would call a policeman. The burglar calmly pointed out that the police were his friends, and only took an interest in him when he was about his 'lawful' work(2). Glaring at the crowd, he said that if anyone else had any further comments to make, he would be glad to meet him in the dark(3). The crowd laughed uneasily, but the old lady stalked off(4) angrily to fetch a policeman. We waited expectantly to see what would happen as the burglar continued to explain how easy it was to pick a lock(5) with a hairpin. 海德公园里的窃贼 远处的大声叫嚷引起我们抬头看望。这在海德公园是很寻常的事，因为有许 多人星期天来这里发表自己的观点，而只有大声叫喊才能使别人听清楚他们讲 话。我们随着人群在一个又一个演讲者的跟前拥过去，听他们各自要说些什么。 到这时为止，我们已经听了一些政治演说，严肃的辩论以及孤独的歌唱者自悲自 叹的哀唱。忽然，一个新来者引起了我们的注意，这主要是因为他的嗓门特别高。 我们不久就发觉，引起这场骚动的，肯定是那个我们有生以来所见到的第一 号丑汉。他完全秃了顶，满脸涂着红蓝两色，看上去活象一个印第安人的酋长。 当一个相当大的人群汇拢以后，他便安静下来，用带有几分轻蔑的目光打量了一 下每个人，接着开始脱衬衣。不一会，他向众人展示了满布他前胸和后背的彩色 文身。当他相信在群众中已经产生了预期的效果时，便很坦率地表明自己是个撬 窃贼，想就自己所干的那一行谈一些想法。他一开始就严厉地批评警察妨碍他的 工作。他解释道，警察对他忘恩负义，因为正是象他这种人才使警察忙忙碌碌。 他的这一番话使周围的人感到惊讶，就朝他靠得更近，急于想听听下文。那人开 始描述他深夜撬窗入室的窍门，而就在那时，一个威风凛凛的老太婆朝他挥舞着 雨伞，并且说，要是他不离开的话，她就要去叫警察。窃贼若无其事地向她指出; 警察都是他的朋友，只有当他在干他的"法定的"工作时，他们才对他感兴趣。窃 贼虎视眈眈地望着人群说，假若有什么人还有意见要发表的话，他将乐意与他秘 密会谈。人群中发出了不自然的笑声，而那个老太婆却愤然大踏步离开了人群去 叫警察。当窃贼接下去讲述用发夹撬开一把锁是如何轻而易举的时候，我们倒很 想瞧一瞧结局将会怎样。 L(G(亚历山大 (1) Hyde Park:伦敦的海德公园，因常常举行各种政治性集会而著称。 (2) was about his…work:在从事于自己的……工作。 (3)to meet him in the dark:与他秘密会淡。in the dark此处解作"不为人知"， "偷偷地"。 (4)stalked off;高视阔步地离去。 (5)pick a lock;撬锁。 It is simple enough to say that since books have class- es -- fiction, biography, poetry -- we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall(1) be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him(2). Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this(3), and soon you will find' that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite. The thirty-two chapters of a novel- if we consider how to read a novel first -- are an attempt to make something as formed and controlled as a building: but words are more impalpable than bricks; reading is a longer and more complicated process than seeing. Perhaps the quickest way to understand the elements of what a novelist is doing is not to read, but to write; to make your own experiment with the dangers and difficulties of words. Re- call, then, some event that has left a distinct impression on you- how at the corner of the street, perhaps, you passed two people talking. A tree shook; an electric light danced; the tone of the talk was comic, but also tragic; a whole vision, an entire conception, seemed contained in that moment. 谈 读 书 既然书籍有不同的门类，如小说、传记、诗歌等，我们就应该把它们区分开 来，并从每种书中汲取它应当给我们提供的正确的东西，这话说起来固然容易， 然而，很少有人要求从书籍中得到它们所能提供的东西。通常我们总是三心二意 带着模糊的观念去看书:要求小说情节真实，要求诗歌内容虚构，要求传记阿谀 奉承，要求历史能加深我们自己的偏见。如果我们读书时能抛弃所有这些成见， 那将是一个极可贵的开端。我们对作者不要指手划脚，而应努力站在作者的立场 上，设想自己在与作者共同创作。假如你退缩不前，有所保留并且一开始就批评 指责，你就在妨碍自己从你所读的书中得到最大的益处。然而，如果你能尽量敞 开思想，那么，书中开头几句迂回曲折的话里所包含的几乎难以觉察的细微的迹 象和暗示，就会把你引到一个与众不同的人物的面前去。如果你深入下去，如果 你去认识这个人物，你很快就会领悟作者正在给你或试图给你某些明确得多的东 西。倘若我们首先考虑怎样读小说，那么，一部小说中的三十二章就是企图创造 出象一座建筑物那样既有一定的形式而各部分又受到控制的东西:不过词汇要比 砖块难以捉摸，阅读的过程要比看一看更费时、更复杂。理解小说家创作工作的 各项要素的捷径也许并不是阅读，而是写作，而是亲自试一试遣词造句中的艰难 险阻。那么，回想一下给你留下鲜明印象的某些事---比如，你怎样在大街的拐角 处从两个正在交谈着的人身边走过。树在摇曳，灯光在晃动，谈话的语气既喜又 悲，这一瞬间似乎包含了一个完整的想象，一个整体的构思。 维吉尼亚(吴尔夫 (1)shall:应该，必须。用于陈述句的第三人称中，表示说话人的意愿。 (2)try to become him:应努力站在作者的立场上。become在这里用作及物动 词，解作(“配合”、“适应”)。 (3)acquaint yourself with…; 使(你)自己认识(了解)……。 It is physically impossible for a well-educated, intellectual, or brave man to make money the chief object of his thoughts; as physically impossible as(1) it is for him to make his dinner the principal object of them. All healthy people like their dinner, but their dinner is not the main object of their lives. So all healthy-minded people like making money- ought to like it and to enjoy the sensation of winning it; but the main object of their lives is not money; it is something better than money. A good soldier, for instance, mainly wishes to do his fighting well. He is glad of his pay- very properly so(2), and justly grumbles when you keep him ten months without it; still, his main notion of life is to win battles, not to be paid for winning them. So of doctors. They like fees no doubt- ought to like them; yet if they are brave and well educated, the en- tire object of their lives is not fees. They, on the whole, desire to cure the sick, and--if they are good doctors, and the choice were fairly put to them(3) --would rather cure their patient and lose their fee than kill him and