脑脊液检查正常指标

脑脊液检查正常指标 脑脊液检验正常值及临床意义一、常规检验: 1、 (CSF)颜色检查 [正常参考值] 无色水样液体。 [临床意义] 1(红色:常见于蛛网膜下腔出血、脑出血、硬膜下血肿等。如腰椎穿刺时观察到流出的脑脊液先红后转无色，为穿刺损伤性出血。 2(黄色:见于陈旧性蛛网膜下腔出血及脑出血、包囊性硬膜下血肿、化脓性脑膜炎、脑膜粘连、脑栓塞;椎管梗阻;脑、脊髓肿瘤及严重的结核性脑膜炎;各种原因引起的重症黄疽;心功能不全、含铁血黄素沉着症、胡萝卜素血症、早产儿等。 3(乳白色:见于化脓性脑膜炎。 4(微绿色:见于绿脓假单胞菌性脑膜炎、甲型链球菌性脑膜炎。 5(褐色或黑色:见于中枢神经系统的黑色素瘤、黑色素肉瘤等。 2、透明度检查 [正常参考值] 清晰透明。 [临床意义] 1(微混:常见于乙型脑炎、脊髓灰质炎、脑脓肿(未破裂者)。 2(混浊:常见于化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎等。 3(毛玻璃状:常见于结核性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜炎等。 (凝块:见于化脓性脑膜炎、脑梅毒、脊髓灰质炎等。 4 5(薄膜:常见于结核性脑膜炎等。 3、细胞计数 [正常参考值] 成人:(0-8)×106/L; 童:(0-15)×106/L; 新生儿:(0-30)×106/L。 儿 [临床意义] 1(细胞数明显增高(,200×106/L):常见于化脓性脑膜炎、流行性脑脊髓膜炎。 2(中度增高(,200×106/L):常见于结核性脑膜炎。 3(正常或轻度增高:常见于浆液性脑膜炎、流行性脑炎(病毒性脑炎)、脑水肿等。 4、蛋白定性试验 [正常参考值] 阴性。 [临床意义] 1(脑脊液蛋白明显增高(++以上):常见于化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、脊髓腔等中枢神经系统恶性肿瘤及其转移癌、脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血及梗阻等。 2(脑脊液蛋白轻度增高(+ -- ++):常见于病毒性脑膜炎、霉菌性脑膜性、乙型脑炎、脊髓灰质炎、脑膜血管梅毒、麻痹性痴呆、脑血栓形成等。 5、葡萄糖半定量试验 [正常参考值]1-5管或2-5管阳性。 [临床意义] 1(脑脊液葡萄糖增高:常见于饱餐或静脉注射葡萄糖后、血性脑脊液、糖尿病、脑干急性外伤或中毒、早产儿或新生儿等。 2(脑脊液葡萄糖降低:常见于急性化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、霉菌性脑膜炎、神经梅毒、脑瘤、低血糖等。 6、细菌及寄生虫检查 [正常参考值] 阴性。 for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet [临床意义] 1(脑脊液中有细菌，可引起细菌性脑膜炎。如急性化脓性脑膜炎常由脑膜炎奈瑟菌、肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌、葡萄球菌等引起;病程较慢的脑膜炎常由结核杆菌、新型隐球菌等引起。 2(脑脊液中若发现血吸虫卵或肺吸虫卵等，可诊断为脑型血吸虫病或脑型肺吸虫病等。 7、细胞分类(DC) [正常参考值] 红细胞:无或少量; 淋巴及单核细胞:少量; 间皮细胞:偶见; 其他细胞:无。 [临床意义] 1(红细胞增多:常见于脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑血栓、硬膜下血肿等。 2(淋巴细胞增多:见于结核性脑膜炎、霉菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜炎、麻痹性痴呆、乙型脑炎后期、脊髓灰质炎、脑肿瘤、脑溢血、多发性神经炎。 3(嗜中性粒细胞增多:见:于化脓性脑膜炎、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、流行性脑炎、脑出血、脑脓肿、结核性脑膜炎恶化期。 4(嗜酸性粒细胞增多:见于寄生虫性脑病等。 5(单核细胞增多:常见于浆液性脑膜炎。 6(吞噬细胞:常见于麻痹性痴呆、脑膜炎。 7(肿瘤细胞:见于脑、脊髓肿瘤。 (白血病细胞:见于中枢神经系统白血病二、化学检验: 8 1、蛋白定量 [正常参考值] 腰椎穿刺:0.15-0.45g/L; 脑室穿刺:0.05-0.15g/1; 脑池穿刺:0.10-0.25g/L。 [临床意义] 1(化脓性脑膜炎，流行性脑膜炎蛋白质含量为3-6.5g/L;结核性脑膜炎刺激症状期蛋白质含量为0.3-2.0g/L，压迫症状期为1.9-7g/L，麻痹期为0.5-6.5g/L;脑炎蛋白质含量为0.5-3.0g/L。 2(引起脑脊液循环梗阻的疾病，如脊髓蛛网膜炎与脊髓肿瘤等，其蛋白质含量可在1.0g/L以上; 3(脑软化、肿瘤、退行性病变等，脑脊液蛋白可增至0.25-0.8g/L。 4(多发性神经根炎、浆液性脑膜炎、脑脊髓梅毒、麻痹性痴呆、脑溢血、脑栓塞、蛛网膜下腔出血、流行性脑炎、脊髓灰质炎等脑脊液蛋白亦增加。 2、蛋白电泳 [正常参考值] 前白蛋白:0.03-0.07; 白蛋白:0.51-0.63; α-球蛋白:0.06-0.08; α-球蛋白:0.06-0.10; 12 β-球蛋白:0.14-0.19; γ-球蛋白:0.06-0.10。 [临床意义] 1(前白蛋白增高:常见于舞蹈症、帕金森病、手足徐动症等;前白蛋白减少常见于脑膜炎。 2(白蛋白增高:常见于脑血管病，如脑梗塞、脑出血等;白蛋白减少见于脑外伤急性期。 for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 3(α-球蛋白增高:常见于脑膜炎、脑脊髓灰质炎等。 1 4(α-球蛋白增高:常见于脑肿瘤、转移癌、胶质瘤等。 2 5(β-球蛋白增高:常见于某些退行性变如帕金森病、外伤后偏瘫等。 6(γ-球蛋白增高:常见于脑胶质瘤、重症脑外伤、癫痫、视神经脊髓炎、多发性硬化症、脑部感染、周围神经炎等。 3、葡萄糖定量 [正常参考值] 成人:2.8-4.5mmol/L: 儿童:3.1-4.4mmol/1; 婴儿:3.9-5.0mmol/L。 [临床意义] 1(脑脊液葡萄糖增高:常见于饱餐或静脉注射葡萄糖后、血性脑脊液、糖尿病、脑干急性外伤或中毒、早产儿或新生儿等。 2(脑脊液葡萄糖降低:常见于急性化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、霉菌性脑膜炎、神经梅毒、脑瘤、低血糖等。 4、氯化物测定 [正常参考值] 成入:120-132mmol/L; 儿童:111-123mmol/L; 婴儿:110-122mmol/L。 [临床意义] 1(增高:见于慢性肾功能不全、肾炎、尿毒症、浆液性脑膜炎及生理盐水静脉滴注时。 2(减低:见于流行性脑膜炎、化脓性脑膜炎等细葡性脑膜炎，尤其是结核性脑膜炎时最为明显。病毒性脑炎、脑脓肿、脊髓灰质炎、中毒性脑炎、脑肿瘤等，氯化物含量稍低或无显著变化。三、酶学与免疫学测定: 1、脑脊液酶学测定 [正常参考值] 转氨酶(ALT、AST):约为血清酶活性的1/2; 乳酸脱氢酶(LDH);约为血清酶活性的1/10; 磷酸肌酸激酶(CPK):低于血清酶活性。 [临床意义] 1(ALT、AST活性增高:常见于脑梗塞、脑萎缩、急性颅脑损伤、中毒性脑病及中枢神经系统转移癌等。 2(LDH活性增高:常见于细菌性脑膜炎、脑血管病、脑瘤及脱髓鞘病等有脑组织坏死时。 3(CPK活性增高:常见于化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、进行性脑积水、继发性癫痫、多发性硬化症、蛛网膜下腔出血、慢性硬膜下水肿、脑供血不足及 、脑脊液免疫球蛋白测定 脑肿瘤等。 2 [正常参考值] IgG:10-40mg/L; IgA:0-6mg/L; IgM:0-13mg/L; IgE:极少量。 [临床意义] 1(IgG增高:常见于神经梅毒、化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜炎、小舞蹈病、神经系统肿瘤。 2(IgA增高:常见于化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜炎、肿瘤等。 3(IgM增高:常见于化脓性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜炎、肿瘤、多发性硬化症for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 等。 4(IgE增高:常见于脑寄生虫病等。四、其他测定: 1、压力测定 [正常参考值] 病人取测卧位时测定: 成人:0.69-1.97kPa; 儿童:0.69-1.96kPa; 婴儿:0.29-0.78kPa。 [临床意义] 1(压力增高见于: (1)颅内各种炎症性病变:化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、霉菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜炎、乙型脑炎、脊髓灰质炎。 (2)颅内非炎症性病变:脑膜血管梅毒、麻痹性痴呆、脑肿瘤、脑脓肿(未破者)、脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血、硬膜下血肿、硬膜外血肿、颅内静脉窦血栓形成、脑积水、脑损伤、癫痫大发作、铅中毒性脑病等。 (3)颅外因素:高血压、动脉硬化、某些眼病、头部局部瘀血或全身瘀血性疾病等。 (4)其他因素:咳嗽、喷嚏、压腹、哭泣、深呼吸时等。 2(压力降低见于: (1)脑脊液循环受阻:枕大区阻塞、脊髓压迫症、脊髓蛛网膜下腔粘连、硬膜下血肿。 (2)脑脊液流失过多:颅脑损伤后脑脊液漏、短期内多次放脑脊液、持续性脑室引流。 (3)脑脊液分泌减少。 (4)不明原因的颅内压降低(低颅压症候群)。 (5)穿刺针头不完全在椎管内。 2、比重测定 [正常参考值] 1.005-1.009。 [临床意义] 脑脊液比重增高常见于脑系炎症、肿瘤、出血性脑病、尿毒症、糖尿病等。 3、酸碱度及气体张力测定 [正常参考值] pH:7.28-7.32; HCO3-:22mmol/L; Po2:5.3-5.9KPa; PCO2:5.9-6.7kPa。 [临床意义] 1(脑膜炎双球菌性脑膜炎、糖尿病昏迷、结核性脑膜炎时，脑脊液pH值常减低。 2(急性脑梗塞时，脑脊液pH值及PO2降低，而乳酸升高，对判断脑缺氧、代谢和脑血流有帮助。 4、色氨酸试验 [正常参考值]阴性。 [临床意义] 化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、流行性脑膜炎，均可出现阳性反应。凡外观为无色透明的脑脊液，本试验阳性，则多为结核性脑膜炎。 5、乳酸定量试验 [正常参考值]1.0-2.8mmol/L。 [临床意义]脑脊液乳酸含量增高常见于化脓性脑膜炎、结核性脑膜炎、脑血流量明显减少、低碳酸血症、脑积水、癫痫大发作或持续状态、脑脓肿、急性脑梗塞、脑死亡等。 for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 6、谷氨酰胺测定 [正常参考值]0.41-1.61mmol/L。 [临床意义] 脑脊液谷氨酰胺增高常见于肝硬化晚期，进入肝昏迷期时可高达3.4mmol/L，出血性脑膜炎呈轻度增高. 病例摘要 患者男，36岁，某信鸽协会会员，低热、咳嗽、咯粘液痰3月余。因咳嗽加重并头痛、恶心2天入院。体检:T38.6?.颈软，双肺呼吸音粗糙。胸部X线摄片见双肺散在粟粒性病灶。查WBC:10.6X109/L，中性0.56，淋巴0.44，血沉52mm/h，痰涂片检苗无阳性发现。 诊断及治疗 原发性肺结核。给与链霉索、异烟肼、利福平、静脉输液及对症治疗。第6天病情加重，高热、抽搐，频烦呕吐，意识不清。体检:T39.5?，颈亢，双肺有痰鸣音，克氏征及布氏征阳性。脑脊液检查:脑压3.04kPa，细胞数120x106/L，糖1.2mmol/L，氯化物106mmol/L。蛋白1.1g/L，CSF涂片墨汁染色隐球菌阳性。 修正诊断及治疗 隐球菌性肺炎;2隐球菌性脑膜炎。停用抗痨药物，加用两性霉索B静滴，5一氟胞嘧啶、制霉菌素口服。1周后旋及CSF培养均分离出新型隐球菌，住院12周，痊愈出院。 病例讨论 隐球菌可见于世界各地，在牛奶、鸽粪中均曾发现，但临床病倒少见，罕有报道。且本病无明显的特异性现，多隐袭性、亚急性或慢性起病，初诊多考虑为常见病。本病系新型隐球菌经呼吸道吸入肺而感染，当病变局限于肺内时，其呼吸道症状多轻微。有文献报道称约1/3患者无脑膜刺激症状，部分患者低热、轻咳、咯粘液痰，偶有胸膜刺激症，多误诊为一般呼吸道炎症，周围血及胸片亦无特异性改变。本病例即据胸片误诊为结核。其侵犯中枢神经系统，CSF类似结脑改变者，应高度警惕本病，病原菌检查对本病有特异性诊断意义，均靠病原菌检查确诊，应引起重视。 凝血四项属于检验科临检检查项目之一，归属于血栓性疾病检查。为手术前必查项目、血栓前检查项目及监控临床口服抗凝药物患者。 患者住院做手术前，医生总会要求患者取血做凝血4项检查，凝血四项包括凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)，目的是在术前了解患者的止血功能有无缺陷，以事先有所准备，防止术中大出血而措手不及。人体的止血功能十分重要。当人意外受伤流血时，止血功能迅速发挥作用，使血液凝固堵住伤口而止血，避免血液大量丢失。当患者需要手术时，医师必须事先了解患者的止血功能，如止血功能不健全，患者术中可能会大出血以至发生手术意外甚至死亡。 凝血四项内容及正常值: for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet 一.