临床生物化学和生物化学检验试题

临床生物化学和生物化学检验试题 临床生物化学和生物化学检验试题 A型题 1. 葡萄糖耐量试验主要用于 A.糖尿病的预后判断 B.确诊可疑的隐匿型糖尿病患者 C.诊断是否发生糖尿病酸中毒 D.了解糖尿病是否得以控制 E. 以上均不是 2(醋纤膜电泳的缺点是 A( 对蛋白有吸附作用 B有拖尾现象 C轻度染料吸附 D区带分辨率不如滤纸电泳 E具有电渗作用 3(对动脉硬化有防御作用的脂蛋白是 A 乳糜微粒 B 极低密度脂蛋白 C 低密度脂蛋白 D 中间密度脂蛋白 E高密度脂蛋白 4(酶活力测定必须符合的原则是 A( 一级反应期测定 B反应速度与底物量呈正相关 C底物浓度足够大 D反应速度与酶 量呈线性关系 E酶含量足够大 5(如孕妇血、尿中雌四醇低值，常意味着 A 胎儿肾上腺皮质功能减退 B 胎肝先天性缺乏 C 胎儿呼吸窘迫综合征 D 胎儿神经管闭合缺损 E绒毛膜上皮细胞癌 (某质控血清做尿素氮比色定量，发现测定值陆续上升，检查质控血清吸光度值每天都接6 近，但标准液吸光度值却陆续下降，测定值变动的原因是 A( 质控血清浓缩 B标准液分解 C标准液蒸发 D质控血清中尿素分解 E试剂出现变 化 7(能从混合的标本中直接测定欲测成分，并具有专一、温和、灵敏、快速的分析方法是 A 容量分析 B 色谱分析 C 酶学分析 D 层析分析 E 电极分析 8(当细胞膜受损，膜的通透性改变，使血清中的酶活性升高，同一细胞内不同种类的酶的逸出速度决定于下列因素，那项除外 A 酶在细胞内合成速度 B 酶分子大小 C 细胞内外酶浓度梯度的大小 D 酶在细胞内的位置 E 酶的,,值梯度的大小 9(指出不能反映肝内或肝外胆汁淤积的试验是 A 血清总胆红素测定 B 血清,,,及同工酶 C 血清γ,GT D 血清一分钟胆红素测定 E 血清总胆固醇测定 10(按照BEER定律，浓度与吸光度之间的关系应是条通过原点的直线，但实测中往往发生偏离，其主要原因为 A( 入色光不是严格的单色光B溶剂效应C溶剂或溶质不纯净D吸收增强效应E吸收减弱 效应 11(肝细胞病变可引起下列蛋白合成减少，但除外的是 A 白蛋白 B 纤维蛋白原 C α,球蛋白 D 凝血酶原 E γ,球蛋白 12(批内重复性试验，CV值一般要求应小于 A( ,, B 2, C 3, D 4, E 5, 13(能使血糖浓度下降的激素是 A 甲状腺素 B 肾上腺素 C 胰岛素 D 生长素 E 肾上腺皮质激素 14(目前血红蛋白分子病中最常见的病因为 A 移码突变 B 终止密码子突变 C 密码子缺失和插入 D 点突变 E融合基因 15(下列哪项不是引起低血钙的原因 A 甲状旁腺机能减退 B 维生素,缺乏 C 大量输入柠檬酸盐抗凝血 D 多发性骨髓瘤 E 低蛋白血症 16.某实验显色后，在不同波长分别测定A值，请在下述结果中找出应选波长 A( 520nm 0.12 B 540nm 0.14 C 560nm 0.22 D 580nm 0.15 E 600nm 0.11 17.火焰光度法测定钾钠离子时，影响测定结果的因素有 A 光电池衰老和疲劳 B 雾化器毛细管口口径改变和阻塞 C 燃气纯度不够 D 样品稀释度过大或过小 E 以上都对 18.下列组合方法所测项目，化学反应中所生成过氧化氢的那项除外 A 尿素,脲酶法 B 尿酸,脲激酶法 C 葡萄糖,葡萄糖氧化酶法 D 胆固醇,胆固醇氧化酶法 E 甘油三酯,甘油激酶法 19(CEA可作为一种肿瘤标志物来监测下列何种肿瘤对治疗的反应 A 乳腺癌 B 肝癌 C 结肠癌 D 前列腺癌 E 肺癌 20(系统误差的特点不存在的是 A( 一系列结果与靶值间存在同一倾向的偏离 B 有明显的规律性 C 没有随机性 D 服从 正态分布 E 可以预防 21(在血清总蛋白测定中比较理想的方法是 A 双缩脲法 B 酚试剂法 C 染料结合法 D 紫外分光光度法 E 折光测定法 22.HG-5火焰光度分析时用何种离子作内标液 A钾 B钠 C氯 D钙 E锂 23(心肌梗塞时持续增高时间最短的血清酶是 A AST B LDH C CK总活性 D CK-MB E AST, 24(用谱铷滤光片进行波长校正时，当调到529,,时，下列哪项达最低值 A吸光度 B浓度 C百分透光度 D浊度 E散射度 25(下列测血中葡萄糖的方法中，哪一种方法是我国临床检验中心推荐的方法并广泛应用于临床 A 邻甲苯胺法 B 己糖激酶法 C 福林吴氏法 D 葡萄糖氧化酶法 E GOD-OR法 26.如果一个实验室所获室间质评成绩为优秀，在Monica质控图中表现为不大于以下哪项值 A T?0.1CCV B T?0.5CCV C T?0.8CCV D T?1.0CCV E T?1.5CCV 27. 原发性肝癌最灵敏，最特异的肿瘤标志物是 A AKP同工酶 B AFU C AFP D CEA E 28(如果样品基体对测定单色光有干扰吸收，为抵消这一影响应采用 A 平行操作空白 B 样品空白 C 试剂空白 D 溶剂空白 E 不做处理 29(糖尿病时血糖升高的机制是 A 组织对血糖的利用减少 B 糖异生增多 C 糖原分解增多 D 糖原合成减少 E 以上均有关 30(火焰发射光谱的产生是由于 A 物质分子内电子由基态跃迁到激发态 B物质分子内电子由激发态回到基态C 基态原子中电子由基态跃迁到激发态 D 原子中电子由激发态回到基态 E原子中电子由较高激发态回到较低激发态 31 .