get it. And so with all other brave and rightly trained men; their work is first, their fee second, very important always, but still second. But in every nation, there is a vast class of people who are cowardly, and more or less stupid. And with these people, just as certainly the fee is first and the work second, as with brave people the work is first and the fee second. And this is no small distinction. It is the whole distinction. It is the whole distinction in a man. You can- not serve two masters; you must serve one or the other. If your work is first with you, and your fee second, work is your master. Observe, then, all wise work is mainly threefold in character. It is honest, useful, and cheerful. I hardly know anything more strange than that you recognize honesty in play, and do not in work(4). In your lightest games you have always someone to see what you call "fair play". In boxing you must hit fair; in racing, start fair. Your watchword is fair play; your hatred, foul play. Did it ever strike you that you wanted another watchword also, fair work, and another hatred also , foul work ? 工 作 一个受过良好教育，有知识或有胆识的人实在不可能把金钱作为他孜孜以求 的主要目标，正如他不可能把吃饭当作最主要的目标一样。一切健康的人都吃得 很香，但是吃饭并不是他们生活的主要目标。同样道理，一切思想健康的人都想 得到收入--理所当然，并且为得到收入而由衷地高兴，然而他们生活的主要目标 并不是钱，而是比钱更有价值的东西。 例如，一个优秀的士兵总是想把仗打好。他为自己的薪饷感到高兴--完全合乎情理，如果你扣发他十个月军饷，他当然要抱怨。然而他的生活要旨仍然是夺取战斗的胜利，而不是为了薪饷去打胜仗。 医生也是这样。他们当然都喜欢收诊费--理所当然，然而，如果他们是有胆识的、受过良好教育的，那他们生活的全部目标就不是为了收费。总的说来，他们都想把病人治好，而且--如果他们是好医生，同时公平地要他们作出选择的话--他们宁愿把病人治愈而得不到诊金，也不愿为了诊金却把病人治死。所有其他有胆识的、受过正当培养的人也都是这样，对他们来说，工作是第一位的，报酬则是第二位的，虽然报酬总是非常重要的，但终究是第二位的。 可是，在每一个国家里都有一大批怯懦的，多少有点愚蠢的人。对于这些人来说，报酬是第一位的，工作是第二位的，正如刘于有胆识的人说来工作是第一位的，而报酬则是第二位的。 这决不是细微的差异。这是至关重要的根本差异。这是区别一个人的根本差异。你不能侍奉两个主人，你必须择一而从。如果你的工作是第一位的，报酬是第二位的，那么工作就是你的主人。 要知道，一切明智的工作大都具有三重性:诚实、有用和令人愉快。我几乎不知道还有比你在娱乐中讲究诚实而在工作上却不讲诚实更为奇怪的事了。在最轻松的游戏中你也总要有人支持你所说的"公正比赛"。拳击时，你必须按照比赛规则去打，赛跑时，起跑要符合。你的口号是公正比赛，你所憎恨的是不公正比赛。你可曾想到对待工作你也要有一条口号，那就是老老实实，而你该憎恨的是寡廉鲜耻? 佚名作者 (1) as physically impossible as...: 是 it is as physically impossible for a well-educated，ntellectual，or brave man to make money the chief object of his thoughts as.((的省略形式，实际上当然不会采用这种累赘的说法。后面的as所引出的是一个比较状语从句。physically impossible作"违反自然法则的，不可能的"解。 (2) very properly so:感到高兴是合乎情理的。so代替前面的glad。 (3)if...the choice were fairly put to them:如果他们是好医生，同时公正地要求他们作出选择的话。这句中用be的虚拟语气形式Were，因为作者认为治病收费是理所当然的，因此所谓公正地要求医生作出下列选择的情况基本上是不存在的。 (4)do not in work:do not后省略了recognize honesty。 经典英语背诵立志篇 Promise Yourself To be so strong that nothing can disturb your peace of mind. To talk health, happiness, and prosperity to every person you meet. To make all your friends feel that there is something special in them. To look at the sunny side of everything and make your optimism come true. To think only of the best, to work only for the best, and to expect only the best. To be just as enthusiastic about the success of others as you are about your own. To forget the mistakes of the past and press on to the greater achievements of the future. To wear a cheerful countenance at all times and give every living creature you meet a smile. To give so much time to the improvement of yourself that you have no time to criticize others. To be too large for worry, too noble for anger, too strong for fear, and too happy to permit the presence of trouble. 承诺自己 要坚强，不让任何事物烦扰内心的平和。 要与见到的每一个人谈论健康、快乐和富足。 要让所有的朋友感到他们是与众不同的。 要看一切事情的光明面，活出积极乐观。 要只去想最美好的事情，只追求最美好的结果，只怀有最美好的希望。 要对他人的成功抱有像对自己的成功一样的热情。 要抛却曾经的错误，为将来更伟大的成就坚定不移的前进。 要永远面对愉快，要用微笑迎接每一个生命。 要多花时间在自我提升上，这样就不会有时间去批评他人。 要胸怀宽广，心无挂虑;要品行高尚，不怨不怒; 要身心坚强，无所畏惧;要心情欢畅，远离烦恼。 新东方2007年考研英语经典背诵小作文 1、求学信 Directions: You want to study at a certain foreign university. Write a letter to ask about the situation there as regards accommodation and fees, possible scholarsips, and what qualifications one needs for acceptance. Dear Sir or Madam, I am a Chinese student who wish to apply for admission into your prestigious university. My plan is to start my course next term, and I would be grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me with certain essential information. First, what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university? I already have a bachelor?s degree from Beijing University, but I wonder if there are any further academic requirements. Second, how much are the tuition fees? Although I intend to be self-supporting, I would be interested to hear if there are any scholarships available for international students. Third, what is the situation as regards accommodation? I look forward to your reply, and to attending your esteemed institution. Yours sincerely, Li Ming(124) 2. 