利润率与资金回报率

利润率与资金回报率 利润率 利润率是剩余价值与全部预付资本的比率,利润率是剩余价值率的转化形式,是同一剩余价值量不同的方法计算出来的另一种比率。 如以p`代利润率,C代表全部预付资本,c+v,,那么利润率p`=m/C=m/(c+v)。 利润率反映企业一定时期利润水平的相对指标。利润率指标既可考核企业利润的完成情况,又可比较各企业之间和不同时期的经营管理水平,提高经济效益。成本利润率=利润?成本×100%,销售利润率=利润?销售×100% 区别利润率与剩余价值率的关系 利润率 1..利润率是剩余价值率的转化形式 2.两者按同一方向变化 3.利润率总是小于剩余价值率 4.两者反映的关系不同 利润率公式 利润率,profit rate, 利润率 利润?成本×100%=利润率 利润率常用百分比表示。 成本利润率=利润?成本×100% 销售利润率=利润?销售×100% 表现形式 利润率 poverty. In the area of poverty alleviation, to rely on e-commerce business park, active docking Alibaba group "rural treasure", "the stars plan" and "featured the Museum" project to accelerate the implementation of electronic commerce "hundred thousand rural village" project, free train operation staff, offering online support help for poor families, the provision of micro-credit support, helping them to use e-commerce platform to escape poverty. In poverty reduction, give a man a fish and feed him for a day, to targeted skills training and entrepreneurship training free of charge for the poor, increase employment, entrepreneurial skills, ensure the transfer of training people, poverty. In terms of student poverty, high school, vocational college students ' stipends and other costs, can be through the "one card", such as direct subsidies to households. In terms of financial poverty, in order to further increase the size of loans, expands the scope of delivery, developing industry, Enterprise provides protection for the poor. In respect of transport poverty alleviation, to solve the bottleneck in poor villages, development of transport, vigorously promoting the construction of rural roads and ordinary roads. PV poverty reduction, to support conditions of poor villages and photovoltaic system of centralized, poor construction projects, poor 企业利润率的主要形式有, ?销售利润率。 一定时期的销售利润总额与销售收入总额的比率。它表明单位销售收入获得的利润,反映销售收入和利润的关系。 ?成本利润率。 一定时期的销售利润总额与销售成本总额之比。它表明单位销售成本获得的利润,反映成本与利润的关系。 ?产值利润率。 一定时期的销售利润总额与总产值之比,它表明单位产值获得的利润,反映产值与利润的关系。 ?资金利润率。 一定时期的销售利润总额与资金平均占用额的比率。它表明单位资金获得的销售利润,反映企业资金的利用效果。 ?净利润率。 一定时期的净利润,税后利润,与销售净额的比率。它表明单位销售收入获得税后利润的能力,反映销售收入与净利润的关系。 主要因素 利润率 利润率是剩余价值转化为利润,剩余价值率就转化为利润率。利润率是剩余价值与全部预付资本的比率。利润率和剩余价值率是同一个剩余价值量与不同资本数量的对 比得出的不同比率。利润率表示全部预付资本的增值程度,而且在量上总是小于剩余价值率,从而掩盖了资本主义的剥削程度。 利润率是经常变动的,决定和影响利润率的主要因素有, ?第一,剩余价值率。在其他条件相同的情况下,剩余价值率高,利润率就高,反之,剩余价值率低,利润率也低。因此,凡是能够提高剩余价值率的方法,都会相应地提高利润率。 poverty. In the area of poverty alleviation, to rely on e-commerce business park, active docking Alibaba group "rural treasure", "the stars plan" and "featured the Museum" project to accelerate the implementation of electronic commerce "hundred thousand rural village" project, free train operation staff, offering online support help for poor families, the provision of micro-credit support, helping them to use e-commerce platform to escape poverty. In poverty reduction, give a man a fish and feed him for a day, to targeted skills training and entrepreneurship training free of charge for the poor, increase employment, entrepreneurial skills, ensure the transfer of training people, poverty. In terms of student poverty, high school, vocational college students ' stipends and other costs, can be through the "one card", such as direct subsidies to households. In terms of financial poverty, in order to further increase the size of loans, expands the scope of delivery, developing industry, Enterprise provides protection for the poor. In respect of transport poverty alleviation, to solve the bottleneck in poor villages, development of transport, vigorously promoting the construction of rural roads and ordinary roads. PV poverty reduction, to support conditions of poor villages and photovoltaic system of centralized, poor construction projects, poor ?第二,资本有机构成。资本有机构成高,利润率低,资本有机构成低,利润率高。 ?第三,资本周转速度。资本周转速度加快,提高年剩余价值率,从而也提高年利润率。资本的年利润率与资本周转速度成同方向变化。 ?第四,不变资本的节省。