由酶反应进程曲线，可以 A 求得反应线性的时间范围 B 求得反应线性的酶量范围 C 选择适宜的pH值 D 选择适宜的酶量 E 选择适宜的酶浓度 32.等电聚焦电泳特别适合分离 A 分子量不同的物质 B 扩散能力不同的物质 C分子量相同而等电点不同的物质 D 吸附力不同的物质 E 吸附力相同的物质 33. 脂蛋白密度大小取决于 A 所含脂蛋白和脂类的比值 B 分子颗粒大小 C 载脂蛋白的种类 D 分子颗粒形状 E上述都有关 34( Southern印迹法中，使凝胶上的单链DNA片段原位地被吸印到硝酸纤维素薄膜上主要 靠 A 扩散作用 B 电泳作用 C 滤纸的毛细管吸液作用 D 压力作用 E 渗透作用 35. 急性胰腺炎时血清α,淀粉酶活力增高，其高峰是在发病后 A 2,5小时 B 6,10小时 C 12,24小时 D 24,48小时 E 48,72小时 36.互补的两条DNA单链结合成DNA双链称为 A 变性 B 退火 C 连接作用 D 聚合作用 E 杂交 37. 含有总胆固醇最多的脂蛋白是 A 乳糜微粒 B 极低密度脂蛋白 C 低密度脂蛋白 D 中间密度脂蛋白 E高密度脂蛋白 38.肝硬化病人出新黄疸不可能出现的检验结果是 A 血清总胆红素增加 B 尿胆原增加 C 尿胆红素阳性 D 粪胆原增加 E 直接胆红素与血清总胆红素的比值增加 39. 治疗药物监测中药物浓度测定的常用技术为 A 层析法 B 免疫化学法 C 光谱法 D抑菌试验 E 以上都是 40.流动式生化分析仪又可分为 A 空气分段系统和非分段系统B 流动注入系统和间歇系统 C 空气分段系统和流动注入系统 D 非分段系统和间歇系统 E 分段系统和间歇系统 1. 检查肾小球功能常用试验 A 尿常规 B 尿相对密度 C 血尿素氮 D 血二氧化碳结合力 E 血尿酸 2(在血清总蛋白测定中比较理想的方法是 A 双缩脲法 B 酚试剂法 C 染料结合法 D 紫外分光光度法 E 折光测定法 3(从结构上看能较好的避免交叉污染的自动生化分析仪是 A( 流动式 B分立式 C离心式 D单通道式 E多通道式 4(血浆纤维蛋白原测定，盐析法所用测定试剂通常是 A 5,三氯醋酸溶液 B 5,硫酸锌溶液 C 12.5,亚硫酸钠溶液 D 13.3,硫酸铵溶液 E 23,硫酸钠溶液 5(某一实验室测定同一项目所得RCV值几次都不相同，正确的理解应为 A( 仪器变更造成 B同仪器方法不同造成 C同仪器同方法，不同时间造成 D同仪器同方 法，不同操作者造成 E上述原因均可造成，但只要在允许误差范围之内都属正常，允 许存在 6(可作为肿瘤标志物的是 A AFP B PSA C β, D 以上都是 E 以上都不是 2 7(某试验方法反复测定定值血清，结果都很接近靶值，说明该方法首要是 A( 准确度好 B精密度好 C灵敏度好 D稳定性好 E以上都可以 8(CEA可作为一种肿瘤标志物来监测下列何种肿瘤对治疗的反应 A 乳腺癌 B 肝癌 C 结肠癌 D 前列腺癌 E 胰腺癌 9(心肌梗塞时持续增高时间最短的血清酶是 A AST B LDH C CK总活性 D CK-MB E AST, 10(正常人血清白蛋白与球蛋白的比值是 A 1.0,1.5:1.0 B 1.5,2.5:1 C 1.0:1.5,2.5 D 1.0:1.0,1.5 E 1.0:1.2 11(为保证酶动力学分析，要求底物浓度必须是 A( 与Km值相同 B <1/2Km值 C 等于1/2Km值 D <1/10Km值 E >Km值10 倍以上 12(下列侧血中葡萄糖的方法中，哪一种方法是我国临床检验中心推荐的方法并广泛应用于临床 A 邻甲苯胺法 B 己糖激酶法 C 福林吴氏法 D 葡萄糖氧化酶法 E GOD-OR法 13(生化质控目的是 A( 使随机误差逐渐缩小 B消灭随机误差 C使随机误差得到监测和及时发现 D发现系 统误差 E对系统误差及时校正、随机误差限制在允许范围 14 原发性肝癌最灵敏，最特异的肿瘤标志物是 A AKP同工酶 B AFU C AFP D CEA E GGT-? 15(双光束分广光度计与单光束分广光度计相比具有的优点是 A(可用于双组分分析 B可避免因光源强度不稳定引入的误差 C可避免单色光不纯引入的误差 D可同时测定两个样本的吸光度 E可用于紫外波长测定 16.糖尿病时血糖升高的机制是 A 组织对血糖的利用减少 B 糖异生增多 C 糖原分解增多 D 糖原合成减少 E 以上均有关 17. 急性胰腺炎时血清α,淀粉酶活力增高，其高峰是在发病后 A 2,5小时 B 6,10小时 C 12,24小时 D 24,48小时 E 48,72小时 18(含有总胆固醇最多的脂蛋白是 A 乳糜微粒 B 极低密度脂蛋白 C 低密度脂蛋白 D 中间密度脂蛋白 E高密度脂蛋白 19(系统误差的特点不存在的是 A.