孕妇不能用的药

孕妇不能用的药 ?孕妇不能用的药 孕妇妊娠用药禁忌，分为禁用和慎用两类。禁用药是毒性较强或药性较猛烈的药物，故绝对禁用;慎用的药物多属通经去瘀、行气破滞、辛热滑利或具有沉降作用的药物，可根据孕妇的具体情况，酌情考虑是禁还是用。药物对胎儿产生的危害，可分为毒性和致畸形两类。毒性作用在胚胎发育早期，可以导致胚胎死亡，造成流产;在中期和晚期影响胎儿的发育，出生低能儿或低体重儿。如果药物仅影响胎儿的某一脏器功能，则会使这一脏器的功能发生异常，导致各种新生儿疾病。畸形所引起的危害，一般是死胎或出生后不久即死，或致心、肾畸形等难以治疗的疾病，或致兔唇、腭裂等。胎儿中毒或发生畸形，还可以引起母亲的大出血或不凝血以及难产等。犯忌用药的后果是可怕的，但不是一用药就犯忌。 那么，哪些药物是孕妇应禁用或忌用的呢,下面分两大类作逐介绍。 (1)中药类:我国古代医家将孕妇禁用和慎用的40种中草药，编成了一首歌诀，叫《妊娠禁忌歌》，现抄录于下:螈斑水蛭与虻虫，乌头附子及天雄，野葛水银暨巴豆，牛膝薏苡并蜈蚣，棱莪赭石芫花麝，大戟蝉蜕黄雌雄，砒石硝黄牡丹桂，槐花牵牛皂角同，半夏南星兼通草，瞿麦干姜桃木通，硇砂干漆鳖爪甲，地胆茅根与蔗虫。这首歌诀所的禁忌药可分为三类:?绝对禁用的剧毒药:螈青(青娘虫)、斑蝥、天雄、乌头、附子、野葛、水银、巴豆、芫花、大戟、硇砂、地胆、红砒、白砒。?禁用的有毒药:水蛭、虻虫、蜈蚣、雄黄、雌黄、牵牛子、干漆、鳖爪甲、麝香。?慎用药:茅根、木通、瞿麦、通草、薏苡仁、代赭石、芒硝、牙硝、朴硝、桃仁、牡丹皮、三棱、牛膝、干姜、肉桂、生半夏、皂角、生南星、槐花、蝉蜕等。此外，人们在实践中还发现下现中药也是孕妇应慎用的:瓜蒂、藜芦、胆矾、郁李仁、蜂蜜、甘遂、赤芍、朱砂、全蝎、枳实、红花、五灵脂、没药、雪上一枝蒿、莪术、商陆、当归、川芎、丹参、益母草、桃红、血竭、穿山甲、泽兰、乳香、毛冬草、吴茱萸、砂仁、豆蔻、厚朴、木香、枳壳、金铃子、黄莲、栀子、龙胆草、山豆根、大青叶、板蓝根、苦参、丹皮、生地、玄参、紫草、犀角、茅根、槐花、川乌、草乌、延胡索、细辛、白芍、白芷、甘草、酸枣仁、海龙、海马、芦荟、洋金花、天南星、太子参、王不留行、硫黄、樟脑、玄明粉、蟾酥、土鳖虫、红娘云、阿魏、猪牙皂、路路通、八月木、柴胡、天仙子、马鞭草、白附子、麻黄、冬葵子、蓖麻油、番泻叶等。总之，孕妇应禁用和慎用的中药，概括起来为毒药、活血化瘀药、行气驱风药、苦寒清热药、凉血解毒药。 (2)西药类: 青霉素:可破坏胎儿红细胞，引起严重黄疸，使胎儿死亡。 链霉素:引起先天性耳聋，骨骼发育畸形。四环素:致牙釉质形成不全，骨骼、心脏畸形，先天性白内障，肢体短小或缺损(如缺四指)，新生儿溶血性黄疸，最严重者可出现脑核性黄疸甚至死亡。 土霉素、强力霉素:使胎儿短肢。 氯霉素:致新生儿血液循环障碍、呼吸功能不全、发绀、腹胀(即“灰婴综合征”)。如在妊娠末期大量使用，可引起新生儿血小板减少症、再生障碍性贫血或胎儿死亡。 professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, 卡那霉素:致耳聋。 红霉素:致先天性白内障、四肢畸形、脑膨出。 庆大霉素:造成胎儿耳损伤，甚至引起先天性胃血管畸形和多囊肾。 磺胺类药物(以长效磺胺和抗菌增效剂为主):致高胆红素血症、脑核性黄疸、畸形。 海洛因:使胎儿呼吸抑制、死亡。 度冷丁(杜冷丁):致新生儿窒息。 吗啡、安侬痛:抑制新生儿呼吸，使新生儿呈戒断样抑制状态，如在分娩前一周服用，可致新生儿痉挛、兴奋和尖锐的哭声。 阿司匹林:致胎儿小、畸形，引起新生儿凝血酶原减少而出血及肝脏的解毒与排泄功能障碍。 非那西汀和扑热息痛:引起新生儿高铁血红蛋白血症。 消炎痛:引起黄疸和再生障碍性贫血。巴比妥类:影响胎儿脑细胞发育。 苯妥英钠:致胎儿心脏先天性畸形、面及手发育迟缓、兔唇、腭裂。 扑痫酮:可致胎儿指趾畸形，妊娠后期服用可致胎儿发生窒息、出血及脑损伤。 安眠酮:致畸形。 安定、安宁、利眠宁、导眠能:可致胎儿畸形和女胎男性化。 反应停:使胎儿无肢或短肢、无眼、无耳、唇裂、肠管闭锁、心脏畸形。 苯丙酸诺龙:引起腭裂。 胰岛素:引起流产、早产、死产和其它先天性畸形。 黄体酮:使女胎男性化。 可的松和强的松:致胎儿唇裂、腭裂。可的松还可致胎儿无脑、早产、早死。 孕酮、睾丸酮:引起胎儿外生殖器畸形。 维生素D:大量服用，可致胎儿高钙血症和智能发育迟缓。 professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, 维生素K:大量服用，可引起高胆红素血症、核黄疸。 