在剩余价值率、剩余价值量一定的情况下,节省不变资本,可以减少预付资本,从而提高利润率。 问 利润率 在资本主义下,利润率有一种越来越降低的趋势。 这是因为,随着资本主义大工业的发展,资本的有机构成是不断提高的,这种提高必然要引起利润率的下降。但是,这只不过是问题的一个方面。除此之外,还必须看到有一系列因素在阻碍和延缓着利润率的下降。例如,随着资本主义的发展,资本家对工人的剥削在不断地加强,由于劳动生产率的提高,机器、设备、原料等生 产资料的价值也在不断地下降。此外,资本主义国家通过对外贸易的不等价交换,也可以提高它们的利润率。因此,马克思说,“一般地说我们已经看到,同样一些引起一般利润率下降的原因,将会生出相反的作用,阻碍它的下降,缓和它的下降,并且部分地使它变得微弱。……所以,这个规律只是当作倾向来发生作用,它的作用,只有在一定情况下,并且经过长的期间,方才会明白地显示出来。” 、 由此可以明白,尽管利润率有逐渐下降的趋势,但这绝不等于说资本家所获得的利润量越来越少,更不等于说工人的处境可以越来越得到改善。事情绝不是这样的。正是由于利润率倾向下降的规律的作用,使资本对雇佣劳动的剥削日益poverty. In the area of poverty alleviation, to rely on e-commerce business park, active docking Alibaba group "rural treasure", "the stars plan" and "featured the Museum" project to accelerate the implementation of electronic commerce "hundred thousand rural village" project, free train operation staff, offering online support help for poor families, the provision of micro-credit support, helping them to use e-commerce platform to escape poverty. In poverty reduction, give a man a fish and feed him for a day, to targeted skills training and entrepreneurship training free of charge for the poor, increase employment, entrepreneurial skills, ensure the transfer of training people, poverty. In terms of student poverty, high school, vocational college students ' stipends and other costs, can be through the "one card", such as direct subsidies to households. In terms of financial poverty, in order to further increase the size of loans, expands the scope of delivery, developing industry, Enterprise provides protection for the poor. In respect of transport poverty alleviation, to solve the bottleneck in poor villages, development of transport, vigorously promoting the construction of rural roads and ordinary roads. PV poverty reduction, to support conditions of poor villages and photovoltaic system of centralized, poor construction projects, poor 加强,并使资本主义社会所固有的对抗性矛盾日益尖锐。 资金回报率 资金回报率即在一定时期内的收益占本金的比率。一般作为衡量基金投资收益程度的参数。 资金回报类型 把基金在一定时期内的收益定义为总回报,作为衡量基金以往表现的最基本方法。 总回报的来源有两部分, 一是收入回报 即基金在一定时期内收到的分红和利息收入,例如股息、债券利息和银行存款利息等, 二是资本回报 反映基金所持有的股票与债券价格涨跌的幅度。 首先要了解基金的资产净值,这是计算总回报的基础。 总回报表现为该时期单位基金资产净值的增长率。 基金资产净值 资产的净值是在某一时点上,基金资产的总市值扣除负债后的余额,代表了基金持有人的权益。单位基金资产净值,即每一基金单位代表的基金资产的净值。 单位基金资产净值=(总资产-总负债)/基金单位总数 其中,总资产指基金拥有的所有资产,包括股票、债券、银行存款和其他有poverty. In the area of poverty alleviation, to rely on e-commerce business park, active docking Alibaba group "rural treasure", "the stars plan" and "featured the Museum" project to accelerate the implementation of electronic commerce "hundred thousand rural village" project, free train operation staff, offering online support help for poor families, the provision of micro-credit support, helping them to use e-commerce platform to escape poverty. In poverty reduction, give a man a fish and feed him for a day, to targeted skills training and entrepreneurship training free of charge for the poor, increase employment, entrepreneurial skills, ensure the transfer of training people, poverty. In terms of student poverty, high school, vocational college students ' stipends and other costs, can be through the "one card", such as direct subsidies to households. In terms of financial poverty, in order to further increase the size of loans, expands the scope of delivery, developing industry, Enterprise provides protection for the poor. In respect of transport poverty alleviation, to solve the bottleneck in poor villages, development of transport, vigorously promoting the construction of rural roads and ordinary roads. PV poverty reduction, to support conditions of poor villages and photovoltaic system of centralized, poor construction projects, poor 价证券等,总负债指基金运作及融资时所形成的负债,包括应付给他人的各项费用、应付资金利息等,基金单位总数是指当时发行在外的基金单位的总量。 按照公允价格计算基金资产的过程就是基金的估值,这是计算单位基金资产净值的关键。由于基金所拥有的股票、债券等资产的市场价格是变动的,所以必须于每个交易日对单位基金资产净值重新计算。封闭式基金净值每周至少公告一次,开放式基金每个交易日都公告净值。 