一系列结果与靶值间存在同一倾向的偏离 B 有明显的规律性 C 没有随机性 D 服从正态分布 E 可以预防 20( 治疗药物监测中药物浓度测定的常用技术为 A 层析法 B 免疫化学法 C 光谱法 D 抑菌试验 E 以上都是 21(游离胆红素不能与重氮试剂直接发生反应主要原因是 A 与葡萄糖醛酸结合 B 与白蛋白结合 C 与球蛋白结合 D 与珠蛋白结合 E 胆红素分子的氢键 22.血清混浊对下列哪项试验影响最大 A 胆固醇脂测定 B 胆固醇测定 C 甘油三脂测定 D 磷脂测定 E 载脂蛋白测定 23(方法学误差主要是指 A实验误差 B操作误差 C仪器设备 D试剂药品 E人为误差 24(与人体内酸碱平衡有密切关系的电解质是 A 钠离子 B 钾离子 C 钙离子 D 氯离子 E 碳酸氢盐 25(在酶活性测定中，若?A,min为0.02，此反应的摩尔吸光系数为6.5，样品量为25ul,试剂量为300ul,则此酶活性浓度为: A 20U B 25U C 13U D 50U E 40U 26.邻甲酚酞络合酮法测定血钙是指血清中 ，，，，A 游离钙(Ca)B 非游离钙(Ca)和酸根结合的钙 C 血清游离钙和非游离钙(Ca，，) D 非扩散钙(与血浆蛋白结合) E 总钙 27.Lamber-Beer定律只适用于 A单色光,非均匀,散射,低浓度溶液 B 白光,均匀,非散射,低浓度溶液 C 单色光,均匀,非散射,低浓度溶液 D单色光,均匀,非散射,高浓度溶液 E白光,均匀,非散射,高浓度溶液 28(铜是人体重要的微量元素之一，因为铜是 A 转移酶的组成成分 B 合成酶的组成成分 C 水解酶的组成成分 D 氧化酶的组成成分E 促进蛋白质的合成 29(原子吸收法分析法选择性好是因为 A 原子化效率高 B 光源发出的特征辐射只能被特定的基态原子所吸收 C 检测器灵敏度高 D 原子蒸气中基态原子数不受温度影响 E 光源的能量高 30(苯丙酮酸尿症是由于患者肝内缺乏 A 酪氨酸酶 B 苯丙氨酸羟化酶 C HGPRT D 以上都不是 E 以上都是 31.紫外可见吸收光谱的产生是由于 A 物质分子内电子由基态跃迁到激发态 B 物质分子内电子由激发态回到基态 C 基态原子中电子由基态跃迁到激发态 D 原子中电子由激发态回到基态 E 原子本身产生的辐射 ,32.某一严重糖尿病已经出现昏迷的患者，血气分析结果PCO2.8Kpa、HCO4.6mmol/L、23BE,28.2mmol/L、PH6.96实验诊断是 A 单纯代谢性酸中毒 B 代谢性酸中毒部分代偿 C 代谢性酸中毒呼吸性碱中毒的同时存在 D 代谢性酸中毒呼吸性酸中毒的同时存在 E 代谢性酸中毒完全代偿 33.缓冲液pH值改变对电泳的影响主要表现为 A 偏离等电点越远，蛋白质带电越多，电泳速度越快 B pH值改变蛋白质的等电点 C pH值改变使支持物两端电压改变 D 缓冲液pH值的改变可使所有蛋白质的电泳速度加快 E pH值改变使电泳速度减慢 34.关于尿中,,,的排出错误的是 A 在妊娠两周内可测出 B 妊娠进行性升高，大约妊娠,,周大平稳 C 可用于描写绒毛膜癌的治疗情况 D 在男性尿中检出,,,可能有睾丸畸胎癌 E 子宫内膜异位症，卵巢囊肿等肿瘤状态时，HCG也会增高 35. Southern印迹技术的基本操作顺序是 A 内切酶消化,电泳,杂交,转移 B内切酶消化,转移,电泳,杂交 C内切酶消化,电泳,转移,杂交 D内切酶消化,转移,杂交,电泳 E内切酶消化,杂交,电泳,转移 36(人体含,,,最丰富的组织是 A 心肌 B 骨骼肌 C 肝细胞 D 红细胞 E肾脏 37. DNA双链变为互补的两条DNA单链等过程称为 A变性B退火 C连接作用D聚合作用E杂交 38.尿毒症酸中毒下列化验结果那项与之不符 A PH〈7.35 B 二氧化碳结合力下降 C 二氧化碳分压降低 D 缓冲碱降低 E 剩余碱增加 39.全自动生化分析仪比色杯常用的材料为 A 光学玻璃 B 隔热玻璃 C 不吸收紫外光的优质塑料 D 防爆玻璃 E普通试管 40.ALT测定赖氏法最应作为定量依据的有色物质是 A α,酮戊二酸二硝基苯腙 B 丙酮酸二硝基苯腙 C α,酮戊二酸二硝基苯肼 D 丙酮酸 E 2.4二硝基苯肼 1.可见分广光度计中的光源是D A( 低压汞灯 B( 氙灯 C( 氦灯 D( 钨丝灯 E( 氢灯 2(醋纤膜电泳的缺点是E A( 对蛋白有吸附作用 B( 有拖尾现象 C( 轻度染料吸附 D( 区带分辨率不如滤纸电泳 E( 具有电渗作用 3(从结构上看能教好的避免交叉污染的自动生化分析仪是B 流动式 B( 分立式 C( 离心式 D( 单通道式 E( 多通道式 4.