酒分类与中国白酒制曲工艺

酒分类与中国白酒制曲工艺 一、酒的分类 凡酒精含量大于0.5,vol的饮料和饮品均称为酒或酒精饮料(习惯称为饮料酒，酒精度低于0.5,vol的无醇啤酒也属于饮料酒)，我国饮料酒包括发酵酒、蒸馏酒和配制酒三大类。 1(发酵酒 以粮谷、水果、乳类等为主要原料经发酵或部分发酵酿制而成的饮料酒。即是使用酵母进行酒精发酵后所得的发酵液，可直接饮用或经过滤后饮用。包括啤酒、葡萄酒、果酒、黄酒和其他发酵酒。具体的细分见附录GB,T 17204--2008。 (1)啤酒(beer) 以麦芽、水为主要原料，加啤酒花(包括酒花制品)，经酵母发酵酿制而成的、含有COz的、起泡的、低酒精度的发酵酒。包括无醇啤酒(脱醇啤酒)。 (2)葡萄酒(wines) 以新鲜葡萄或葡萄汁为原料，经全部或部分发酵酿制而成的，酒精度等于或大于7.0,vol的发酵酒。 (3)果酒(fruit wine) 以新鲜水果或果汁为原料，经全部或部分发酵酿制而成的发酵酒。果酒按原料水果命名，以区别于葡萄酒。当使用一种水果作原料时，可按该水果名称命名(如苹果酒、无花果酒等)。当使用两种或两种以上水果为原料时，可按用量比例最大的水果名称命名。其分类可参照葡萄酒。 (4)黄酒(Chinese rice wine) 以稻米、黍米等粮食为主要原料，经加曲、酵母等糖化发酵剂酿制而成的发酵酒。新黄酒国标GB/T 13662-2008于2009年6月1日实施。 (5)奶酒(发酵型)(milk wine) 以牛乳、乳清或乳清粉等为主要原料，经发酵、过滤、杀菌等工艺酿制而成的发酵酒。奶酒特指牛奶酒，如以马乳或羊乳为主要原料酿制而成的，应称为马奶酒或羊奶酒。 (6)其他发酵酒(other fermented alcoholic beverages) 指上述以外的发酵酒。如，清酒、米酒(醪糟)等。 2(蒸馏酒(distilled spirits) 以粮谷、薯类、水果、乳类等为主要原料，经发酵、蒸馏、勾兑制成的饮料酒。 (1)白酒以粮谷为主要原料，以大曲、小曲或麸曲及酒母等为糖化发酵剂，经蒸煮、糖化、发酵、蒸馏、陈酿、勾兑而制成的蒸馏酒。 ?按糖化发酵剂分类 a(大曲酒:以大曲为糖化发酵剂酿制而成的白酒，如，五粮液、汾酒。 b(小曲酒:以小曲为糖化发酵剂酿制而成的白酒，如，江津白酒。 C(麸曲酒:以麸曲为糖化剂，加酒母发酵酿制而成的白酒，如，北京二锅头。 d(混曲酒:以大曲、小曲或麸曲等为糖化发酵剂酿制而成的白酒，如，董酒。 e(其他糖化剂酒:以糖化酶为糖化剂，加酿酒酵母(或活性干酵母、生香酵母)发酵酿制而成的白酒，如，小作坊生产的生料酒(注:新国标中没有此项)。 ?按生产工艺分类 a(固态法白酒:以粮谷为原料，采用固态(或半固态)糖化、发酵、蒸馏，经陈酿、勾兑而制成的，未添加食用酒精及非白酒发酵产生的呈香呈味物质，具有本品固有风格特征的白酒。 b(液态法白酒:以含淀粉、糖类物质为原料，采用液态糖化、发酵、蒸馏所得的基酒(或食用酒精)，经调香或串香、勾调而成的白酒。 C(固液法白酒:以固态法白酒(不低于30,)、液态法白酒、食品添加剂勾调而成的白酒。 ?按香型分类:在GB/T 17204-2008中共有11种。即，浓香型、清香型、米香型、凤香型、豉香型、芝麻香型、特香型、浓酱兼香型、老白干香型、酱香型、其他香型白酒(如药香型、馥郁香型)等，在第六章具体介绍。 (2)白兰地(brandy) 以新鲜水果或果汁为原料，经发酵、蒸馏、陈酿、调配而成的蒸馏酒。以科涅克白兰地出名。包括:葡萄白兰地(简称:白兰地，又分葡萄原汁白兰地、葡萄皮渣白兰地)、水果白兰地、调配白兰地。 (3)威士忌(whisky) 以麦芽、谷物为原料，经糖化、发酵、蒸馏、陈酿、调配而成的蒸馏酒。以苏格兰产出名。包括:麦芽威士忌、谷物威士忌、调配威士忌。 (4)伏特加(俄得克)(vodka) 以谷物、薯类、糖蜜及其他可食用农作物等为原料，经发酵、蒸馏制成食用酒精，再经过特殊工艺精制加工制成的蒸馏酒。以俄罗斯产最出名。 (5)朗姆酒(rum) 以甘蔗汁或糖蜜为原料，经发酵、蒸馏、陈酿、调配而成的蒸馏酒。 (6)杜松子酒(金酒) (juniper-flavoured spirit drinks) 以粮谷等为原料，经糖化、发酵、蒸馏后，用杜松子浸泡或串香复蒸馏后制成的蒸馏酒。 (7)奶酒(蒸馏型)(milk spirit) 以牛乳、乳清或乳清粉等为主要原料，经发酵、蒸馏等工艺酿制而成的蒸馏酒。具体介绍见第六章第十三节。 (8)其他蒸馏酒(other distilled spirits) 除上述蒸馏酒以外的蒸馏酒。 3(配制酒(露酒) 配制酒是指以发酵酒、蒸馏酒或食用酒精为酒基，加入可食用的辅料或食品添加剂，进行调配、混合或再加工制成的、已改变了其原酒基风格的饮料酒。如，中国劲酒、椰岛鹿龟酒。 (1)植物类配制酒(植物类露酒) 利用食用或药食两用植物的花、叶、根、茎、果为香源及营养源，经再加工制成的、具有明显植物香及有用成分的配制酒。包括用水果经浸泡等工艺加 工制成的果酒。 (2)动物类配制酒(动物类露酒)利用食用或药食两用动物及其制品为香源和营养源，经再加工制成的、具有明显动物有用成分的配制酒。 (3)动植物类配制酒(动植物类露酒) 同时利用动物、植物有用成分制成的配制酒。 (4)其他类配制酒(其他类露酒) 除上述以外的配制酒。 二、微生物与制曲 (一)大曲 大曲按品温可分为高温大曲(60,65?)、中温大曲(50,60?)、低温大曲(40,50?);按产品可分为酱香型大曲、浓香型大曲、清香型大曲、兼香型大曲等;按工艺可分为传统大曲、强化大曲以及纯种大曲。生产大曲的主要原料为:小麦、大麦、高梁、豌豆。 大曲是以小麦为主要原料制成的形状较大并含有多种菌类及酶类物质的曲块。大曲相对小曲形状较大，又称块曲。 大曲中含有三系:菌系——微生物;酶系——生物酶;物系——化学物质。 大曲中的生物酶(酶系)主要有α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、糖化型淀粉酶、蛋白酶等;大曲中的物质主要为淀粉、水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、氨基酸。了解大曲的三系以后，就不难理解大曲在酿酒中的作用了(四大作用:提供菌源、糖化发酵、投粮作用、生香作用)。 1、大曲中的微生物 大曲中的微生物主要有:霉菌类、酵母类、细菌类、放线菌类等四大类。 (1)(霉菌 大曲的制作原理就是最大限度地让相关霉菌着生繁殖，“菌丝内插、水分挥发”是大曲的培养原理，可以这样理解大曲的培菌过程主要是霉菌的生长过程。大曲培养时霉菌的菌丝起到引水的作用(即将水分挥发)，孢子起着色作用(即形成大曲五颜六色的部分)。 与酿酒有关的霉菌包括曲霉属、根霉属、毛霉属、红曲霉属、青霉属、犁头霉菌。 大曲中常见的曲霉有黑曲霉(如UV-11)、黄曲霉、米曲霉、栖土曲霉等;根霉在小曲中应用较广;青霉在大曲乃至酿酒过程中完全属于有害菌，要特别注意;大曲中心有时出现的红、黄斑点就是红曲霉作用的结果。 (2)(酵母菌 主要酵母菌有酒精酵母、产酯酵母、假丝酵母属。 酒精酵母，是原料发酵的根本，它的存在对大曲、大曲酒的质量起着决定性的作用。 