亚麻籽油的营养价值

高职经济管理类专业课程作业 高职经济管理类专业课程作业初探 【摘 要】在高职教育济管理类专业的教学实施过程中，作业的作用并没有完全发挥出来。本文着力于探讨此类专业课程作业对于学生和职业能力培养的功能性及其实施过程，尝试构建了经济管理类专业课程作业系统，期以此文为进一步研究的基础。 【关键词】高职;经济管理;专业课程作业 在高职经济管理类专业课程的教学实施过程中，作业无疑是学生知识、技能与态度习得的一种重要形式。然而在现有教材配有课后习题的情况下，教师布置课程作业的首选形式即是将课程重点内容与习题对应进行选择，让学生以面或者口头形式完成。诚然这样的做法对于学生掌握课程内容尤其是理论内容和知识性内容来说，处置得当。但是从高等职业教育突出学生职业能力培养方面来讲，教材习题作业形式就明显作用有限，即只能够完成理论与知识的理解和掌握，也就是意味着这种作业形式只是学生职业能力培养的基础手段。使学生的知识和理论转化为职业能力的特定的作业形式的内涵是本文讨论的主题。 一、教学过程中的作业 作业即教师布置的功课，由学生课后完成。教学过程中的作业有口头作业、书面作业、实验、实习、实际操作等等，是教学过程中的特殊实践形式，其目的在于印证知识或运用知识形成各种基本技能和技巧，培养学生独立学习的能力并促进其职业能力的发展。 学生的技能、技巧的形成，一般是由掌握知识开始，逐步转向半provides venture platform, makes many youth round has venture dream, for national solution has important of employment problem. Relevant departments units carefully to discover, cultivate talent. From the perspective of Dongping, contradiction of rapid economic development and personnel shortages. Currently facing the industry transformation and upgrading, and transform and upgrade traditional industries, is the development of new industries such as tourism, logistics, e-commerce, we still lack a large number of capital operation and management of talents, the lack of technological innovation, technology transfer, product research and development, tourism services and other high-level professional and technical personnel. Especially with theIndustry further develops, the demand is growing. We must stand in the global and strategic height, with a high degree of political responsibility and historical mission, counties implement talent strategies as a major and pressing task to seize good, practical human resource development as industrial counties of the country. Departments at all levels must firmly establish the "talent is wealth, talent is competitive, talent is creativity" concept, fully aware of the extreme importance of talent, the real talent working on the agenda, the primary task of the primary resources to support the development of talent. 2 the construction of enterprisers ' as the starting point, and promote the transformation and 独立作业，并通过合理的练习，达到较完全的独立作业。从学生掌握知识的基本阶段:?引起求知欲阶段;?感知教材阶段;?理解教材阶段;?巩固知识阶段;?运用知识阶段;?检查知识、技能、技巧阶段，这六个阶段来审视，作业至少贯穿于后三个阶段，所以作业是教学过程中教师必须充分重视的一个关键环节。 高职经济管理类专业课程是紧密围绕企业运营与管理的实践技能展开的，不必讳言的是教材习题是以课本章节为边界，其功能性目标的重点是对理论和程序性知识的巩固和理解，缺乏使学生对企业职业技术的整体工艺的理解和融通，遑论将其转化为实实在在的职业能力。看似学生完成了作业，老师检查、批改也完成了教学任务。然而到企业中再看，学生的实际工作能力还得在企业中现学，职业教育所强调的职业能力培养在作业这一环节并没有被切实地得到训练和提升。 二、职业能力 目前，学者一般将职业能力分为:人际关系、沟通能力、管理能力、一般工作技能、操作技巧、销售能力6大因子。又可以进一步将其细分为:与同事的关系、与人合作、与上级关系、团结他人，适应能力;讲话思路 、倾听他人、撰写公文的能力;创新能力、管理能力、指导培训他人、激励他人、解决问题;一般计算机操作、管理软件操作、运用互联网、外语听说、普通话、财务;服务操作、设备使用;销售等能力。 高职经济管理类专业往往比较注重(1):学生的服务操作技能、provides venture platform, makes many youth round has venture dream, for national solution has important of employment problem. Relevant departments units carefully to discover, cultivate talent. From the perspective of Dongping, contradiction of rapid economic development and personnel shortages. Currently facing the industry transformation and upgrading, and transform and upgrade traditional industries, is the development of new industries such as tourism, logistics, e-commerce, we still lack a large number of capital operation and management of talents, the lack of technological innovation, technology transfer, product research and development, tourism services and other high-level professional and technical personnel. Especially with theIndustry further develops, the demand is growing. We must stand in the global and strategic height, with a high degree of political responsibility and historical mission, counties implement talent strategies as a major and pressing task to seize good, practical human resource development as industrial counties of the country. Departments at all levels must firmly establish the "talent is wealth, talent is competitive, talent is creativity" concept, fully aware of the extreme importance of talent, the real talent working on the agenda, the primary task of the primary resources to support the development of talent. 