血清总蛋白测定可用的方法E A( 与色素结合的方法 B( 重复的肽链结构与化学试剂反应 C( 酚试剂法 D( 比浊或折光法 E( 上述方法均可 5(在炎症、感染、心肌梗塞等应激性疾病及癌肿，血液中有多种糖蛋白含量也明显增加，叫急性时相反应蛋白物质，下列应除外的是D A( C反应蛋白 B( α—酸性糖蛋白 1C( 触珠蛋白 D( β—球蛋白 E( 纤维蛋白原 6(血葡萄糖测定标本性质对结果的影响下列那种说法不正确A A( 血葡萄糖定量全血及血浆标本均可用，两者结果一致 B( 动脉血葡萄糖含量高于静脉血，尤以饭后明显 C( 红细胞中葡萄糖浓度低于血浆浓度 D( 毛细血管血葡萄糖浓度高于静脉血 E( 血葡萄糖耐量试验不宜用毛细血管血标本进行测定 7(高血糖可见于E A( 糖尿病 B( 甲亢 C( 皮质醇增多症 D( 胰岛α—细胞瘤 E( 上述均能 8(关于糖化血红蛋白(GHb)下列哪项不正确C A( GHb是HbA与己糖缓慢并连续的非酶促反应产物 B( GHb形成多少，取决于血糖浓度和作用时间 C( 用于早期糖尿病的诊断 D( 糖尿病病情被控制后GHb浓度缓慢下降，此时血糖虽然正常，但GHb仍较高 E( GHb可作为糖尿病长期控制的指标 9(维持机体体液正常渗透压的主要电解质是B A( 钾离子 B( 钠离子 C( 氯离子 D( 钙离子 E( 磷离子 10(铜是人体重要的微量元素之一，因为铜是D A( 转移酶的组成部分 B( 合成酶的组成部分 C( 水解酶的组成部分 D( 氧化酶的组成部分 E( 促进蛋白质的合成 11(采血后，放置一天再分离血清，不能用于A A( 血清钾离子测定 B( 血清钠离子测定 C( 血清氯离子测定 D( 血清钙离子测定 E( 以上都不是 12(哪些血液标本可以用于钙离子测定B A( 草酸盐抗凝血浆 B( 肝素抗凝血浆或血清 C( EDTA抗凝血浆 D( 枸橼酸钠抗凝血浆 E( 以上都不是 13(标本溶血不能使结果升高的是C A( LDH B( AST C( CK和AMO D( ALT E( γ—GT 14(酶活力测定必须符合的原则是D A( 一级反应期测定 B( 反应速度与底物量呈正相关 C( 底物浓度足够大 D( 反应速度与酶量呈线性关系 E( 酶含量足够大 15(诊断有机磷中毒需要测定 A( 血清胆碱酯酶 B( 全血胆碱酯酶 C( 血清碱性磷酸酶 D( 血清淀粉酶 E( 全血碱性磷酸酶 16(诊断急性心肌梗塞特异性较高的酶是 A( ALT B( AST C( CK D( CK—MB E( LDH 17(对肝纤维化诊断较有意义的血清酶学检验是 A( AST测定 B( MAO测定 C( LDH测定 D( ALT测定 E( γ—GT测定 18(血清胆红素测定时，标本应避免阳光直接照射，主要原因是C A( 使胆红素氧化成胆绿素 B( 胆红素分解 C( 使胆红素分子构型改变 D( 使间接胆红素变成直接胆红素 E( 使血清色素加深 19(胆—酶分离现象是指 A( 血清胆红素>50umol/L，转氨酶逐渐增加 B( 血清胆红素进行性增加，而转氨酶无明显增加或先增后降 C( 血清转氨酶进行性增加，而胆红素却不增加 D( 血清转氨酶明显增加时，而胆红素先增加后恢复或增加不明显 E( 以上全不是 20(痛风病的病因是由于 A( 蛋白质代谢紊乱 B( 氨基酸代谢紊乱 C( 核蛋白代谢紊乱 D( 脂肪酸代谢紊乱 E( 维生素代谢紊乱 21(下列说法错误的是 A( 肝硬化病人血清胆碱酯酶增加 B( 痛风病人血清尿酸含量增高 C( 肾性糖尿病患者血糖正常 D( 甲亢患者血清胆固醇减低 E( 肾功损害患者血清尿素氮增加 22(尿液中不受饮食和尿量影响，排除量最恒定的是 A( 尿素 B( 尿酸 C( 肌酐 D( 肌酸 E( 以上均不是 23(血液非蛋白氮是指 A( 血液中残余氮 B( 不是蛋白质的含氮物质 C( 氨基酸中的氮 D( 被蛋白质沉淀剂沉淀的氮 E( 以上全不是 24(LDL的主要的载脂蛋白是B A( A A? PO B( AB POC( AC? PO D( AD POE( AE PO25(下列脂类化合物中哪种不属于类脂 A( 脂肪酸 B( 胆固醇 C( 胆固醇酯 D( 磷脂 E( 糖脂 26(脂蛋白电泳时速度最快的是 A( HDL B( LDL C( VLDL D( CM E( IDL 27.尿毒症酸中毒下列结果哪项不符E A( pH〈7.35 B( 二氧化碳结合力下降 C( 二氧化碳分压降低 D( 缓冲碱降低 E( 剩余碱增加 28(血氧饱和度主要取决于D A( 血红蛋白 B( 二氧化碳分压 C( 血氧含量 D( 氧分压 E( 血pH 29(肾上腺皮质激素降解的部位是C A( 肾上腺 B( 血液 C( 肝脏 D( 肾脏 E( 其他组织 30.苯丙酮尿症患者由尿中排泄的主要物质是A A( 苯丙氨酸 B( 苯丙酮酸 C( 苯磷酸 D( 对氨基苯酚 E( 对氨基苯磺酸 31(某一实验室测定同一项目所得RCV值几次都不相同，正确的理解应为E B( 仪器变更造成 C( 同仪器方法不同造成 D( 同仪器同方法，不同时间造成 E( 同仪器同方法，不同操作者造成 F( 上述原因均可造成，但只要在允许误差范围之内都属正常，允许存在 32(某质控血清做尿素氮比色定量，发现测定值陆续上升，检查质控血清吸光度值每天都接近，但标准液 吸光度值却陆续下降，测定值变动的原因是B A( 质控血清浓缩 B( 标准液分解 C( 标准液蒸发 D( 质控血清中尿素分解 E( 试剂出现变化 33(某试验方法反复测定定植血清，结果都很接近靶值，说明该方法首要是 B( 准确度好 C( 精密度好 D( 灵敏度好 E( 稳定性好 F( 以上都可以 1( 原子吸收分广光度计其空心阴极灯作用是B A( 提供辐射能量 B( 提供共振线 C( 提供入射光 D( 