小学数学学科的特点

小学数学学科的特点 小学数学学科的特点 义务教育阶段的数学课程，其基本出发点是促进学生全面、持续、和谐地发展。它不仅要考虑数学自身的特点，还要遵循学生学习数学的心理规律，强调从学生已有的生活经验出发，让学生亲身经历将实际问题抽象为数学模型并进行解释与应用的过程，进而使学生获得对数学理解的同时，在思维能力、情感态度与价值观等多方面得到提高和发展。结合小学生身心发展的特征和智能发展水平，小学数学学科应具备以下特点: (一)小学数学是学生自己的数学 小学数学知识是学生借助已有的生活经验通过具体活动产生的;数学教学要向学生提供探索、讨论、实践、调查和解决问题的各种机会，其基本方式不应该是“授予”，而是“引导”，给学生的思考和发展留下充分的空间，使学生真正成为学习活动的主人;数学学习不再是单纯的记忆、模仿和训练，而是自主探索、合作交流与实践创新等多种形式的学习;数学课堂应由单纯的知识传授的殿堂转变为学生主动从事数学活动的场所;数学教师应由单纯的知识传授者转变为学生数学学习的组织者、引导者和合作者。 (二)小学数学是生活化的数学 从儿童的生活经验来看，数学学习不再是局限于教室中的活动，而且是一种社会性的活动。学生的生活环境及任何一个活动场所都应该作为数学学习的课堂。校外的买卖活动、房屋的建造备料、面积的估计测量都含有丰富的数学问题和知识。学生数学学习的内容应当是现实的、生活化的、有趣的和富有挑战性的。这些内容有利于学生观察、实验、猜测、验证、推理、交流等能力的培养。 (三)小学数学不同于科学数学 (1)目的不同。作为科学的数学以揭示数量关系和空间形式为目的，往往通过逻辑推理形成数学理论，主要着眼点是精确阐明某些数学理论。小学数学不是为了构建一个逻辑体系，而是使学生乐学，活学，以促进学生的终身可持续发展为学校数学教育的基本出发点。数学教学的目的是促进学生学习数学知识，推动思维的发展，并对学生进行思想品德的教育。 (2)形式不同。数学科学中，需要对相关的定理和法则进行严格的推证，这是非常重要的。在小学数学中，有关的定理和法则往往不是以严格的证明方式呈现，而是借助观察，通过一些不完全归纳得出结论。学校数学必须从学生的智力结构特点和生活经验出发，逐步加深学生对数学的理解，如学生学习三角形知识时，可以让他们观察三角形纸片，并撕下三个角拼成180度，使学生了解三角形的内角和等于180度。 (3)起点不同。作为科学的数学，对所有的定理、法则都要严格论证。小学数学的认知起点往往不是逻辑公理，而是学生生活中的一些具体实例，如我们讲运算法则时，并不是从定义出发，而是从学生生活中的事例出发，然后总结法则和意义。 (四)小学数学是大众数学而非精英数学 大众数学的理念首先是:数学教育必须照顾到所有人的需求，以促进全体公民数学素养的提高。其次，在数学学习中，人人都能学有价值的数学，每个人都可以学习他所需要的数学，不同的人可以达到不同的数学水平，构筑不同的数学世界。数学教育应该为大众服务，满足全社会各领域的人对数学的不同水平的需求。 从以上四个角度看小学数学，实质上是强调数学与学生生活的本质联系;强调学生在数学学习中的主体作用，突出了数学促进学生发展的功能;强调各种生活化的活动，启迪和诱导儿童的多种智能，为今后在不同领域充分展示其才能作好准备。 你孩子的情况属于主观因素还是客观因素，你一下。我根据你邮件中“ 数学作业大多会做的，但在计算过程中总出错” 的信息提一些想法供参考: 1 、孩子已经偏科了，你要做好心理疏导，不能给她心理压力，防止她对数学产生惧怕感。作业会做说明教学内容懂了，计算出错说明计算能力低。计算能力为什么低，一是计算的基本功不扎实，二是没有学会自我检查，平时做完作业就交，依赖家长或老师指正。到了考试就没人帮助指正了。 2 、关键要多训练，特别是加强基础题口算笔算能力。多练能生变熟，熟变精。如每天做 20 题左右的四则混合运算题。这种练习题基本是小学三至五年级的类型，但在训练的要求要提 1 高，小学要求正确率，现在要求正确和速度。如 20 道题控制在 30 至 40 分钟。随着熟练度的提高，逐渐缩短练习时间。 3 、学会自己演算和检查。