产酯酵母，它是大曲酒产香的基础条件，又称生香酵母，在酯酶作用下将醇酸结合而产生酯。可喜的是科研工作者对其研究较深入，并将其成功运用于酿酒生产中，取得了良好的效果。 (3)(细菌 细菌对生产普通白酒来说，一般视为有害菌，但对生产优质大曲酒来说，很多细菌起到了良好的作用，如在浓香型窖泥中梭状芽孢杆菌生成乙酸及其酯类，形成浓香型大曲酒主体香。大曲酒中主要细菌有乳酸菌、醋酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等。 乳酸菌较喜欢低温，在大曲培养时顶点品温不足及时间短时，乳酸会大量生成，这会导致后续的大曲酒中乳酸酯偏高，“增己降乳”还应重视大曲生产过程中乳酸菌过度繁殖。 醋酸菌在大曲中以杆菌居多，是典型的好气菌，其作用是氧化葡萄糖生成醋酸和少量酒精，并会抑制酵母菌的生长和作用。醋酸菌主要在大曲培养的前、中期生长繁殖，在新曲中最多，但它在干燥低温的环境下芽孢会失去发芽能力，故新曲应储存3个月至半年以上使用即这个道理。 枯草芽孢杆菌在大曲细菌中数量较多，它是形成酒体芳香类物质的重要菌源，值得深人研究。 2、制作工艺 3(高、中、低三种曲的特点 不同的大曲，培养时期的最高温度有所不同。大致可分为:低温曲、中温曲、高温曲。 低温曲以清香型白酒汾酒所用的大曲为代表，最高温度不高于50?。其培养过程的特点是:制曲着重于曲的排列，曲房的窗户昼夜两封两启，温度则两起两落。控制热曲和晾曲温度较为严格，热晾升降幅度较大，小热大晾，适合于多数中温性微生物生长，以白色曲较多。低温曲的糖化力、液化力和发酵力最高，微生物菌系也较丰富。故在名酒酿造中清香型汾酒的发酵时间是最短之一，这跟它的用曲有直接关系。低温曲发酵好、出酒率高，酒中的乙酸、乳酸及其乙酯也高，伴随低沸点香味物质增多的同时，醇类物质也较高。由此该类酒具有清雅纯净的个性特色。 中温曲以浓香型白酒所用的大曲为代表。制曲时期最高温度达60?(现在有些浓香型酒厂制曲时品温超过60?，达到63?，他们认为使用该曲可改善酒质的陈香味，增加酒的醇厚感和丰满感)，制曲期间，以堆积为主，覆盖严密，以保潮为主。培养期间温度的掌握主要靠翻曲来实现，只有当最高温度超过工艺要求的极限时，才进行翻曲、放潮降温。工艺特点为多热少晾。糖化力、液化力和发酵力不及低温曲。较出名的如五粮液的“包包曲”。由于培养条件特别是影响微生物生长繁殖的水分温度发生变化，中温曲的微生物区系及酶活力发生变化，使用该曲酿酒，产出的香味物质明显比低温曲多，同时因窖泥微生物的影响特别是己酸菌的作用，己酸及己酸乙酯生成较多，故产出的酒窖香浓郁、酒体丰满。 高温曲以酱香型白酒所用大曲为代表。如茅台用的大曲，制曲时着重于曲的堆积，覆盖严密，以保温保潮为主，当品温升至60,65。C时才开始翻曲。高温曲的糖化力、液化力和发酵力均最低。故用曲量最大，茅台酒用曲，曲粮比高达1:1。同中、低温曲一样，在发酵过程中除生成乙酸、乳酸及其乙酯外，同时产生大量的高级醇、醛类、酚类等香味物质，使产品具有酱香突出、幽雅细腻、回味悠长的独特风格。这类酒的香味物质，应该说是曲药香味物质的带入和酿酒发酵产生的香味成分的复合体，虽然至今尚未找出该香型的主体香。 (二)小曲 在晋代南方已出现了团状的米曲。晋人嵇含在《南方草木状》中记载了南方的草曲，也即米曲，这是关于南方米曲的最早记载。小曲一般是南方所特有的，从晋代第一次在文献中出现以来，名称繁多，各地称呼不同，如酒药、酒饼、白曲、米曲等。它们基本上以米粉、米糠为原料，有的加少量中草药或辣蓼粉;有的加少量白土(作填料)，接种少量母曲，加水制成坯，在一定温、湿度的条件下培养而成，因曲块体积小，故称为小曲。 