2 the construction of enterprisers ' as the starting point, and promote the transformation and 外语和计算机运用等方面的培养，但是比较缺乏对学生(2):沟通、合作，职业道德，共同发展，分析问题、解决问题的能力等方面的训练。而后者却正是被企业经营管理者认为是最为重要的职业能力。 检视我们的教学过程，我不难发现:上文中所述的(1)是我们教学中通过理论课程和实训课程就可以达到的教学目标。但是(2)却是教学的软肋，无法通过课堂模拟训练完成。所以有必要引入一种具有实践针对性的作业系统，以加强学生职业能力的训练。 三、经济管理类专业课程作业系统 以职业能力培养为导向的作业系统，应该关照企业实际运营管理问题，以学生为中心，突出学生沟通能力，团队合作和管理能力等方面的训练，切实提升学生职业素养。基于十余年的课业指导经验，借鉴企业经营管理者的素养要求，结合企业对于高职学生的职业能力要求，笔者将经济管理类专业作业系统描述如图一。 图一 专业课程作业阶段分解图 (一)作业的阶段分解 1.教师设计阶段:教师基于行业企业实际问题，以课程目标为指导，做好作业设计，期初布置，侧重分析企业实际情境，明确学生职业能力培养的重点、阶段性和层次性; 2.学生准备阶段:学生组建团队，分工合作，拟定计划，收集资料，讨论甄选，组织布局，形成定稿，考察学生的团队合作能力; provides venture platform, makes many youth round has venture dream, for national solution has important of employment problem. Relevant departments units carefully to discover, cultivate talent. From the perspective of Dongping, contradiction of rapid economic development and personnel shortages. Currently facing the industry transformation and upgrading, and transform and upgrade traditional industries, is the development of new industries such as tourism, logistics, e-commerce, we still lack a large number of capital operation and management of talents, the lack of technological innovation, technology transfer, product research and development, tourism services and other high-level professional and technical personnel. Especially with theIndustry further develops, the demand is growing. We must stand in the global and strategic height, with a high degree of political responsibility and historical mission, counties implement talent strategies as a major and pressing task to seize good, practical human resource development as industrial counties of the country. Departments at all levels must firmly establish the "talent is wealth, talent is competitive, talent is creativity" concept, fully aware of the extreme importance of talent, the real talent working on the agenda, the primary task of the primary resources to support the development of talent. 2 the construction of enterprisers ' as the starting point, and promote the transformation and 3.课堂陈述阶段:学生在课堂演示，接受老师与同学的质询，考察学生的知识反馈能力和现场反应能力; 4.综合评价阶段:学生自评、团队互评与教师评价相结合，以教师为主导，注重学生的团队配合、表达能力、的说服力及对听众的影响度。 (二)作业的内容 紧扣企业经营管理实际，将学生作业的内容的方向锁定在生产型企业或服务类企业经营管理实景化应用问题的诸方面:环境、经营特点、产品与服务、价格与销售、客户关系、竞争优势、决策建议等。 (三)作业的形式 根据企业实际问题，参照常见的企业经营管理报告形式，学生的作业形式为:商业活动计划、企业环境设计、经济管理类报告、问题调研、决策辩论等，以ppt形式公开陈述，提交合乎应用文体规范的纸质报告。 (三)作业的格式 作为一个准职业经理人，学生报告的信度和可行性决定了他/她必须使用严谨的科学方法。参照一般研究性文体的格式，根据企业公文及文件沟通的要求，学生作业的基本格式为:问题的提出、研究方法与局限、研究过程及内容、结论、建议、参考文献等。 综上所述，笔者提出经济管理类专业课程作业框架如图二。 图二 经济管理类专业课程作业框架 provides venture platform, makes many youth round has venture dream, for national solution has important of employment problem. Relevant departments units carefully to discover, cultivate talent. From the perspective of Dongping, contradiction of rapid economic development and personnel shortages. Currently facing the industry transformation and upgrading, and transform and upgrade traditional industries, is the development of new industries such as tourism, logistics, e-commerce, we still lack a large number of capital operation and management of talents, the lack of technological innovation, technology transfer, product research and development, tourism services and other high-level professional and technical personnel. Especially with theIndustry further develops, the demand is growing. We must stand in the global and strategic height, with a high degree of political responsibility and historical mission, counties implement talent strategies as a major and pressing task to seize good, practical human resource development as industrial counties of the country. Departments at all levels must firmly establish the "talent is wealth, talent is competitive, talent is creativity" concept, fully aware of the extreme importance of talent, the real talent working on the agenda, the primary task of the primary resources to support the development of talent. 