雅思大作文 段落论证基本方式

解析雅思大作文段落论证基本方式 雅思大作文段落论证有很多,比如列举法,举例法,对比法,因果法,让步法,定义法,类比法等,但是在平时的训练和最后的考试中,我们可能只会用到其中的几种,换句话说,我们不可能指望在一篇大作文里使用到全部的论述方法.因此,今天我们要探讨的是前四种相对来说最高效的段落论证方法. 1.列举法: 用于列举观点,理由等,是每篇大作文一定会使用到的一种发展手法,它是在段落主句之后用于阐述观点或者理由的句子.列举法的常用连接词有: in the first place, apart from, in addition to, moreover, furthermore, also, in addition, besides, for one thing…for another, on the other hand等.此外,有时候我们还可以用诸如from a helicopter view或者from a microcosmic view来进行大类视角的切换,这种也属于列举. 以下我们先来看几个经典的例子: 1. Homework has many pluses. Apart from helping students do better on tests, homework helps students review and practice what has been taught in class. Homework helps improve retention and understanding; furthermore, it helps students hone their time management and organizational skills. 2. However, reaching the conclusion that other subjects are no longer important is biased, the obvious benefits of subjects like music and sports for students cannot be denied. For one thing, learning music can cultivate one’s temperament and foster patience and consistency which are both coveted traits for the students.For another, sports energizes students, hence, they are able to plough into their studies enthusiastically and with confidence. 以上的2段文字属于”同类”视角的切换,换言之,都是在”微观”的范围里进行转换,以下我们再来看一段文字: 3. From a helicopter view, in countries, particularly developing ones, the economic advances need numerous professional talents in the fields like finance, management, legislation, medicine, thereby putting universities in a pivotal position of nurturing these professionals. 在这段文字中,作者从”微观”,切换到了”宏观”,即所谓的大类视角切换,也同属于列举法的范畴,因此我们在用列举法发展段落时,同时要注意理由,观点的类别,在发展的时候要注意层次感,使用的连接词要准确.一般建议在列举时从”小”写到”大”. 1 2.举例法: 用于事例加以说明,从而增加论证的说服力,同时也是增加字数的一种简单的方法.举例法常用连接词有:for example, for instance, such as, namely, take something for example, etc, 有时候我们还可以用一些句子来拖例子,比如 This is true given the example of … ;还能用一些副词来接续后面的例子,比如 indeed, today, nowadays…等. 以下我们也来看一些经典的例子: 1.Television has negative effects on people.For instance, television commercials distort the truth about products. Crime films on television encourage violence. And television documentaries stop people from thinking independently. 2.Thanks to the advancement of transportation tools, people can buy a medley of foods without going abroad, which symbolizes the growth of the living standard. For example, foods like French cheese, Korean pickles, American turkeys, which could rarely be purchased in the domestic market, are becoming popular in China; whilst western people can buy Chinese dumplings and fruits in their own country. As a result of this, food dealers have made huge profit from it, thereby promoting the sector as well as creating more jobs. 3. Apart from energizing the athletes, physical strength helps them plough into the games enthusiastically and with confidence and even act as a deterrent force to their rivals to some extent. For example, Michael Phelps, an American swimmer, won eight Olympic gold medals at 2008 Beijing Games surpassing American swimmer Mark Spitz's seven gold performance at Munich in 1972. What would he achieve, without his transpersonal physical constitution? 上述3段文字通过简单的举例,既增加了论述性,又加长了段落的篇幅,可谓是一举二得.但是有时候,举例子还可以通过不同的词和句子来引导,比如: 4. This is sometimes true given the examples of many gifted athletes who failed to win the finals, such as the football team of the Netherlands which was always regarded as the expected winner of the World Cup but often disappointed the world in the end. Lack team spirit and cohesion lead to the frequent failure of their games. 5. However, there are significant social, economic, and environmental drawbacks gained by purchasing imported food products. Examples of proposed environmental downsides include increased packaging, increased impact of transportation, higher livestock densities, etc. 再如,有些情况下,我们甚至可以将举例法应用于段落的主题句里,比如: 6. Academic subjects, such as reading and writing, play a vital role in the education system. 在这个句子里,such as是部分举例,倘若遇到全部举例时,只需将连接词换成namely即可. 3.