估值方法十分重要。 例1 基金所拥有的上市流通证券,比如某只股票,是按其估值日在证券交易所挂牌的市价(平均价或收盘价)估值。按平均价估值,基金资产净值的变动受股票价格波动的影响要小一些。目前,封闭式基金和少数开放式基金按平均价估值,大多数开放式基金按收盘价估值。最新颁布的将于2004年1月1日起施行的基金信息披露编报规则第2号统一规定,封闭式基金按平均价估值,开放式基金按收盘价估值。 对于开放式基金而言,单位净值是其计价基础,即申购或赎回的价格取决于当日的基金单位净值(一般是次日公布),并加上或扣除相应的交易费用。封闭式基金由于发行规模有限,投资人对基金的需求与供给并不平衡,导致其交易价格高于或低于单位净值,称为溢价交易或折价交易。目前境内封闭式基金普遍处于折价交易状态,折价率约为20%。 例如2 某只开放式基金上年末的单位净值为1元,本年末的单位净值为1.05元,则该基金在本年度的总回报为5%,计算方法为(1.05-1)/1=5%。这一计算并没有考虑基金的分红情况和费用(申购费、赎回费、管理费、托管费等)。由于费用因素比较复杂,本文仅对考虑基金分红的总回报作进一步分析。 基金通常会把已poverty. In the area of poverty alleviation, to rely on e-commerce business park, active docking Alibaba group "rural treasure", "the stars plan" and "featured the Museum" project to accelerate the implementation of electronic commerce "hundred thousand rural village" project, free train operation staff, offering online support help for poor families, the provision of micro-credit support, helping them to use e-commerce platform to escape poverty. In poverty reduction, give a man a fish and feed him for a day, to targeted skills training and entrepreneurship training free of charge for the poor, increase employment, entrepreneurial skills, ensure the transfer of training people, poverty. In terms of student poverty, high school, vocational college students ' stipends and other costs, can be through the "one card", such as direct subsidies to households. In terms of financial poverty, in order to further increase the size of loans, expands the scope of delivery, developing industry, Enterprise provides protection for the poor. In respect of transport poverty alleviation, to solve the bottleneck in poor villages, development of transport, vigorously promoting the construction of rural roads and ordinary roads. PV poverty reduction, to support conditions of poor villages and photovoltaic system of centralized, poor construction projects, poor 经实现的收益向投资人进行分配。分红的基础为"基金净收益",即基金的收入回报和通过卖出证券实现的资本回报,减去依法可以在基金收益中扣除的费用后的余额。按照目前有关规定,分红有两个约束条件:一是基金投资要有已实现的净收益,二是分红比例在一年中不得低于已实现净收益的90%。 对于分红方式,投资人有两种选择,一是分配现金,二是再投资,即将分得的收益再投资于基金,并折算成相应数量的基金单位。 分红后,单位基金资产净值会下降。假设分红前单位净值1.06元,单位分红金额0.05元,则分红后单位净值降至1.01元。 考虑了分红因素后,我们再来计算总回报。总回报=(Ne?Nb)×(1+D1?N1)×(1+D2?N2)×……×(1+Dn?Nn)-1 其中:Ne和Nb分别为期末和期初单位资产净值,D1、D2、Dn分别为第1次、第2次、第n次单位分红金额,N1、N2、Nn分别为第1次、第2次、第n次分红后单位净值。 以前文所举例子,如果该基金在本年度进行了两次分红,第一次分红前的单位净值为1.06元,每基金单位分红0.05元,分红后单位净值1.01元,第二次分红前的单位净值为1.08元,每基金单位分红0.06元,分红后单位净值1.02元。 总回报=(1.05?1)×(1+0.05?1.01)×(1+0.06?1.02)-1=16.68% poverty. In the area of poverty alleviation, to rely on e-commerce business park, active docking Alibaba group "rural treasure", "the stars plan" and "featured the Museum" project to accelerate the implementation of electronic commerce "hundred thousand rural village" project, free train operation staff, offering online support help for poor families, the provision of micro-credit support, helping them to use e-commerce platform to escape poverty. In poverty reduction, give a man a fish and feed him for a day, to targeted skills training and entrepreneurship training free of charge for the poor, increase employment, entrepreneurial skills, ensure the transfer of training people, poverty. In terms of student poverty, high school, vocational college students ' stipends and other costs, can be through the "one card", such as direct subsidies to households. In terms of financial poverty, in order to further increase the size of loans, expands the scope of delivery, developing industry, Enterprise provides protection for the poor. In respect of transport poverty alleviation, to solve the bottleneck in poor villages, development of transport, vigorously promoting the construction of rural roads and ordinary roads. PV poverty reduction, to support conditions of poor villages and photovoltaic system of centralized, poor construction projects, poor