起先你可以拿一些孩子以前出现错误的计算题，让孩子学做老师批改，学会发现错误、改正错误的能力。然后训练孩子，每次做完题目演算检查，这是很重要的，只有养成良好的学习习惯，进行数学题计算才能又对又快。 4 、参加一些课外数学班学习。每个人都有惰性，只有创设一定的学习环境，才能不断激励孩子的学习热情。你可以了解一下，周边有哪些补习提高之类的班或者家教。因为政府倡导“减负”，我们也在不断检查，所以我这里缺乏这方面的信息。但有一点提醒你，千万别信现在所谓的“减负”，读不苦能读好书吗,中国的古训“万般阶下品，唯有读书高”传承了千百年，历史和现实都证明是正确的、永衡的。孩子的学习和身心发展看似一对矛盾，其实是相互相成的。还有一点提醒你，没有一个学习优秀的学生是“愉快教育”的结果。晚上到有住宿生的学校外去看一看，教室里九点都还亮着灯呢。双休日早上到车站看一看，参加各种学习的学生一拨又一拨。 最后，我建议不要转学…… 女儿母校领导给我几点让孩子提高数学成绩的建议: 数学可通过补课，暑假自学等办法提高。每个人的智力不一，对诗诗来说，理科争取中上就是成功～再说孩子一旦开窍就会大提高。 学习主要靠自己，放假后先让她把两册数学书复习补漏，再借初一上的书自学一点。平时利用双休和课前课后抓紧预复习。去书店可买初中数学公式书进行梳理。……………… 华夏中学教师给我的指点: 每次练习要求正确率而不是量。每天回家，你给他布置2—3题，不要求时间，只要对，慢慢会好的。……………… 提高听课的效率是关键。 学生学习期间，在课堂的时间占了一大部分。因此听课的效率如何，决定着学习的基本状况，提高听课效率应注意以下几个方面: 1、课前预习能提高听课的针对性。 2、预习中发现的难点，就是听课的重点;对预习中遇到的没有掌握好的有关的旧知识，可进行补缺。 3、听课过程中的科学 首先应做好课前的物质准备和精神准备，以使得上课时不至于出现书、本等物丢三落四的现象;上课前也不应做过于激烈的体育运动或看小书、下棋、打牌、激烈争论等。以免上课后还喘嘘嘘，或不能平静下来。 其次就是听课要全神贯注,全神贯注就是全身心地投入课堂学习，耳到、眼到、心到、口到、手到。 耳到:就是专心听讲，听老师如何讲课，如何分析，如何归纳总结，另外，还要听同学们的答问，看是否对自己有所启发。 眼到:就是在听讲的同时看课本和板书，看老师讲课的表情，手势和演示实验的动作，生动而深刻的接受老师所要表达的思想。 心到:就是用心思考，跟上老师的数学思路，分析老师是如何抓住重点，解决疑难的。 口到:就是在老师的指导下，主动回答问题或参加讨论。 手到:就是在听、看、想、说的基础上划出课文的重点，记下讲课的要点以及自己的感受或有创新思维的见解。 若能做到上述“五到”，精力便会高度集中，课堂所学的一切重要内容便会在自己头脑中留下深刻的印象。 4、特别注意老师讲课的开头和结尾。 老师讲课开头，一般是概括前节课的要点指出本节课要讲的内容，是把旧知识和新知识联系起来的环节，结尾常常是对一节课所讲知识的归纳总结，具有高度的概括性，是在理解的基础上掌握本节知识的纲要。 5、要认真把握好思维逻辑，分析问题的思路和解决问题的思想方法，坚持下去，就一定能举一反三，提高思维和解决问题的能力。 2 此外还要特别注意老师讲课中的提示,老师讲课中常常对一些重点难点会作出某些语言、语气、甚至是某种动作的提示。 最后一点就是作好笔记，笔记不是记录而是将上述听课中的要点，思维方法等作出简单扼要的记录，以便复习，消化，思考。 二、做好复习和总结工作。 1、做好及时的复习。 (1)上完课的当天，必须做好当天的复习。 (2)复习的有效方法不是一遍遍地看书或笔记，而是采取回忆式的复习:先把书，笔记合起来回忆上课老师讲的内容，例题:分析问题的思路、方法等(也可边想边在草稿本上写一写)尽量想得完整些。然后打开笔记与书本，对照一下还有哪些没记清的，把它补起来，就使得当天上课内容巩固下来，同时也就检查了当天课堂听课的效果如何，也为改进听课方法及提高听课效果提出必要的改进。 2、做好单元复习。 学习一个单元后应进行阶段复习，复习方法也同及时复习一样，采取回忆式复习，而后与书、笔记相对照，使其内容完善，而后应做好单元小节。 3、做好单元小结。 单元小结内容应包括以下部分。 (1)本单元(章)的知识网络; (2)本章的基本思想与方法(应以典型例题形式将其表达出来); (3)自我体会:对本章内，自己做错的典型问题应有记载，分析其原因及正确答案，应记录下来本章你觉得最有价值的思想方法或例题，以及你还存在的未解决的问题，以便今后将其补上。 三、关于做练习题量的问题 有不少同学把提高数学成绩的希望寄托在大量做题上。我认为这是不妥当的，我认为，“不要以做题多少论英雄”，重要的不在做题多，而在于做题的效益要高。做题的目的在于检查你学的知识，方法是否掌握得很好。如果你掌握得不准，甚至有偏差，那么多做题的结果，反而巩固了你的缺欠，因此，要在准确地把握住基本知识和方法的基础上做一定量的练习是必要的。而对于中档题，尢其要讲究做题的效益，即做题后有多大收获，这就需要在做题后进行一定的“反思”，思考一下本题所用的基础知识，数学思想方法是什么，为什么要这样想，是否还有别的想法和解法，本题的分析方法与解法，在解其它问题时，是否也用到过，把它们联系起来，你就会得到更多的经验和教训，更重要的是养成善于思考的好习惯，这将大大有利于你今后的学习。当然没有一定量(老师布置的作业量)的练习就不能形成技能，也是不行的。 另外，就是无论是作业还是测验，都应把准确性放在第一位，通法放在第一位，而不是一味地去追求速度或技巧，也是学好数学的重要问题。 最后想说的是:“兴趣”和信心是学好数学的最好的老师。这里说的“兴趣”没有将来去研究数学，做数学家的意思，而主要指的是不反感，不要当做负担。“伟大的动力产生于伟大的理想”。只要明白学习数学的重要，你就会有无穷的力量，并逐步对数学感到兴趣。有了一定的兴趣，随之信心就会增强，也就不会因为某次考试的成绩不理想而泄气，在不断总结经验和教训的过程中，你的信心就会不断地增强，你也就会越来越认识到“兴趣”和信心是你学习中的最好的老师 要提高数学水平有4大法宝: 1.上课要集中精神注意听讲. 因为集中精神才会使你的头脑完全拘束于在学习这个方面,才会使你全身心地去投入到学习中,乃至任何事情.特别是数学.数学是小学,中学,大学的必修课程,如果在高中,一星期没有认真听课,那成绩就会哗哗往下流了. 2.课后认真完成作业. 3 现在提倡的教育方式,就是让孩子有足够的时间去做自己的事情.这种教育方法固然没错.确使孩子找来的不想学习的借口.我们应该以学为主.以玩为铺.要先完成作业,再去想别的. 3.多做练习题目. 要想提高数学成绩,我们必须多加扩大练习的分量.做一些更加难懂的练习题,这样不仅有助于头脑的发育,还能使我们的思维更加的活跃,思维更加的敏捷. 4.不懂就要问. 这是最关键的一点,要想提高数学成绩,就必须认真订正不会的错题,不要怕被同学的取笑,家长的责骂,我们是来学习的,是要把不懂的去了解透彻的,要是会的话,我们来学校读书有什么用呢>? 那不是浪费时间,你说是不是? 二，好孩子是夸出来的 金无足赤，人无完人，我们做家长的自身都存在着这样那样的不足，何况孩子。孩子身上有这样那样的缺点和弱点是正常的，我们做家长的不能眼睛只盯着孩子的缺点，或者孩子犯点错误就大加呵斥，严加苛责，甚至体罚。“你怎么这么笨～“你看，***，比你强多了，你怎么就那么不让人省心呢～”“我小时候比你强多了～”等等这样的话经常被我们用来训斥孩子，其实这些话特别伤害孩子的自尊心。我们自己都不完美，凭什么要求孩子完美。孩子也有确立自己价值的诉求，而且这种诉求一点都不比我们成人差。我们做家长的平素应注意观察孩子的优点，不吝惜对孩子的夸奖。哪怕孩子取得点滴的进步，我们也要对孩子说:孩子，你真优秀～真能干～对孩子进行鼓励式教育是激发孩子上进心的良好方式。这点上我也走过弯路。以前我给孩子讲题的时候，孩子有时理解不了，可能三遍五遍若干遍地讲，孩子还会出错，我就急躁地会说一些“你怎么这么笨啊～”等这样刺激孩子的话，看到孩子那委屈的眼神，过后心里也为自己的不冷静态度后悔，可一碰到这种情况就又控制不住自己的情绪了。一年级时，因为数学应用题不理解，孩子数学成绩不理想，我经常对孩子发火，曾经有段时间孩子对应用题很发怵。后来，通过和儿童教育专家的交流，我意识到孩子的自尊心是脆弱的，我们做家长的要像保护幼苗那样地呵护它，不能总打击它。