人体热释电红外线传感器的原理和应用

人体热释电红外线传感器的原理和应用 热释电人体红外线传感器是上世纪80年代末期出现的一种新型传感器件。热释电红外传感器不受白天黑夜的影响，可昼夜不停地用于监测，广泛地用于防盗报警。本文就热释电人体红外线传感器的基本原理及应用作以大致介绍: 一、 热释电人体红外线传感器的基本结构和原理 热释电红外(PIR)传感器，亦称为热红外传感器， 是一种能检测人体发射的红外线的新型高灵敏度红 外探测元件。它能以非接触形式检测出人体辐射的红 外线能量的变化，并将其转换成电压信号输出。将输 出的电压信号加以放大，便可驱动各种控制电路，如 作电源开关控制、防盗防火报警等。目前市场上常见 的热释电人体红外线传感器主要有上海赛拉公司的 SD02、PH5324，德国Perkinelmer 公司的LHi954、 LHi958，美国Hamastsu公司的P2288，日本Nippon Ceramic公司的SCA02-1、RS02D等。虽然它们的型 号不一样，但其结构、外型和特性参数大致相同，大 图1 热释电传感器实物图 部分可以彼此互换使用。 热释电红外线传感器由探测元、滤光窗和场效应管阻抗变换器等三大部分组成，如图1所示。对不同的传感器来说，探测元的制造材料有所不同。如SD02的敏感单元由锆钛酸铅制成;P2288由LiTaO3 制成。将这些材料做成很薄的薄片，每一片薄片相对的两面各引出一根电极，在电极两端则形成一个等效的小电容。因为这两个小电容是做在同一硅晶片上的，因此形成的等效小电容能自身产生极化，在电容的两端产生极性相反的正、负电荷。传感器中两个电容是极性相 反串联的。 当传感器没有检测到人体辐射出 的红外线信号时，在电容两端产生极性 相反、电量相等的正、负电荷，所以， 正负电荷相互抵消，回路中无电流，传 感器无输出。 当人体静止在传感器的检测区域 内时，照射到两个电容上的红外线光能 能量相等，且达到平衡，极性相反、能 图2 双探测元热释电红外传感器 the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were 量相等的光电流在回路中相互抵消，传感器仍然没有信号输出。 当人体在传感器的检测区域内移动时，照射到两个电容上的红外线能量不相等，光电流在回路中不能相互抵消，传感器有信号输出。综上所述，传感器只对移动或运动的人体和体温近似人体的物体起作用。 滤光窗是由一块薄玻璃片镀上多层滤光层薄膜而成的，能够有效地滤除7.0~14um波长以外的红外线。人体的正常体温为36~37.5?，即309~310.5K，其辐射的最强的红外线的波长为λm=2989/(309~310.5)=9.67~9.64um，中心波长为9.65um，正好落在滤光窗的响应波长的中心。所以，滤光窗能有效地让人体辐射的红外线通过，而最大限度地阻止阳光、灯光等可见光中的红外线的通过，以免引起干扰。 热释电红外传感器在结构上引入场效应管的目的在于完成阻抗变换。由于探测元输出的是电荷信号，不能直接使用，因而需要将其转换为电压形式。场效应管输入阻抗高达104MΩ，接成共漏极形式来完成阻抗变换。使用时D端接电源正极，G端接电源负极，S端为信号输出。 对于移动速度非常缓慢的物体，如阳光，两个电容上的红外线光能能量仍然可以看作是相等的，在回路中相互抵消;再加上传感器的响应频率很低(一般为0.1~10Hz)，即传感器对红外光的波长的敏感范围很窄(一般为5~15um)，因此，传感器对它们不敏感，因而无输出。 被动式红外报警器主要由光学系统、热释电红外传感器、信号滤波和放大、信号处理和报警电路等几部分组成，其结构框图如图2所示。图中，菲涅尔透镜利用透镜的特殊光学原理，在探测器前方产生一个交替变化的“盲区”和“高灵敏区”，以提高它的探测接收灵敏度。当有人从透镜前走过时，人体发出的红外线就不断地交替从“盲区”进入“高灵敏区”，这样就使接收到的红外信号以忽强忽弱的脉冲形式输入，从而加强其能量幅度。