1、小曲的特点 (1)(小曲具有丰富的糖化酶和酒化酶 小曲中主要微生物是霉菌和酵母菌，霉菌中又以根霉为主，根霉具有下列优势。 ?根霉菌具有边生长、边糖化、边发酵的特点，所以小曲酒的酿造中用曲量少(是所有传统白酒中用曲量最少、发酵时间最短的)，一般小曲用量只要0.2,左右就能达到较高的糖化发酵能力，就是因为根霉的这个特点，这种生产方式别具一格。 ?适宜多菌混合培养环境，即“共栖性”，这是根霉的一大优点，它和其他菌一起培养时，生长相当旺盛，故小曲酒又有“纯种”(根霉)酿造之概念。 ?适合中小型酒厂制作，不需特殊的设备和保温设施，一般7、8、9月生产即可。加上小曲酒的生产方式简便，在我国被广泛运用，特别是南方各个县、乡村都有小曲酒的作坊，这也给酒类监管带来了难度。 生产中常用的根霉有河内根霉AS3.866、白曲根霉、米根霉、Q303菌等，其中AS3.866糖化力强，能生成乳酸等有机酸，酒化酶活力也高，是目前广泛使用的菌种;白曲根霉、米根霉糖化力强，产酸力高，还具有一定的产酒能力，适于米糠制曲和散曲;Q303菌生长速度快，糖化力、产酸力比AS3.866更强，酒化酶活力较弱，也是目前广泛使用的菌种，在产量很大的川法小曲酒中被大量应用。 传统小曲培养使用的酵母菌主要有Rasse?(拉丝12号、德国12号)、南洋混合酵母1308、米酒酵母等，它们适应性好，发酵能力强，产酒稳定，酒质较好。 应该注意的是，固态小曲酒的生产是开放式的，这给细菌的侵入创造了条件，如何减少细菌的污染，是小曲酒生产中必须予以重视的问题。 (2)(添加中草药是培养小曲的特色 这是我国古代劳动人民的一大发明，历史悠久。在20世纪40年代，方心芳先生等就对添加中草药培养小曲进行了研究，结果发现，在当时设备条件差、生物环境极其复杂的情况下，部分药材在促进有益菌繁殖、抑制杂菌生长等方面起到了一定的作用，但也有部分药材的作用并不明显，有的药材还对制曲生产有妨碍。其中10种对酵母菌最有益如薄荷、杏仁、桑叶等;黄连对酵母菌有害;木香对根霉有害。小曲生产中添加适宜的中草药，对促进有益微生物的生长和抑制杂菌的繁殖起到一定的作用，也给白酒带来特殊的药香味。关于中草药对酿酒微生物的影响，还有待深入研究。 2、小曲制作工艺 小曲按添加中草药与否分为药小曲、无药小曲;按制曲原料分为粮曲(大米粉)、糠曲(米糠);按形状分为酒曲丸、酒曲饼、散曲;按用途可分为甜酒曲、白酒曲。其中以邛崃米曲、四川无药糠曲、厦门白曲、桂林酒曲丸、广东酒曲饼较为著名。 (1)邛崃米曲 四川邛崃米曲(药曲)历史悠久，在明末清初已发展极盛。它分大曲母和小曲母两种，小曲母是培养大曲母的种子，其大小为3cm见方，209左右;大曲母为圆形，直径约8cm，厚3cm，重约1109。大曲母和小曲母的培菌要求是一致的，只是在制坯、曲箱管理方面略有差异。 ?(小曲母 通常选择湿度较低、气候温和的3、4、9月份制作小曲母。小曲母除直接用于生产大曲母 外，也可作为下季度制作小曲母的种子。其工艺流程如下: 大米、水?浸泡?碾碎?配料(曲母、中草药)?制坯?进箱?培养?出箱?烘干?米曲 (2)四川无药糠曲工艺流程 大米细糠?碾细?加碾细的种曲?加“煮米粉”拌和?踩曲?切曲?撒“穿衣粉”并团曲?生火入房摆曲?关门保温?通气?亮门?带门?关烧?(加大火力)烘曲?出房?成曲 (三)麸曲 白酒酿造中麸曲的使用是中国酿酒业的一次重大改革。自从1956年确立了以麸曲、酒母为核心的《烟台酿酒操作法》以来，这一方法得到了大力的推广，现在已成为我国白酒生产的主要操作方法之一。其主要优点是麸曲的糖化发酵力强，酿酒原料的利用率比传统酒曲提高10,,20,;麸曲的生产周期短，而且便于实现机械化生产。