其实，我们在教育孩子成长的同时，我们自己也在学习成长。现在我对孩子就大多采取鼓励式教育。每当她取得一点成绩时，我就对她说:孩子，你真棒～妈妈祝贺你。由于我改变了教育方式，孩子非常愿意和我交流。在学校有什么事情她都讲给我听。有不会的问题，我都尽力做到耐心，不发火，当孩子做对一道比较难的题时，我都及时表扬她。现在孩子的学习成绩越来越好。 三(鼓励孩子给家长当老师 其实每个孩子都渴望得到老师，得到家长的肯定和褒奖，满足孩子这个心理诉求的好办法就是让孩子给家长当老师。我感觉这个方法不光能使家长了解孩子对知识的掌握程度，而且可以让孩子做到举一反三，对提高学习成绩起到事半功倍的效果。我现在经常在孩子放学的路上问她:今天学什么了,老师怎么讲的啊,你给妈妈出道题，看妈妈能不能做出来。孩子很乐意给我当老师，她能滔滔不绝地复述老师讲解的题目，然后，她会把老师出的题目或者是她做过的题目拿来考我。这个时候，我一般都是假装思考的样子，然后故意夸张地说:哎呀，这个题好难啊，妈妈不会，你给妈妈讲讲好吗,每当这个时候，孩子都是很自豪地说:哎呀，多简单啊，你看，我都会做，妈妈，我教给你。然后听完她有板有眼地讲解，我都好像恍然大悟似地说:奥，这样的啊，妈妈明白了，宝宝真聪明～这么难的题都会做，太厉害了～孩子听了后很是自豪。学习信心大增。 四(因势利导，培养孩子的兴趣 每个孩子都会有她自己的兴趣，可能有的爱画画，有的爱讲故事，有的爱唱歌，有的爱跳舞，我们做家长的，千万不要强迫孩子去学她不感兴趣的东西。要知道，我们成人也一样，不喜 4 欢的事情是永远也做不好的。现在因为一家一个孩子，做家长的望子成龙，望女成凤心切，很多家长给孩子报这个班，那个班的，把孩子的业余时间排得满满的，结果孩子因没有玩的时间，情绪很抵触，学习效果并不好。我的观点和经验就是:用心观察，发现孩子的长处，因势利导地培养和引导，绝不强迫孩子去学她不喜欢的所谓特长。我的孩子从小语言接受能力和表达能力比较强，爱听故事，她能把她听过的故事很完整地复述出来。我就鼓励她给我讲故事。后来她自己编一些很可爱的童话故事讲给我听，很有意思。再后来，我感觉到给孩子整理出来这些故事很有意义，我就给孩子注册了一个博客，把她给我讲的故事，整理出来，发到博客上。把她画的画也发到上面，然后经常打开她的博客让她自己看浏览量，告诉她:孩子，你看，你的博客又增加了**人在看呢，有这么多的人在看你的博客，你太厉害了。只要你坚持写，坚持画，会有更多的人看的～孩子都有上进心，经过这样的激发后，她讲故事的兴趣大增。因为有了这种锻炼，孩子写作文不发怵了～ 其实，每个孩子有每个的特点，我们做家长的要做有心人，平时多学习，多交流。首先自己树立一个正确的理念:我们的孩子不一定今后都能成为什么科学家，作家，画家等这家那家，但我们的孩子今后要在社会立足，要做一个对社会有用的人，这就要求我们的孩子要有完美的情商和高尚的品德。做到这些就要求我们的孩子要有爱心，有自尊心，有上进心，有自信心。这“四心”就好比是一个动力充沛的火车头，有了这个动力充沛的车头，你还愁火车跑不快吗,当然这“四心”的培养还要靠学校和家长的正确教育和引导。我们对孩子要授之以渔，而非授之以鱼。渔就是良好的方法，有了良好的方法，还愁孩子学习成绩上不去吗, 如何提高小学生数学成绩的几点思考 [2006-07-06 16:07] 如何提高小学生数学成绩的几点思考 ——对高年级家长的建议 我想与大家共同探讨“我们如何利用课外时间做好孩子的数学辅导工作，如何提高孩子的数学成绩的问题”。毫无疑问:学生的学习必须以课堂教学、学校教学为主，课外教学、家庭教学为辅，并使两者有机结合，才能发挥校内外各自的优势，使孩子的学习得到更大的进步。下面我谈三点思考及建议: 思考一:怎样学好数学, 可以说数学是一门让人变得更聪明的学科。学习数学主要是获取知识和应用知识的过程。获取知识，重视的是方法;应用知识，强调的是策略。获取知识的方法和应用知识的策略可以说比知识本身更重要，但都离不开知识这个基础。人就是在获取知识和应用知识的过程中智力得到开发，思维得到发展，变得更聪明。为此，我们家校要多联系，老师和家长都要较全面地了解孩子目前数学基础知识掌握情况，有针对性的进行辅导。