提供原子化待测物质的能量 E( 以上都不是 2(关于浊度法正确的叙述是C A( 散射光强度与颗粒浓度成指数关系 B( 散射光强度与入射光波长成反比 C( 在一定范围内与质点半径呈正相关 D( 有颜色的悬浮液入射光选择其互补光 E( 红色光散射强度比紫色光大 3(按照BEER定律，浓度与吸光度之间的关系应是条通过原点的直线，但实测中往往发生偏离，其主要原 因为A A( 入色光不是严格的单色光 B( 溶剂效应 C( 溶剂或溶质不纯净 D( 吸收增强效应 E( 吸收减弱效应 (维持人体血浆胶体渗透压的蛋白质是B 4 A( 总蛋白 B( 白蛋白 C( 白蛋白和γ—球蛋白 D( γ—球蛋白 E( 白蛋白和α、β—球蛋白 5(β—球蛋白增加的疾病应除外C A( 肾病综合症 B( 梗阻性黄疸 C( 肝硬化 D( 原发性高胆固醇血症 E( 糖尿病合并高胆固醇血症 6(糖尿病时血糖升高机制是 A( 组织对葡萄 B.糖异生增多 C.糖原分解增多 D.糖原合成减少 E.以上均有关 7(空腹血糖及糖耐量正常，尿糖阳性，应考虑C ( 药物性糖尿 A B( 应激性糖尿 C( 肾性糖尿 D( 肝病性糖尿 E( 甲亢 8(葡萄糖耐量试验主要用于B A( 糖尿病的预后判断 B( 确诊可疑的隐匿性糖尿病患者 C( 诊断是否发生糖尿病酸中毒 D( 了解糖尿病是否得以控制 E( 以上均不是 9(下列引起磷增高的疾病应除外C A( 甲状旁腺机能减退 B( 骨折愈合期 C( 佝偻病 D( 维生素D中毒 E( 肾病晚期 10(血清铁减低，总铁结合力增高及铁饱和度减低常见于E A( 地中海贫血 B( 感染性贫血 C( 再生障碍性贫血 D( 铁粒幼红细胞性贫血 E( 缺铁性贫血 11(下列哪项不是引起低血钙的原因D A( 甲状旁腺机能减退 B( 维生素D缺乏 C( 大量输入柠檬酸盐抗凝血 D( 多发性骨髓瘤 E( 低蛋白血症 12(急性心梗时最先恢复正常的酶是 A.ALT B.LDH C.AST D.CK E.α—HBDH 13(转氨酶的作用需要的维生素是A A( 磷酸吡多醛 B( 硫胺素 C( 泛酸 D( 烟酸 E( 核黄素 14(为保证酶动力学分析，要求底物浓度必须是 B( 与Km值相同 C( <1/2Km值 D( 等于1/2Km值 E( <1/10Km值 F( >Km值10倍以上 15(人血清γ—GT主要来源于 A.肾脏 B.骨骼肌 C.胰腺 D.肝脏 E.肠 16(血液中胆红素的来源不包括 A( 血红蛋白 B( 肌红蛋白 C( 过氧化物酶 D( 细胞色素 E( 胆汁酸 17(正常人血中的胆红素主要是C A( 结合胆红素 ( 与触珠蛋白结合胆红素 B C( 游离胆红素 D( 与Y蛋白结合的胆红素 E( 以上均不是 18(游离胆红素不与重氮试剂发生反应的主要原因是E A( 与葡萄糖醛酸结合 B( 与白蛋白结合 C( 与球蛋白结合 D( 与珠蛋白结合 E( 胆红素分子中的氢键 19(各型肾炎，肾功能损伤最早表现为 A( 酚红排泌减少 B( 尿相对密度减低 C( 肌酐清除率下降 D( 二氧化碳结合力下降 E( 血尿素氮浓度升高 20(内生肌酐清除率的参考值为 A( 平均每分钟25ml B( 平均每分钟50ml C( 平均每分钟70ml D( 平均每分钟110ml E( 平均每分钟90ml 21(载脂蛋白生理功能是 A( 维持脂蛋白的结构和物理特征 B( 转运脂质 C( 参与酶活性正反两方面作用，调节脂蛋白代谢 D( 参与脂蛋白与受体结合 E( 上述全有 22(血清脂蛋白中分子直径最大的是 A.HDL B.CM C.LDL D.VLDL E.IDL 23(血浆中脂类十分丰富，为什么能呈透明状态 A( 与载脂蛋白结合 B( 很快被转变成胆固醇 C( 与球蛋白结合 D( 与血浆白蛋白结合 E.上述原因都不是 24(血液中二氧化碳存在形式包括 A( 溶解在血中的二氧化碳 B( 与血红蛋白结合生成HbCO加上溶解的形式 2—C( 只能以HCO形式存在 3—、D( 溶解的二氧化碳，HCO、HCO及与蛋白质结合的氨甲基酸化合物 323—、E( 全部形成HCO+HCO 32325(激素的概念中哪项说法不正确D A( 激素是由内分泌腺细胞合成的 B( 激素由腺体不经导管直接分泌入血 C( 激素的主要作用是调节新陈代谢 D( 激素的作用没有特异性 E( 激素的合成和分泌绝大多数受神经系统支配 26(一般试验方法的回收率应该是E A( 100%?1 B( 100%?2 C( 100%?3 D( 100%?4 E( 100%?5 27(生化质控目的是 B( 使随机误差逐渐缩小 C( 消灭随机误差 D( 使随机误差得到监测和及时发现 E( 发现系统误差 F( 对系统误差及时校正、随机误差限制在允许范围 28(下列哪些方法对减少系统误差帮助不大 A( 对照试验 B( 空白试验 C( 重复试验 D( 仪器校正 E( 干扰试验 B型题 A( 丙氨酸，α,酮戊二酸——丙酮酸，谷氨酸 B( 天冬氨酸，α,酮戊二酸――草酰乙酸，谷氨酸 C( 肌酸，ATP――磷酸肌酸，ADP ，D( 乳酸，NAD――丙酮酸，NADH ，，E( 草酰乙酸，NADH，H――苹果酸，NAD 41(乳酸脱氢酶催化的反应 