【英美文学】欧美文化笔记

【英美文学】欧美文化笔记 1．希腊罗马 Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家： Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides [tr]Tragic dramatist 喜剧家： Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家： Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学： Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I’ll move the World” Others Diogenes (the Cynics) Pyrrhon(the Sceptics) Epicurus (the Epicureans) Zeno (the Stoics) 4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达 到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克 2.基督教和圣经 Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及， 开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后 Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。 Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教 合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。 Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382 年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint 3.中世纪 开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败 5-11世纪 a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church 反击Moslems，开始了Crusades Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732 St. Thomas Aquinas(Scholasticism)写了 Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy(层次，等级) of society is God’s rule The power of feudal rulers is God’s will Pope is Christ’s Plenipotentiary Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular Roger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research, called for careful observation Dante(但丁) 神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature Chaucer first modern poet in English literature 4.文艺复兴与宗教改革 14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪 Petrarch Sonnet, father of modern poetry 文艺复兴早期的艺术家： Giotto forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomy Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures 意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家： Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382 Jan Hus Czech Religious leader John Calvin 基督教教义 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism Rabelais 拉伯雷 <巨人传> french writer Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代人 法国第一个近代抒情诗人 Montaigne 蒙田 散文集 French Writer Cervantes father of modern European novel spain Thomas More British writer Shakespeare 作品包括<<哈姆雷特>><<麦克白>><<奥瑟罗>><<李尔王>><<威尼斯商人>><<第十二夜>><<皆大欢喜>><<罗密欧与朱丽叶>><<安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉>><<亨利四世>><<亨利五世>> crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就 Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父 Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy (解剖学) founder of modern medicine Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Vosari 1492, Columbus发现了America 1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope 1497,da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope 5. 17世纪 Copernicus 天体运行论 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine Kepler Kepler’s Law (the three laws of planetary motion)德 国 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation Galileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics, the law of inertia, the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律 Newton 英国 Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding: self-conscious(自我意识)conscious(意 识)unconscious/subconscious (潜意识)他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人 Milton Areopagitica， English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power 英国 反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开 Hobbes 利维坦 Materialist (knowledge come from experience) Social Contract 英国 认为最好的统治方式是monarchy Locke [tr]政治论 Materialist views (ideas derived from sensation or from reflection) Social Contract 英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton Cromwell the man of action John Milton the man of thought 在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer Descartes 笛卡尔 Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法国 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France Corneille 高乃依熙得 法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突 Racine the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突 Moliere 达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗 很多科学器械在被发明：microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum 1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利 法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre 英国最著名建筑：St. Paul’s Cathedral 6.启蒙运动 the age of reason 18th century intellectual movement starting from France the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke’s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitation Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes 18世纪两大著名运动： The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S. 独立宣言 The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792 人权宣言 French Philosophy and Literature Montesquieu Separation of powers 法国启蒙运动的先驱 Voltaire most famous of his novels Rousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment Diderot English Literature Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体 Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England 鲁滨逊漂流记 Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time Henry Fielding Father of the English novel Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel Samuel Johnson editor of [url=]18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊 The Tatler 和 The Spectator, Addison 和 Steele经常在上面写文章 German Literature and Philosophy Lessing German dramastist German classicism Goethe Schiller a founder of modern German literature Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> reason> The Musical Enlightenment J. S. Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment Handel 亨德尔 being his crowning masterpiece Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820 Haydn Classical period Viennese school Mozart Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position, leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music [/url]7. 