订购信 2005年考研英语大纲样题: Directions: You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for: 1) detailed information about the books you want, 2) methods of payment, 3) time and way of delivery. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) Sample letter: Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing for information about test preparation materials for the IELTS test. I wonder if you have a vocabulary book covering the words required for IELTS, as well as past examination papers with keys and model essays. Besides, how should I pay for these books---by cash, cheque, or any other means? If possible, I would like to use my credit card. Finally, how will these books be shipped and when is the approximate time I can receive them? The express mail is preferable if the additional charge is not too much. I would appreciate it if you would send me a reply at your earliest convenience. Yours sincerely, Li Ming (2)(recite) Re: Ordering NETEM Books Dear Sir or Madam, As I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM), please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books. I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service. If you have these books for sale, I would like to mail order them. Please let me know if I could pay for them by money or do you accept credit card. I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by EMS by September 1, 2006 to the following address: Li Ming Room 433, Student Dormitory NO. 12 Beijing University Beijing, 100871 (110) Yours sincerely, Li Ming 3. 投诉信 Directions: You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting. He/She has parties in the room and sometimes borrows your things without asking you. Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room. Explain your reasons. Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation. I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient. I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate?s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties. To solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned. I am sure you will agree that the only solution is for me to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible. Yours sincerely, Li Ming(128). 4. 求职信 Directions: You want to apply for the following post/position: Waiter/waitress required for evening work. Write a letter to Mr. Byron describing your previous experience, and explaining why you would be suitable for the job. Dear Mr. Byron, I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress. Enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous work experience and qualifications. Not only do my qualifications and work experience make me a perfect candidate for the job, my personality is well suited to working as a waitress. I am a very friendly person who can quickly establish rapport with people of all ages. I would like to meet with you at your earliest convenience, to discuss the possibility of working at your restaurant. Thank you for your consideration of my application. I look forward to meeting you in the near future. Yours sincerely, Li Ming(111) 5.感谢信 Directions: After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by another person. Write a special letter to express your thanks. Dear Xiaoqiang, I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi. If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much serious. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome. Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach. If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place. Yours sincerely, Li Ming(107) 6.邀请信 Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party. Write an invitation letter to them individually, elaborating on the reason why such a party should be held, and what activities will be arranged for them. Dear Xiaobao, I will hold a dinner party at my house on April 1, 2006 to celebrate Mr. Old Fish?s marriage with Miss Fujiwora. As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to participate in the celebration and share our joy. The occasion will start at seven o?clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony. This will be followed by a dinner party. At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss. If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company. Yours sincerely, Li Ming (113) 7.