只有把基础打好，才能解答灵活、多变的数学问题。我们辅导时应注意:一要注意方式、方法:即以引导、点拨为主;二要有信心和耐心，复习与检查相结合;三要多鼓励少责备，让孩子感到有希望，使孩子减轻思想压力和增长兴趣，孩子才会更努力地学习。从本次期中测试的情况分析:对数学有着浓厚的兴趣，遇到困难能独立克服，并具有良好习惯的学生，数学成绩明显高于其他学生。所以建议家长在补基础的同时，把辅导的重点放在兴趣的培养和习惯的训练上。有一条谚语:行为培养习惯，习惯形成性格，性格决定命运。我们应该相信，只要孩子从小养成良好的行为习惯，对自己认定的目标充满信心，并为此而奋斗，不管将来从事什么工作，都能取得成功。 思考二:怎样解决粗心“失分”, 粗心“失分”历来是学生懊恼、家长头疼和老师棘手的普遍性问题。从外显的成绩来看，粗心 “失分”无疑是对学习自信心和进取心的重大打击;从内隐的素质来想， 粗心“失分”体现了学习习惯培养及学习策略优化的重要性; 5 简单一句话:“粗心就是不会～” 解决的办法: 1、 读题、审题要练就火眼金睛，能揭穿题目陷阱; (平时要重视典型分析，加强对比分析。) 2、 训练计算的正确率，提高计算的效率，增强计算的能力。 (计算有口算、竖式计算、混合运算、简便计算，估算等等，训练要有侧重、有针对性，日积月累、持之以恒，才能使计算更专心、更细心) 2、 解决问题思路要清楚、方法要灵活、策略要优化 (看清楚条件和问题;想清楚问题与条件之间的联系;理清楚解题的思路、写清楚解题的步骤;画出图表帮助分析。) 思考三:该为孩子做些什么, 目前高年级学生的学习任务较重，平时的作业较多，心理压力较重。主要是升学竞争造成的。去年小学毕业数学试卷题量多，题型灵活多样，难度较大，平时数学成绩较好的学生也考得不理想。可以说毕业成绩的三门总分的高低，关键是数学成绩，所以平时测试和期中试卷较灵活，适当增加一些难度，目的是让学生逐步适应。目前家长首先要与数学任课老师联系，了解孩子数学学习的情况，分析、研究对策。家庭辅导时才能有的放矢。下面针对三类不同的学生，在数学指导上提个建议，供家长参考。 1、对成绩落后的学生，家长少一点责备，多一点分析，孩子成绩差，做家长的也有责任。不能放弃不管，对孩子要有信心，因为孩子是一个家庭的希望，很多科学家如:达尔文、爱迪生、爱因斯坦等，小时侯都曾被认为智力不好的儿童，但他们有着超人的意志力，认定目标，持之以恒，最终成为杰出的科学家。也许你的孩子大器晚成呢。对他们辅导的重点是补习基础知识和习惯训练。 2、对成绩中等的学生，家长要分析一下能否再提高一点(很多学生认为自己的数学成绩是可以提高的)，为他们确定一个提高的目标。辅导的重点是对平时练习、测试中较典型的错题做好摘记、订正、反思。 3、对成绩较优秀的学生，辅导的重点是加强课外拓展，提高解题的速度和技巧，克服粗心毛病，提高正确率。 小学数学学习困难生特点及转化策略 固城小学 邓育兵 随着新课程改的不断推进，新的课堂理念在数学课堂中得到了全面实施。新理念实施不仅给课堂带来了生机，而且涌现出了一大批勤奋好学、思路开阔、创新意识极强的学生。然而，在这些“富有群体”的背后，却隐藏一些数学“学困生”。这种情况在六年级更为严重，有的班级总人数不到50人，考试经常不及格的就有十个左右，低分(40分以下)4,5人。 作为教师的我们，是不能放弃这些所谓的“学困生”，不能让他们一直成为课堂上的“旁观者”，成为社会的负担，而应热情的关心他们，帮助他们找出原因，有针对性地做好转化工作，确保这些学生能够达到正常水平。本着遵循客观规律的原则，我对这些学生进行了研究和探索， 6 概括出了小学学困生的一般特点，摸索到了一些行之有效的策略，取得了较好的效果。使全班的低分人数得了控制，学生的知识、技能、情感价值观了得到了发展，学生不再是“旁观者”，而是课堂生成的积极参与者。 一、数学“学困生”平时表现 (一) 知识技能方面 1、计算能力缺乏。(有的六年级学生连小数乘除法也不会计算) 2、解决实际问题的能力差，缺乏对基本的数量关系的理解。 3、思维能力差，表现为无序性、无过程性。 (二)学习习惯 1、书写潦草，不工整。 2、经常拖沓作业、抄袭作业，甚至不做作业。 