因果法: 分为2个层面,一是先因后国,二是先果后因,2者皆属于因果法,此法也是4种论述手法中最主要的一种,也几乎是每篇文章必然会使用的方法,因果法常用的连接词有:therefore, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, because of this, hence, thus, thereby, for this reason, result in, lead to, the cause of, the reason for, as a result of, owing to, due to, because, since, as, result from, boil down to, attribute to等.因果法尤其在”分析解决型”大作文中是主要的段落论述手法. 下面请看几篇高分范文中因果法的经典使用: 1. However, others who claim that users should pay for the cost find their origins in economics. For a variety of different reasons, many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively, which results in both the increasing load of the road and the environmental pollution. If the users are charged to pay for the road geared to the size of the car they use, they might become wise to buy more environmentally friendly cars or choose public transport. Additionally, users might have the right to involve in designing roads in a more pragmatic way as a result of paying for the fees. That way, the financial burden of the government will be eased. 2. Many instances of juvenile delinquency have been attributed to the violent or pornographic content of some TV shows and video games. Now we are confronted with a proliferation of blood and nudity on TV, the computer and the Internet. As a consequence, many youngsters, especially boys, get addicted to such scenes. 3. The increase of juvenile crime rate is symbiotically connected with the rise of adult crime rate in society. For instance, many youths are tempted by evil adults into committing crimes and others who are victims of adult offenses become criminals themselves because of their revenge on society. 在第2,3个段落中,作者充分利用了因果法的技巧,从导致青少年犯罪的间接原因,最后得出 直接原因,这种因果内的原因切换的技巧在分析解决型文章里是非常实用并且高效的. 4.比较法: 通过对2个以上事物或者人物的对比对主题加以说明,对比法常用的连接词有:likewise, similarly, at the same time, in contrast, nevertheless, still, instead, rather, on the contrary, after all, unlike, while, whilst等,有时候可以用条件状语从句来进行对比,也可以用介宾短语来引导对比. 以下是用对比法的2个段落: 1. Stability also contributes to the proliferation of fossil fuels in both industrial production and household application. A power station fuelled by coal is able to generate electricity constantly, whilst the production of a wind power station largely depends on the weather. Similarly, a household solar geyser can not work properly in rainy days when people will have to use gas water heater. 2. Teachers help students focus on what they are learning. If they are learning something by themselves, it is easy to become distracted and go on to other activities. Also, it is tempting to skip parts of the learning process they think they don’t need, which can hinder their ability to really understand the subject. By comparison, teachers keep their attention on the subject and also approach a subject logically, taking it one step at a time. 通过对比,可以形成鲜明的反差,从而增加论述的力度,这种论证方法尤其适用于单边的段落中,使用起来非常的简单. 上述四种论述手法是大作文里最常用也是最简单的方法,我们在了解了各自的特点以后可以将其捏合起来,综合应用于我们的段落中,以下就是一个综合的例子: One of the more compelling arguments for universities providing graduates with expertise for their future careers finds its origins in economics. Parents have been investing in their children’s college studies in hope that they will earn a decent job with stable salary. 举例法Consequently, 因果法career preparation is becoming increasingly vital to the young people, especially in today’s tight labor market with fewer jobs than before. 举例法Some people thus因果法have called for universities to be more vocation-oriented because that way因果法not only the graduates’ employment rates would be enhanced but the students be motivated for being given an opportunity to succeed in their future professions. From a helicopter view, 列举法in countries, particularly developing ones,举例法the economic advances need numerous professional talents in the fields like举例法finance, management, legislation, medicine, thereby因果法putting universities in a pivotal position of nurturing these professionals. 一般来说,在发展主体段的时候,主题句写完以后,我们可以先从使用列举法开始入手,然后配合因果法和举例法,在论述的中段,我们还可以加入对比,从使用连接词作为入手,然后再配合适当的从句,从而提高论述的档次.可见,4种论证手法是段落发展的出发点,切入点,也是在使用句型和词汇前的先行者,希望我的分析对大家能有所启发和帮助.