42(谷草转氨酶催化的反应 43(谷丙转氨酶催化的反应 A( 平均值 B( 标准差 C( 变异系数 D( 标准误 E( 回收率 44(两组参考值数值相差很大，但单位相同的相互比较使用 45(同一检验两组观察值间相互比较使用 46(估计样品均值的可靠程度 A结合胆红素中度增加 B非结合胆红素明显增加 C 结合非结合胆红素轻度增加 D非结合胆红素中度增加 E结合胆红素明显增加 47(溶血性黄疸 48(梗阻性黄疸 A 样品空白 B 试剂空白 C干扰试验 D回收试验 E重复性试验 49(考察侯选方法的随机误差 50(考察侯选方法的比例系统误差 A( 直接测定水或其他有机溶剂 B( 以水代替试剂加入样本测定其吸光度 C( 以水代替样本加入试剂测定其吸光度 D( 被测物质的总吸光度 E( 被测物质的实际吸光度 31(空白C 32(样本空白B 33(溶剂空白A A( 血清总蛋白定量正常，A/G比值正常 B( 血清总蛋白定量减低，总胆固醇增高 C( 血清总蛋白定量减低，白蛋白减低，球蛋白升高 D( 总蛋白定量增高，白蛋白正常，球蛋白增高免疫球蛋白M增高 E( 总蛋白定量增高，白蛋白增高，球蛋白正常 34(急性肝炎A 35(肾病综合症B 36(肝硬化C A( 病人空腹血糖升高GHb增加不明显 B( 某病人空腹血糖增加GHb增加 C( 某病人空腹血糖正常GHb升高 D( 某病人空腹血糖正常GHb正常 E( 某病人空腹血糖正常GHb下降 37(糖尿病未控制B 38(早期糖尿病A 39(糖尿病已控制C 40(非糖尿病D A.肾血管系统情况 B.肾小球情况 C.近曲小管情况 D.远曲小管及髓袢情况 E.肾盂及尿路情况 31(酚红排泌试验是了解C 32(尿相对密度测定是了解D 33(肾血容量测定是了解A 34(内生肌酐清除率试验是了解B 35(尿液细菌学等检查是了解E A( 血浆二氧化碳结合力升高，PH升高 B( 血浆二氧化碳结合力未变，PH升高 C( 血浆二氧化碳结合力升高，PH下降 D( 血浆二氧化碳结合力下降，PH下降 E( 血浆二氧化碳结合力下降，PH升高 36(代谢性酸中毒D 37(代谢性碱中毒A A( 平均值 B( 标准差 C( 变异系数 D( 标准误 E( 回收率 38(两组参考值数值相差很大，但单位相同的相互比较使用C 39(同一检验两组观察值间相互比较使用B 40(估计样品均值的可靠程度D 添空: 1.国际临床化学协会缩写 2.输入错误血型血液应引起的血中胆红素增加属于 黄疸 3. 离子选择电极测定离子的理论基础是 4. 原子吸收法常选择待测元素的 作为吸收线 5.谷丙转氨酶的参考值 (连续监测法) 6.物质分子对辐射的选择性吸收而得到的光谱称 7. 孕妇尿液 对于判断胎盘发育有特殊价值 8.Beer定律说明 间的关系 9.对前列腺癌有价值的酶学检查是 10(血钠参考值 11.血钾的参考值 12.血糖的参考值 13.辐射通过物质分子时由基态跃迁到较高的电子能态称 14.谷丙转氨酶的参考值 (连续监测法) 15.处于较高能态的分子返回到基态时便发出相应光谱称 16.Lamber定律说明 间的关系 17.血清尿酸超过 为高尿酸血症 概念: 1( 肿瘤标志物 2( 光谱分析技术 3( 酸碱平衡 4( 口服糖耐量试验 5( 摩尔吸光系数 1( 吸光系数 2( 高脂蛋白血症 3( 阴离子隙 4( 酶活性浓度的国际单位 简答: 1. 血浆脂蛋白测定的方法有几种, 2. 我国医学检验学会所确定的酶活性测定的最适条件的内容是什么, 3. 含有干扰组分的测定物质用双波长分析方法如何进行测定, 4. 同时测定血、尿淀粉酶对诊断胰腺炎有何意义, 5. 试述孕妇葡萄糖耐量试验变化特点 6. CK诊断急性心肌梗塞应注意哪几点, 7. 方法学中包括哪几种试验，其目的是什么, 8. 简述血气分析仪结构的组成 9. 肾功能减退氮质血症期、肾功能衰竭期、尿毒症期，GFR、BUN、,re有何变化, 10. 试验方法选择的步骤 1. 血糖测定方法有几种，各方法的优缺点如何, 2. 多组分混合物的测定方法如何选择, 3. 含有干扰组分的测定物质用双波长分析方法如何进行测定, 4. 人高脂蛋白血症分型及其主要特征 5. 试述孕妇葡萄糖耐量试验变化特点 6. CK诊断急性心肌梗塞应注意哪几点, 7. 如何测定,,,, 8. 试述乙醇肝的形成机制 9. 肾功能减退氮质血症期、肾功能衰竭期、尿毒症期，GFR、BUN、,re有何变化, 10. 试验方法选择的步骤 11. 论述 1. 