2 the construction of enterprisers ' as the starting point, and promote the transformation and 四、高职经济管理类专业课程作业的意义 笔者认为，我们必须对高职经济管理类专业课程作业进行系统性的思考，来突破现有的以教材习题为主的作业形式，避免枯燥无味的作业让学生感到乏味无用，而出现的机械性抄写应付的现象，复归作业巩固认识、提高能力的原初意义，让作业真正成为经济管理类专业学生职业能力发展的重要支撑点和自主学习的正向驱动力，改变以往教师完全主导课堂，甚至代替学生思考、训练的局面，使教师转变为学生职业能力发展的指导者。 校企合作将学生的职业能力与课程内容和酒店业务沟通对接，增强课程的实践性。校企合作的深化和对教师的“双师”素质的提升，使我们高职院校的教师具备了相当的解决职业能力培养问题的良好基础。行业企业也更为迫切地希望自己的经营管理问题有学院派的智囊以备顾问。学生通过系统化的企业运营实景问题的解决过程得到职业能力方面的综合训练，迅速成长为行业企业所需要的管理后备人才。这样就能切中校企双方各自的利益诉求，使校企合作共赢。 通过作业的层次性，透视学生的职业发展潜力和学习能力的差异。处于团队合作中的学生因对所学内容的掌握有差异，所以素质和水平不一。但是在完成作业的过程中，他们可以取长补短，凭借团队的力量来完成作业项目。教师也可以在教学过程中进行有针对性的指导，帮助他们提高。 provides venture platform, makes many youth round has venture dream, for national solution has important of employment problem. Relevant departments units carefully to discover, cultivate talent. From the perspective of Dongping, contradiction of rapid economic development and personnel shortages. Currently facing the industry transformation and upgrading, and transform and upgrade traditional industries, is the development of new industries such as tourism, logistics, e-commerce, we still lack a large number of capital operation and management of talents, the lack of technological innovation, technology transfer, product research and development, tourism services and other high-level professional and technical personnel. Especially with theIndustry further develops, the demand is growing. We must stand in the global and strategic height, with a high degree of political responsibility and historical mission, counties implement talent strategies as a major and pressing task to seize good, practical human resource development as industrial counties of the country. Departments at all levels must firmly establish the "talent is wealth, talent is competitive, talent is creativity" concept, fully aware of the extreme importance of talent, the real talent working on the agenda, the primary task of the primary resources to support the development of talent. 2 the construction of enterprisers ' as the starting point, and promote the transformation and 激发学生的学习兴趣，实现理实一体。加强动手动脑的实践性强的作业训练，锻炼学生的思维能力和探索经济管理类实践的能力，达到学以致用的目的。经过科学严谨设计的作业，注重训练通过理论课程和实训课程无法达到教学目标的也就是上文中所提出的(2)中包括的学生职业能力，这将大大激发学生的学习兴趣和学习自主性，使他们真正回归学习主体，以勤奋、务实的努力来完成自己的专业学习。 参考文献: [1]薛小明.职业能力及其在高等职业技术教育中的培养研究[d].西北师范大学硕士,2006. [2]陈玉君,孔元发.强化课程作业改革提高教育教学质量[j].重庆电力高等专科学校学报,2008(4). [3]沈林.大学生作业抄袭现象的根源分析及解决思路探讨[j].中国科技信息,2009(17). [4]薛铭,李琦.高职院校学生职业能力的探讨[j].重庆电子工程职业学院学报,2009(9). [5]周国烛.高等职业院校培养学生职业能力的探索[j].中国成人教育,2010(11). provides venture platform, makes many youth round has venture dream, for national solution has important of employment problem. Relevant departments units carefully to discover, cultivate talent. From the perspective of Dongping, contradiction of rapid economic development and personnel shortages. Currently facing the industry transformation and upgrading, and transform and upgrade traditional industries, is the development of new industries such as tourism, logistics, e-commerce, we still lack a large number of capital operation and management of talents, the lack of technological innovation, technology transfer, product research and development, tourism services and other high-level professional and technical personnel. Especially with theIndustry further develops, the demand is growing. We must stand in the global and strategic height, with a high degree of political responsibility and historical mission, counties implement talent strategies as a major and pressing task to seize good, practical human resource development as industrial counties of the country. Departments at all levels must firmly establish the "talent is wealth, talent is competitive, talent is creativity" concept, fully aware of the extreme importance of talent, the real talent working on the agenda, the primary task of the primary resources to support the development of talent. 2 the construction of enterprisers ' as the starting point, and promote the transformation and