热释电红外传感器是报警器中的核心器件，它可以把人体的红外信号转换为电信号以供信号处理部分使用;信号处理主要是把传感器输出的微弱电信号进行放大、滤波、延迟、比较，为报警功能的实现打下基础。 图3 报警器结构图 the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were 报警器结构图是将待测目标、菲涅尔透镜、热释电红外传感器相结合使用时的工作原理示意图。人体辐射的红外线中心波长为9~10um，而探测元件的波长灵敏度在0.2~20um范围内几乎稳定不变。在传感器顶端开设了一个装有滤光镜片的窗口，这个滤光片可通过光的波长范围为7~10um，正好适合于人体红外辐射的探测，而对其它波长的 红外线由滤光片予以吸收， 这样便形成了一种专门用作 探测人体辐射的红外线传感 器。如图4所示。 BISS0001是一款高性 能的传感信号处理集成电 路。静态电流极小，配以热 释电红外传感器和少量外围 元器件即可构成被动式的热 释电红外传感器，广泛用于 图4 人体通过传感器产生的信号安防、自控等领域能。 the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 第3页 共5页 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were BISS0001是由运算放大器、电压比较器、状态控制器、延迟时间定时器以及封锁时间定时器等构成的数模混合专用集成电路，内部电路如图5 所示。使用时，根据实际需要，利用运放OP1组成传感信号预处理电路，将信号放大。然后耦合给运放OP2，再进行第二级放大，同时将直流电位抬高为V(?0.5VDD)后，M将输出信号V2送到由比较器COP1和COP2组成的双向鉴幅器，检出有效触发信号Vs。由于V?0.7VDD、V?0.3VDD，所以，当VDD=5V时，可有效抑制?1V的HL 噪声干扰，提高系统的可靠性。COP3是一个条件比较器。当输入电压Vc>V时，COP3输出为高电平，进入延时周期。当A端接“0”电平时，在Tx时间内任何V2的变化都被忽略，直至Tx时间结束，即所谓不可重复触发工作方式。当Tx时间结束时，Vo下跳回低电平，同时启动封锁时间定时器而进入封锁周期Ti。在Ti时间内，任何V2的变化都不能使Vo跳变为有效状态(高电平),可有效抑制负载切换过程中产生的各种干扰。 图5 BISS0001内部电路图 BISS0001的典型应用电路如图6所示。运算放大器OP1将热释电红外传感器的输出信号作第一级放大，然后由C3耦合给运算放大器OP2进行第二级放大，再经由电压比较器COP1和COP2构成的双向鉴幅器处理后，检出有效触发信号Vs去启动延迟时间定时器，输出信号Vo经晶体管T1放大驱动继电器去接通负载。 R3为光敏电阻，用来检测环境照度。当作为照明控制时，若环境较明亮，R3的电阻值会降低，使9脚的输入保持为低电平，从而封锁触发信号Vs。SW1是工the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were 作方式选择开关，当SW1与1端连通时，芯片处于可重复触发工作方式;当SW1与2端连通时，芯片则处于不可重复触发工作方式。输出延迟时间Tx由外部的R和C的大小调整，值为Tx?24576xRC;触发封锁时间Ti由外部的R和C的9797106大小调整，值为Ti?24xRC。 106 图6 BISS0001典型应用电路 参考文献: [1] 高燕 传感器原理及应用 西安电子科技大学出版社，2009年8月 [2] 高晓蓉 传感器技术 西南交通大学出版社，2003年 [3] 陈杰，黄鸿 传感器与检测技术 北京:高等教育出版社，2002年 [3] 卿太全 器件与元件 1995年11期 the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 第5页 共5页 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were