临床生化质量控制失控的表现及失控后的处理 2(为什么把,,,、,,,、γ,GT、TBIL、TP、ALB、G这七项列为普肝功常规项目,在急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、肝硬化时，上述指标如何变化，测定上述项目时应注意哪些问题,在分析上述异常结果时还应注意哪些问题, 选择: , 2E 3, 4D 5B 6B 7, 8, 9, 10A 11, 12E 13, 14D 15, 1 16C 17, 18, 19D 20D 21, 22E 23, 24C 25, 26C 27C 28B 29, 30D 31A 32C 33, 34C 35, 36B 37, 38, 39E 40A 41, 42, 43, 44C 45B 46D 47B 48E 49E 50, 1, 2, 3B 4, 5, 6D 7A 8D 9, 10, 11E 12, 13E 14C 15B 16, 17, 18, 19D 20E 21, 22, 23A 24, 25E 26, 27C 28, 29B 30B 31A 32, 33A 34B 35C 36, 37A 38, 39C 40, 41, 42, 43, 44C 45B 46D 47B 48E 49E 50D 添空: 40U/L 6.吸收光谱 7.雌四醇 1.IFCC 2. 溶血性 3.能斯特方程 4.共振线 5. 5, 8.吸收与浓度 9.ACP(酸性磷酸酶) 10. 135,146mmol/L 11. 3.5~5.1mmol/L 12. 3.9~6.7mmol/L 13. 激发态 14. 5~40u/L 15.发射光谱 16.吸收与厚度 17. 0.42mmol/L 概念 1. 肿瘤标志物是指肿瘤细胞发生和增殖过程中，有肿瘤细胞生物合成、释放或者 宿主对癌类反应性的一类物质。 2. 利用各种化学物质(包括原子、基团、分子及高分子化合物)所具有的发射、 吸收或散射光谱谱系的特征，来确定其性质、结构或含量的技术，称光谱分析 技术。 3. 机体调节酸碱物质含量及其比例，维持血液,,值，在正常范围内的过程称酸 碱平衡。 4. OGTT是一种葡萄糖负荷试验，用以了解机体对葡萄糖的调节能力，当空腹血 糖浓度在6,7mmol,L之间而又怀疑糖尿病时，作此试验可以帮助明确诊断。 5. 一摩尔浓度的溶液在厚度为一厘米时的吸光度。 i. 吸光物质在单位浓度及单位厚度时的吸光度 ii. 是指血浆中,,、,,,,、,,,、,,,等脂蛋白有一类或几类浓度过高 的现象。 iii. 是指细胞外液中所测得阳离子总数和阴离子总数之差，即正常人血清钠、钾离, ,子之和和HCOCL之和的差值 3 iv. 一分钟能转化一摩尔底物的酶量为一个国际单位 6. 简答 1. ?超速离心分离纯化法，是根据血浆中各种脂蛋白的比重(密度的差异)在强大离心力 作用下，进行分离纯化的一种方法。?电泳分离法 ?沉淀分离法 ?遮蔽直接测定法 2. 答:1.选合适的底物、辅因子、活化剂、变构剂的种类和浓度。2.指示酶和辅助酶的种 类和浓度。3.反应混合液的最适,,值，缓冲液的种类和浓度。4.其它影响酶活性的因 素。5.在某些情况下，为了获得更好的测定重复性或更大的临床价值，可考虑对上述“最 适条件”作适度修改。 3. 关键是选择两个测定波长λ和λ，使干扰组分在这两个波长处的吸光系数相等，而待12 测组分在两波长处的吸光系数有明显区别。用这样两个波长测得混合物溶液的吸光度差 值?A置于待测组分的浓度成正比，而不受共存干扰组分的影响。 4. 急性胰腺炎时，此酶常在腹痛后2,12小时升高，20,30小时达高峰，一般在正常上 限值4,6倍，最高可达,,倍，此酶愈高，急性胰腺炎的可能性越大，约在,,,天 内AMY活性恢复正常，急性胰腺炎时尿淀粉酶也增高，且持续时间更长。 5. 孕妇口服50,葡萄糖后的耐量试验会发生两种变化，一是高峰迟缓现象即血糖达到最 高值的时间推迟，二是血糖最高值高于非孕妇，孕妇血中升高血糖的激素水平也增高。 6. ?,,，发病后8小内查CK不高，不应轻易除外,,，诊断，并以此结果作为基础值， 和以后测定值作比较，任何怀疑,,，者应及早抽血送检 ?发病后,,小时,,测定 结果临床意义最大，因为此时正当,,的峰值时间，如不超过正常值上限可排除,,， 诊断，?发病后,,小时内应多次测,,活性如不出现典型升高和下降过程，应怀疑, ,，诊断。 7. 答:1.重复性试验，目的在于考察侯选方法的随机误差。2.回收试验，目的在于测定比 例系统误差，以衡量侯选方法的准确度。3.干扰试验，目的在于测定恒定系统误差，以 衡量侯选方法的准确度。4.方法比较试验，检测侯选方法的系统分析误差，包括比例系 统误差、恒定系统误差在内。 8. 一般包括电极(PH、PO、PCO)、进样室、CO空气混合器、放大器元件、数字运算,,, 显示屏和打印机等部件。 9.?肾储备能力丧失期:GFR减少至30,60,l/min,血肌酐、尿素氮通常比正常范围轻微增高 ?氮质血症期:GFR减少至25,l/min左右,氮质血症，肌酐>177umol/L、血尿素氮>7.0mmol/L ?肾功能衰竭期:GFR<10,l/min,血肌酐>442umol/L、血尿素氮>17.9-21.4mmol/L ?尿毒症期:GFR<10,l/min,血肌酐、尿素氮显著升高，水电解质失调严重。 10.一.广泛查阅文献，选择适合本实验室具体条件的方法，并且判断所选方法能否满足本室工作的需要。 二(选定侯选方法，写出该法的原理与参考文献，所用仪器、试剂的来源于批号，标本 收集要求，标准曲线和结果计算，性能指标，参考值参考范围等 三(进行初步试验:1.标准曲线及其重复性。2.质控血清或新鲜标本的重复试验。3.分 析待测物浓度不同的标本，与公认的参考方法的测定值作对比。4.