浪漫主义 Romanticism late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise: the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book , which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism. Romanticism in Germany The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress The Jena School: Schlegel Brothers, Novalis and Tieck Heine: 海涅在1836年发表<<论浪漫派>>，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束 Romanticism in England Blake: The Lakers: Wordsworth and Coleridge Byron: is considered his masterpiece the fact that the poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny Shelley noted for his lyrics Keats famous for his sonnets Walter Scott Romanticism in France Chateaubriand : Victor Hugo: 法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。他于1827年发表的 Cromwell>是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。他的长篇小说 巴黎圣母院 悲惨世界宣 扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。The greatest poet of his day George Sand:法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家 Romanticism in Italy Manzoni: 约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人 民为主人公的小说 Leopardi: he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism Romanticism in Russia Russia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetry Pushkin: 俄国浪漫主义先锋(van) a Byronic character his masterpiece is 创造了俄国文学中 的第一个“多余的人“的典型 Lermontov:[url=]draws a fine portrait of Pushkin Romanticism in Poland Adam Mickiewicz: beginning of Polish Romanticism is his masterpiece Art and Architecture Goya Spanish painter and etcher(蚀刻家)欧洲浪漫主义先驱 Execution of the Third of May> Children> David French Painter Delacroix 代表着法国浪漫主义绘画 的最高成就 Gericault French painter Turner English landscape painter Constable English landscape painter Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就 Music 早期浪漫主义音乐家： Beethoven(贝多芬) German Composer marked the beginning of 19th century programme music Schubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer Schumann(舒曼) German composer Mendelssohn（门德尔松）German composer 后期浪漫主义音乐家： Berlioz（伯辽兹）French composer Liszt（里斯特）Hungarian composer Wagner（瓦格纳）German composer Brahms（伯拉姆斯）German composer Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer [/url]8. 马克思主义和达尔文主义 Marxism and Darwinism The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy: Hegelian dialectics 黑格尔辩证法 Feuerbach’s materialism费尔巴哈唯物论 Marxist Philosophy Dialectical materialism马克思主义辩证唯物论 Historical materialism 马克思主义历史唯物论 English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics Surplus value was the source of profit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist class Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx’s economic theory Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism Robert Owen: English industrialist and social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon: French social philosopher Charles Fourier: French social philosopher Darwinism As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself. In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus, Galileo and Newton. Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject. However, he failed to produce any evidence, French naturalist（自然主义者） Lyell English geologist Karl Marx Darwin’s works and Theories: On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life The Descent of Man 9. 现实主义Realism arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France Realism in France Stendhal 司汤达 红与黑是法国批判现实主义第一部成 熟的作品 巴马修道院 Balzac巴尔扎克 Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac Flaubert 福楼拜 非常重视艺术形式he is often called the first French realist 包法利夫人 Zora 左拉 founder of the naturalist school 鲁贡玛－马卡尔家族史 Maupassant 莫伯桑 Realism in Russia Gogol果戈里 the first master of fiction in Russia Chickikov A character in Shame, and hypocrisy Turgenev屠格涅夫 the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪与罚 卡拉马佐夫兄弟 Leo Tolstoy列夫托尔斯泰 战争与和平 安娜卡列尼娜 复活 Chekhov契诃夫海欧 万尼亚舅舅 Sisters>三姐妹 樱桃园 Realism in Northern Europe Ibsen His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama Strindberg The above three are his autobiographical works His first play is Realism in England This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria, 这时期意味着大英帝国 的顶峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整个国家内乱不断，危机重重 Charles Dickens 大卫科波菲尔 荒凉山庄 艰难时世 其小说展现了广阔的社会生活，真实情节 与诗意气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧的结合 George Eliot(Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME) is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century Thackeray萨克雷 名利场 他的写作范围多局限于上流社会 Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge> Bernard Shaw萧伯纳 won the Nobel Prize in 1925 Realism in the United States Harriet Beecher Stowe: Walt Whitman: Considered to be the greatest of all American poets Mark Twain: 哈克贝里芬历险记 a masterpiece of humour, characterization and realism, has been considered the first modern American novel 镀金岁 月 Henry James 出身世家，所以关注上层人物 the master beyond all masters 贵妇人画像 Art Courbet库尔贝 French artist 反映生活的真实是创作的最高原则 石工 奥尔南的葬礼 Millet米勒 French artist “农民画家”播种者拾穗者 Impressionism in Art印象派艺术 Manet 草地上的午餐 福列斯贝热尔酒吧间 Monet 日出印象 Post-Impressionism in Art 后印象派艺术 Paul Cezanne赛尚 Van Gogh 凡高 Paul Gauguin 高更 French painter 10. 现代主义及其它思潮 Modernism and other trends also called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th century Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century: Rontgen: the discovery of X-rays 伦琴 德国物理学家发明X射线 Becquerel: the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium 贝克勒尔 法国物 理学家 放射性现象的发现者，肯定了铀元素自发射线的性质 Marie Curie the discovery of radium居里夫人 法国物理学家和放射学家发现镭 Soddy the discovery of isotopes 索迪 英国放射化学家 同位素 Rutherford the discovery of the atomic nucleus卢瑟福 英国物理学家发现原子核 Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity Contemporary Western Literature Eliot Conrad polish novelist Woolf English novelist Lawrence English writer considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction Love> Yeats Irish writer Joyce Man> Irish writer Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement American poet Faulkner Hemingway [url=] Tolls> Thomas Mann The most influential and representative German author of his time Gide French writer Proust French novelist Albert Camus French novelist Gorky The greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century Sholokhov soviet author Literature and Philosophy Since 1945 Angry Young Men in England 英国愤怒的青年 Amis Osborne Beat Generation in America美国垮掉的一代 Ginsberg Kerouac Nouveau Roman (New Novel) 法国新小说派 Robber-Griller Sarraute The Theatre of the Absurd欧洲的荒诞派 Beckett Irish writer Ionesco French writer Black Humour 美国黑色幽默派 Heller