凝血因子测定: 1活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT):秒数:25-37，需与正常对照比较超过10s以上异常 2凝血酶原时间(PT):秒数:11-14 ，需与正常对照超过3s以上异常。活动度:80-120% INR:0.8-1.2 3纤维蛋白原(FIB):2-4 g/L 4凝血酶时间(TT):秒数:12-16 需与正常对照超过3s以上异常 二.纤维蛋白溶解检测: APTT:主要反映内源性凝血系统状况，常用于监测肝素用量。增高见于血浆因子?、因子?和因子XI水平减低:如血友病A、血友病B及因子XI缺乏症;降低见于高凝状态:如促凝物质进入血液及凝血因子的活性增高等情况; PT:主要反映外源性凝血系统状况，其中INR常用于监测口服抗凝剂。延长见于先天性凝血因子????缺乏及纤维蛋白原缺乏，后天凝血因子缺乏主要见于维生素K缺乏、严重的肝脏疾病、纤溶亢进、DIC、口服抗凝剂等;缩短见于血液高凝状态和血栓性疾病等; FIB:主要反映纤维蛋白原的含量。增高见于急性心肌梗死 减低见于DIC消耗性低凝溶解期、原发性纤溶症、重症肝炎、肝硬化; TT:主要反映纤维蛋白原转为纤维蛋白的时间。增高见于DIC纤溶亢进期，低(无)纤维蛋白原血症，异常血红蛋白血症，雪中纤维蛋白(原)降解产物(FDPs)增高;降低无临床意义。 for computer software engineering GB/T50314-2000 of electrical installations code for construction and acceptance of GBJ232- 92 intelligent building weak design construction figure set GJBT-471 2. system description this times engineering weak design including: hours a Kok information facilities system integrated wiring system (containing room network, communications part) wired TV system information guide and the released system hours II Kok public security system fire automatically alarm system (containing public broadcast part) security technology prevention system security monitoring system out entrance control system car library management system hours three Kok building equipment monitoring system hours four Kok information application system queued station ICU visitation system operation the system monitoring and training system call intercom system hours, five hours Kok Kok intelligent integrated system of information system (1) cabling systems (including computer room network, communication component) computer network systems and voice communications systems Center of information on medical floor computer room located in the engine room. Voice communication system using a local telecommunications operator providing voice service, configuration-independent integrated services digital program-controlled switchboards. Operators providing communications ... If any compatibility requirements, by way of increased access to the Communications Board within the chassis to meet