维生素B6:大量服用，可使新生儿产生维生素B6依赖症、抽搐。维生素B6的衍生物脑复新，在动物实验中引起裂唇，亦应慎用。 多种维生素:如果在妊娠头三个月内服用，婴儿患神经系统缺陷症的危险性高达60%。 丙脒嗪:致胎儿四肢畸形。 抗疟药奎宁、氯化奎啉、乙胺嘧啶:能致胎儿脑积水、脑膜膨出、腭裂、肾停止发育或畸形、视网膜损伤。 扑尔敏、敏可静、安其敏、苯海拉明、乘晕宁等抗过敏药:除有潜在的致腭裂、唇裂、缺肢作用外，还可使肝中毒及脑损伤，抑制新生儿呼吸。 氟脲嘧啶、环磷酰胺:可使胎儿四肢、上腭、外鼻、泌尿道畸形，以及死亡。 氨基蝶呤:致胎儿无脑、脑积水、脑膜膨出、唇裂、腭裂或四肢畸形。 羟基脲和白消安:致胎儿多发性畸形。 白血宁:引起中枢神经系统损伤、无脑。 6-巯基嘌呤、丙酸睾丸酮、L-门冬酰胺酶:致胎儿畸形。 苯丁酸氮芥:能引起肾、输尿管缺损。 噻替哌、5-氟硫脲嘧啶、丝裂霉素C、秋水仙碱:致胎儿死亡。如果是在妊娠第16周后使用这些抗肿瘤药物，还是比较安全的。 双香豆素类药物:可致胎儿皮肤出血斑、脑障碍、胎盘早剥、骨和颜面畸形、智力低下或胎儿死亡。 华法令:致鼻骨发育异常、畸形。 甲苯磺丁脲(甲糖宁、甲磺丁脲、D860):引起流产、早产，具有催畸作用。 丙硫氧嘧啶、甲硫氧嘧啶、他巴唑、甲亢平、碘化钾:致甲状腺机能低下症、呆小病、骨化延迟、尿道下裂。 双氢克尿塞或环无戊氯塞嗪:可引起新生儿血小板减少症。 利血平:引起新生儿中毒，出现鼻塞、呼吸道阻塞、甚至因缺氧而死亡。 professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, 咖啡因:引起唇腭裂。 乙醚:大量持续使用，可致胎儿死亡。 一切含砷药物:均致胎儿死亡。 多粘菌素E、B及万古霉素:服用时间过长，使孕妇发生急性肾功能衰竭，使孩子在出生后的3年里易患神经--肌肉阻滞、运动失调、眩晕、惊厥及口周感觉异常。万古霉素还可致婴儿暂时或永久性耳聋。 利福平:致胎儿耳聋。 抗真菌类药物两性 target=_blank>两性霉素B、灰黄霉素、制霉菌素、克霉唑:对孕妇的神经系统、造血系统、肝肾功能有严重不良反应。灰黄霉素还导致流产和畸胎。 氨苯蝶啶(三氨蝶呤):对孕产妇有肝损害、改变血象。 速尿灵:对孕妇和产妇产生恶心呕吐、腹泻、药疹、瘙痒、视力模糊、体位性低血压甚至水与电解质紊乱。 利尿酸:可引起暂时性听力减退，有时可发展为永久性耳聋。 其他:酒精中毒孕妇娩出的新生儿可呈戒断样抑制状态;酒精可致胎儿多发性畸形。使用避孕药者应在彻底停药半年以后再孕，方可避免因用药不当而引起的畸形或痴呆儿出生。以上药物在妊娠期都要禁用或慎用，非用不可者，应在医生指导下进行。要做到用药单一、剂量小、时间短。 ??附:孕妇一些常见疾病防治建议 一、阴道炎 临床现:据石家庄市第四医院产科副主任医师张艳华介绍，妊娠期常见阴道炎主要是霉菌性阴道炎和细菌性阴道炎。两者虽同样表现为白带增多，但霉菌性阴道炎主要症状为外阴痒痛，而细菌性阴道炎则主要是有异味。 危害:妊娠期阴道炎容易导致胎膜早破等症状，且极易引发胎儿宫内缺氧及新生儿感染。对于孕妇来说则易于导致感染发热，影响伤口愈合等。 建议:保持外阴清洁干燥，穿纯棉透气和较为宽松的内裤。尽量少用卫生护垫。确诊后应在医师指导下用药，定期做产前检查。 二、妊娠高血压综合症:日常保健是关键 professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater, 临床表现:血压升高，出现蛋白尿、水肿等现象。 危害:易于导致胎儿宫内发育迟缓等症状。孕妇易出现抽搐、昏迷，引发心脑血管意外等，严重时甚至导致大出血。 建议:注意保持均衡营养，充足睡眠，此外，还应适量补钙，保持愉快的心情，切忌紧张，多食用含盐量较低的食物。 三、缺铁性贫血:补铁要适量 临床表现:面色苍白，易心慌、头晕。 危害:易于导致胎儿宫内发育迟缓，胎儿窘迫，严重时可导致子宫内大出血。 建议:除注意饮食补铁外，还应适时补充铁剂。 四、其他常见症状及处理 (一)腰背痛:妊娠期间由于关节韧带松弛，增大的子宫向前突使躯体重心后移，腰椎向前突使背伸肌处于持续紧张状态，常出现轻微腰背痛。张医师提醒，若腰背痛明显者，应及时查找原因，按病因治疗。必要时卧床休息、局部热敷及服止痛片。 (二)下肢浮肿:张医师介绍，孕妇于妊娠后期常有踝部及小腿下半部轻度浮肿，经休息后消退，属正常现象。但若下肢浮肿明显，经休息后仍不消退，则应想到妊娠高血压综合症或其他合并症，应及时就医。此外，睡眠取左侧卧位，下肢垫高15度使下肢血液回流改善，浮肿多可减轻。 (三)便秘:妊娠期间由于肠蠕动及肠张力减弱，加之运动量减少，极易发生便秘。张医师建议，每日清晨饮开水一杯，养成每日按时排便的良好习惯，日常也应多吃一些富含纤维素多的新鲜蔬菜和水果，必要时应口服缓泻剂。 (四)仰卧位低血压:于妊娠末期，孕妇若较长时间取仰卧姿势，增大的妊娠子宫则会压迫下腔静脉，致使回心血量及心排出量减少，出现低血压。张医师介绍，此时若改为侧卧姿势，使下腔静脉血流通畅，则血压很快便会恢复正常。 professional engineer 1, each equipped with the professional technician 1, 2 technicians, carry out their duties. By the Resident Engineer of the conservation section chiefs and marketing grasp work and coordination. Six and lawn maintenance, planting is completed, often with a 1-2 lawn maintenance can grow into the fullness of the week. After the lawn grow, but also to carry out regular maintenance and management, to ensure the lawn landscape continues for a long time. Lawn maintenance management including: irrigation, fertilization, pruning, weeding and other links. 1, irrigate irrigation lawn fertility environments can be improved, adding water plant the lawn, is a guarantee of normal lawn. In view of the lawn during the growth season, lawn and the environment is in a State of flux, coordination of water and soil and improving the microclimate of the Center, water cannot be implemented according to a fixed pattern, following a number of technical points for reference. (1) the irrigation time growing season, according to the different periods of precipitation is extremely important and timely irrigation of different grass species. Can generally be divided into three periods: ? turned green before the rainy season. High temperatures during this period, transpiration, water requirements, and is one of the most crucial irrigation under soil water retention properties of strength and rainy periods during which Bush 2-4. ? largely ceased during the rainy season irrigation. Air humidity during this period, grass transpiration decreased soil moisture content has increased to a level sufficient to meet the needs of lawn growth. ? to yellowing of the leaf after this period before the rainy season precipitation, evaporation is greater,