商业信 (确认信) Dear Sir or Madam, We have recently received a rather large order for personal computers from a company in your city whose name and address are as follows: China Machinery Import and Export Co., 1, Zhongguancundajie Street, Haidian District, Beijing. They asked us to open a credit account. As it is entirely a new customer to us, we shall highly appreciate you if you will give us any information regarding its financial standing and business capacity. It is hardly necessary for us to assure you that whatever information you give us will be treated as strictly confidential. We assure you of our readiness to reciprocate at any time. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 8. 备忘录 Directions: You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee?s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan. Date:January 14, 2006 To:Percy Shelley, Vice President From:Li Ming, President Subject:Computer Training of the Staff As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field. I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn. Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science. (128) 9. 文章摘要 1)A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts. We are incredibly heedless in the information of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship. It is obvious not the ideas themselves that are dear to us, but our self,esteem, which is threatened. We are by nature stubbornly pledged to defend our own from attack, whether it be our person, our family, our property, or our opinion. We may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves vanquished. In the intellectual world at least, peace is without victory. Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our cherished convictions; indeed, we have a natural repugnance to so doing. We like to continue to believe what we have been accustomed to accept as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us to seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them. The result is that most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do. 2)A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told that our beliefs and opinions are wrong. We may have been heedless in their information, but our self-esteem will not permit us to change. We may have to give up, but we are not convinced. We do not study the origin of our beliefs; we believe as we have been accustomed to believe, and we seek arguments for continuing to believe as we already do. (75 words) 10.公告 1.Directions: The Students? Union of your department is planning an English Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information: 1) the purpose of the contest, 2) time and place of the contest, 3) what is required of the candidates, 4) details of the judges and awards. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Department of English at the end of the announcement. English-Speaking Contest To improve students? ability to speak English and enrich after-class activities, the Students? Union of Department of English is organizing a school-wide English-speaking contest to be held on Tuesday next week (14 January) at the Students? Recreational Center. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Friday this week. Five overseas teachers will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest. (96 words) The Students? Union Department of English 2、Directions: Your journal is planning to publish an issue. Write a contributions wanted which covers the following information: 1) the purpose of the issue, 2) time and methods of delivery, 3) other details. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Contributions Wante January 14, 2006 To celebrate the 12th anniversary of the Beijing New Oriental Education and Technology Group, this journal has decided to publish a special issue on our great achievements in the teaching and research activities in the past 12 years. Articles, photos, memoirs and other writings related to this topic are invited. Faculty members and students are welcome to send in their contributions in whatever forms or styles to our office before the 30th instant. They may also send their writings and photos electronically to the following address: xdfyy@staff.neworiental.org (99 words) The Editorial Office New Oriental English Journal