3、上课经常走神，对老师提出的问题不会回答，与老师、同学间缺少必要的互动交流(包括目光交流、思维交流等)。 (三)情感态度 1、缺乏学习数学的兴趣 。由于长期的对学习不负职任，导致在学习中有困难，看书不懂，答题不会，形成学习上的恶性循环，最终产生了对数学的畏难感 怕数学，烦数学，失去学习数学的兴趣。 2、缺乏学习数学的热情。这些学生一般只关注结论，不愿对答案及解题过程进行理性思考。久而久之，思维的发展跟不上教材的编排中所要求达到的思维水平。 3、缺乏学习数学的毅力。学习品质一般指学习的认真、踏实、勤奋、自觉的创造过程。学习品质是决定学习成绩好坏的一个重要因素。而数学“学困生”在学习过程中，往往呈现出一种不稳定的行为倾向。易受外界因素的干扰，情绪不够稳定，上课和作业时注意力不集中，学习上起落较大。其结果是态度消极，敷衍应付，成绩下落。 (四)心理特征 1、存在自卑心理 2、存在逆反心理 二、数学“学困生”的转化途径 (一)摸清学困生的成因是转化的前提。 数学学困生的形成具有多面性、长期性和复杂性。但只要能找到“病源”，从源头治起，才能“药到病除”。因此，找到“病源”是前提。可以从以下方面去找: 1、询问“学困生”以前的老师，获得一手“资料”。 这是了解“学困生”以前学习状态的重要途径。不仅可以得到“学困生”的知识掌握情况、学习态度、学习习惯，还可以了解到“学困生” 家庭的基本情况，甚至获得转化该生的行之有效的方法，从而做到转化“学困生” 工作的延续性。 2、采用电话、家访等多种形式与家长交流 ?了解学生在家中的学习状况。包括做作业的时间和习惯、看电视的时间、休息和起床时间、与小伙伴的玩耍情况等。 ? 从侧面，了解一些其学习、生活、家庭教育、学生的人际关系背景、成长历程等。 ?在沟通中，有意识地向家长灌输一些教育方法，与家长建立良好的人际关系，形成共同的教育目标。为进一步沟通打下坚实的基础。 ?对于留守学生，首先要取得准确的联系方式(电话及手机)，便于及时取得联系。 (二)数学学习“学困生”的转化重在课堂 课堂是转化的主阵地，这是由数学的学科特点以及学生当前的智力、情感、毅力决定的。 1、课堂中要关注“学困生” “学困生”形成的原因是多方面的，其中大多数学生上课经常走神，爱做小动作，有的自卑感强。教师在上课时，如果总是把目光盯着优等生，课堂中大部分时间都是优等生在施展才华，无形中就冷落了“学困生”，因此“学困生”大多数养成了不举手发言的“习惯”，久而久之，对上课所学的内容就漠不关心，最终成了课堂学习中的“旁观者”。教师在课堂教学中，不仅要发挥“优等生、中等生”的主体地位，同样也要积极地组织引导学困生进行有效的学习，让他们也学有所得。 7 3、课堂中要“关照”学困生 由于学困生受前所学的知识、技能、及非智力因素的影响，课堂中的学习可以说是举步为艰，如果此时教师不能关注到学困生，势必会让学困生自暴自弃、干脆放弃思考。这时教师应根据具体情况，对课堂进行调控，给他们一定的思考时间和空间，让他们也有“跳一跳摘桃子”情感体验，克服自卑不自信的心理。 4、课堂中要关注后进生的思维进度 在教学中教师要心中有学生，既要有优等生、中等生，更要有学困生。教师不仅要在备课时注重备“学困生”的思维起点，还要课堂实施中关注学困生的思维进程，了解学困生的思维是否与教学相同步，从而掌握现阶段的思维状况。既是课堂调控的依据，也为课后辅导打下了基础。 这里要指出，我们应辩证地看待课堂中对学困生的关注，切不可将课上成学困生的“辅导课”，因此教师还应注意“度”的把握。 (三)课前补是课内转化的关键 课前补是指在每堂课前就本课新知所需应用的原认知结构中应提取的部分，对学困生进行情况摸底分析，针对学困生的实际情况，设计相应的练习，并且进行面批面改，帮助学生寻找原因。通过这种补习，可以提高学困生上新课时的注意力和投入程度，为新课的实施扫除了一部分知识、和思维上障碍，降低了学习新知的难度，从而达到学困生能较好地掌握新知的目的。一旦学困生得到成功的体验，学习的情感会得到生华，学习的兴趣也会提高，为后续的转化打下了基础。 为了不加重学困生的负担，我的辅导一般在早读课上完成。让学困生参加辅导，其他学生自主学习。 