要有足够的实验证明 仪器与试剂能符合要求。 1. 有两种即化学法和酶法。化学法具有操作简便、快速、试剂价廉等优点，但由于干扰较 大，所以仍不属于理想方法;己糖激酶法以其高度特异性，方法灵敏准确干扰因素少等 优点，被公认参考方法;葡萄糖氧化酶,过氧化物酶比色法(GOD-POD法)目前已广 泛应用于临床，本法分析性能与己糖激酶法接近，且试剂稳定，价格便宜。酶法测血糖 还可以标准化、程序化，易用于自动化分析。 2. 当样品中有两种或两种以上组分共存，可根据组份的吸收光谱重叠程度选用不同的定量 方法。若混合物中各组分的吸收峰互不干扰，可按单组分的测定方法，选定波长进行测 定。若各组分的吸收峰相互重叠，可采用解联立方程法、等吸收点法、双波长法等测定。 3. 关键是选择两个测定波长λ和λ，使干扰组分在这两个波长处的吸光系数相等，而待12 测组分在两波长处的吸光系数有明显区别。用这样两个波长测得混合物溶液的吸光度差 值?A置于待测组分的浓度成正比，而不受共存干扰组分的影响。 4.?型 CM?chol正常或增加 TG明显增加血清外观奶油样层透明层 ?型 LDL?chol Tr OB 载脂蛋白B? 血清透明或轻度混浊 a ?型LDL、?chol??TG??血清外观混浊 , ? LDL?TC?TG?血清外观混浊 ? VLDL TC(?)TG??血清外观混浊 ? CM、VLDL?TC?TG?C,???C,???血清外观奶油样层混浊层 5.孕妇口服50,葡萄糖后的耐量试验会发生两种变化，一是高峰迟缓现象即血糖达到最高值的时间推迟，二是血糖最高值高于非孕妇，孕妇血中升高血糖的激素水平也增高。 6.答:1.AMI发病后8小时内查血,,不高，不应轻易除外,,，诊断，并以此结果作为基础值，和以后测定值作比较，任何怀疑,,，者应尽早抽血送检。2.发病后24小时,,测定结果临床意义最大，因为此时正当,,的峰值时间，如不超过正常值上限可排除,,，诊断。3.发病后48小时内应多次测,,活性，如不出现一个典型升高和下降的过程应怀疑,,，诊断。 7.OCV是表明本室在目前条件下该项目检测所能达到的最好精密度水平，是本室工作水平的一个基础指标。具体方法:在最佳条件下，每天做4,5批测定，每批测一瓶血清，在4,5天内可得20个数据。分别求出均值、标准差、变异系数此变异系数即为OCV。 8.?乙醇性肝损伤时，蛋白储留和蛋白分泌障碍，乙醇性肝损伤时，布景安内脂肪量增加，且肝细胞胞液中有蛋白质储留。?线粒体与内质网损伤:乙醇及乙醛均作用于线粒体，造成线粒体损伤，乙醛也可造成内质网的损伤。?乙醇在微粒体氧化时，可导致肝中还原型谷胱甘肽减少和过氧化脂质增加?乙醇引起的代谢亢进状态造成耗氧量的增加?乙醇性肝损伤时，会出现，,,增多、白细胞粘着能力降低等免疫功能异常。 60,l/min,血肌酐、尿素氮通常比正常范围轻微9. ?肾储备能力丧失期:GFR减少至30, 增高 ?氮质血症期:GFR减少至25,l/min左右,氮质血症，肌酐>177umol/L、血尿素氮>7.0mmol/L ?肾功能衰竭期:GFR<10,l/min,血肌酐>442umol/L、血尿素氮>17.9-21.4mmol/L ?尿毒症期:GFR<10,l/min,血肌酐、尿素氮显著升高，水电解质失调严重。 10.一.广泛查阅文献，选择适合本实验室具体条件的方法，并且判断所选方法能否满足本室工作的需要。 二(选定侯选方法，写出该法的原理与参考文献，所用仪器、试剂的来源于批号，标本 收集要求，标准曲线和结果计算，性能指标，参考值参考范围等 三(进行初步试验:1.标准曲线及其重复性。2.质控血清或新鲜标本的重复试验。3.分 析待测物浓度不同的标本，与公认的参考方法的测定值作对比。4.要有足够的实验证明 仪器与试剂能符合要求。 论述: 1.答:表现:1.曲线漂移 2.趋势性变化 3.精密度的变化 处理: 1.迅速回顾、检查整个操作过程，是否发生错误的环节 2(如操作步骤均无问题，可重复试验一次看是否有改进 3(如仍不能更正，可取一份新鲜的控制血清重作，观察是否能更正 4(如仍不能解决问题，取一份定值血清，用同样方法测定，如结果良好，可能为 原血清变质。 5(如仍不能更正，应仔细检查仪器的各种性能是否正常。 6(如仍不能纠正，应重配试剂或标准液，重新在操作中查找原因 2(之所以把上述七项作为普肝，是根据肝脏的酶学变动机制和肝脏的生理功能决定的。 (一)1.ALT是反映肝脏急性损伤的指标2.AST是反映肝脏线粒体损伤的程度 3. R-GT反映肝脏急性损伤时和乙醇、药物引起肝脏病变的指标4.TBIL是反映肝细胞性黄疸(结合前结合后)的程度5.TP、ALB是反映有效肝细胞的数量和功能6.G和AMO是反映慢肝、肝硬化的程度。 (二)急性肝炎是ALT、R,GT可明显增高，ALB下降。慢肝、肝硬化ALT轻度增加，AST/ALT?2.1，ALB/G?1。 (三)测定上述项目时，应注意肝外病变引起上述项目的升高，如药物引起,,,升高，乙醇引起诱导,,,,升高等现象，因此，进行肝功能检测及读取化验单时，应注意分析。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.