对于基础不是太差的学困生，将他们与自己选择的优秀生结成“互帮对子”。 帮助他们克服学习上的困难，弥补知识上的漏洞，并对他们加以方法上的指导。 (四)巩固转化成果 通过课内课外共同作用，学困生的知识结构、及非智力因素得到了转化，此时最重要的就是巩固“成果”。 1、不断给学困生注入新的“活力”。 在学困生的转化过成中，应恰当地运用激励方法。适时鼓励，不忘赞扬。詹姆士说过:“人类本质中最殷切的需求是渴望被肯定。”而教师对学生的评价起着学生衡量自我的成败、认知自身能力的暗示作用。学生不断地得到成功的激励，才有动力。 2、帮助学困生树立正确的学习观 在学生取得进步后，不仅要让学生体验到成功，还要让学生体会到要想获得更大成功，就需要不断的努力。这方面的教育可以通过一些名人的成长经历告诉学生。例如:观看名人的教育片，书籍等。 3、遵循循序渐进的原则 ?对学困生的转化不可操之过急，而要循循善诱。对学困生也不能一事同仁，学困生的知识技能水平也有差异。千万不要因为有的学困生进步快，有的进步甚微，而失去信心。要知道后进生的转化不可能一蹴而就，在转化过程中，后进生故态复萌，出现多次反复，是一种正常的现象。对这项十分艰苦的工作，教师一定要有满腔的热情，必须遵循教育规律，因势利导，使后进生保持不断前进的势头。如果没有一个长期、耐心教育转化后进生的心理准备，教师很容易丧失对他们的信心，甚至认为他们已经„无可救药，没有希望了?。要知道“一锹挖不出一口井来，一口吃不出一个胖子来”，雕刻一座石像尚需很长的时间，更何况是塑造人的灵魂呢, ?布置作业要有梯度，每次作业都要适当安排基础题、扩展题、思维训练题等。让不同的学生得到不同的发展。 4、让家长也来参与“转化”工作 后进生的转化工作是一项极其复杂的系统工程，光靠班老师在那里“单操”是不行的，必须求得家庭的配合，使家长、教师合为一股力量才能达到预期效果。 ?建立“家校” 联系网络 教师将事先调查得到的联系方式家庭住址等制成，并向家长公布自己的联系方式。 8 ?建立“家校”互动的平台 每天让学生记录好家庭作业，希望家长定时检查学生记录的家庭作业的完成情况，监督学生按时认真完成作业，逐步养成良好的学习习惯。让家长每天都知道子女的学习状况，并参与到转化工作中来。 ?帮助缺乏家教知识的家长了解有关的基本常识，向他们推荐家教方面好的资料。同时，还要帮助缺乏民主气氛的家庭召开民主生活会，创造平等、和睦的家庭气氛，为“学困生”提供一个宽松和谐的改正自我、超越自我的家庭环境。让家长也成为教“专家”。 ?定期向家长汇报学生的转化情况，树立家长对差生的信心。 实践证明在教学中注意采用上述方法对数学学困生的成绩的提高、学习习惯的养成、情感的培养具有重要的作用。例如我们班中的李康(化名)同学起初也是“学困生”，采用以上方法的转化后，上课已经能积极的回答问题，且思维一直处于积极的状态。他以前一见应用题就乱写个算式的，而现在已经能进行理性的分析，寻找解决的策略，并且正确率能达到60,左右，学习成绩有了明显提高，成为了其他学困生学习的榜样。 总之，只要我们坚持不懈地做好“学困生”，不断提高我们的教育理论水平，就能把“学困生” 培养成为祖国需要的合是格的建设者。“学困生” 的转化工作是一个庞大的系统工程，牵涉到社会、学校、家庭的方方面面。以上只是我在转化“学困生”过程中积累经验的总结，只是冰山一角，如有不当之处敬请谅解。 9 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 10 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 11 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 12 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 13 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 14 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 15 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 16 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 17 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 18 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 19 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 20 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 21 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 22 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 23 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 24 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 25 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 26 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 27 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 28 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 29 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 30 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 31 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 32 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 33 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 34 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 35 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 36 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 37 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 38 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 39 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 40 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 41 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 42 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 43 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 44 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 45 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 46