液态法白酒也是在麸曲法的基础上形成的。但是麸曲法生产的白酒在香气香味等方面较为欠缺。不少厂家则采用多种微生物发酵(如添加生香酵母，己酸菌等)加以弥补。 1、麸曲的特点 麸曲是采用纯种霉菌菌种，以麸皮为原料经人工控制温度和湿度培养而成的散曲。它具有制作周期短、出酒率高、节约粮食的优点。它适合中、低档白酒的酿造，并且具有成本低、资金周转快的特点。麸曲主要起糖化作用，酿酒时需要与酵母菌(纯培养酒母)混合进行酒精发酵。制备麸曲常用菌种有曲霉、根霉、纤维素分解霉、其他霉菌等4大类。详列如下: ’ (1)(曲霉 曲霉主要是黑曲霉诱变菌AS3.4309(中国科学院微生物研究所分离，又称UV-11);黑曲霉变异菌种——河内白曲霉。 (2)(根霉 根霉有中国科学院微生物研究所分离的5株，编号为:AS3.851、AS3.852、AS3.866、AS3.867、AS3.868，以及贵州省轻工业科学研究所分离的4株，编号为Q30l、Q302、Q303、Q304，其中Q303属台湾根霉，糖化发酵率最高，且产酸低，性能稳定，是目前国内应用最多的菌种。 (3)(其他常用菌种 含纤维素分解酶的菌株——龙轻52号，是1972年由原黑龙江轻工研究所选育、分离的，其纤维素酶活力可达35mg,g曲以上，将它与曲霉菌混合制成麸曲，可提高出酒率，对发酵工业是一个有前景的课题。 2、麸曲的制作工艺 常用制麸曲的方法有:盒子曲法(又称曲盘法)、帘子曲法、通风制曲法。前2种方法适合规模小的企业，后一种适合生产量大的企业。制曲工艺分为固体斜面培养、扩大培养、曲种培养和麸曲培养四个阶段。实际是逐步扩大培养的过程。 《烟台酿酒操作法》明确规定五个制麸曲的重要环节，即严格配料、控制蒸煮、掌握温度(室温、品温)、保潮放潮、防止杂菌。现以通风法制曲为例加以说明。 主要工艺为:原菌试管?斜面试管培养?三角瓶扩大培养?曲种?机械通风制曲。 (四)其他曲 我国的发酵工业，在新中国成立后得到长足的发展，特别是在糖化菌种、酵母菌种的选育、推广及应用方面，取得了良好成绩。从20世纪60年代开始专业化的糖化酶生产，到20世纪70年代Et趋成熟，成为我国发酵工业的新行业之一;从20世纪80年代末期开始固体活性干酵母的生产，到20世纪90年代中期，其品种、数量、性能均得到很大提高，发展成为又一个新兴行业。 酶制剂工业的兴起，活性干酵母的大力推广，很大程度上改进了酒精厂的生产工艺，对白 酒的生产也有一定促进。传统制曲存在着质量不稳定、制曲占用厂房面积大、耗用制曲原料多、手工操作劳动强度大等缺点，微生物酶制剂的开发利用，可代替部分曲药酿酒;但对今天的白酒工业而言，主要是为了提高出酒率，多使用在追丢糟中的残余淀粉。应用于酿酒工业的主要有纤维素酶、淀粉酶、糖化酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶等。 三、传统白酒的生产方法 (一)固态发酵法 固态发酵法酿制白酒，是我国古代劳动人民的伟大创举，也是我国独有的传统工艺。其主要特征是:利用天然微生物接种、固态糖化发酵、固态甑桶蒸馏。 1、大曲酒生产方法 大曲酒，以大曲为糖化发酵剂，大曲的原料主要是小麦、大麦，有的加上一定数量的豌豆。大曲又分为中温曲、高温曲和超高温曲。一般是固态发酵，大曲酒所酿的酒质量较好，多数名优酒均以大曲酿成。大曲酒生产方式主要有续渣法、清渣法2种。 (1)(续渣法 续渣法是将粉粹的原料，配以出窖(池)酒醅，经蒸酒和蒸料、摊晾后，加入大曲拌匀入窖，进行糖化发酵的生产过程。传统浓香型大曲酒均采用此法。其特点为“混蒸混烧、千年老窖万年糟”。 (2)(清渣法 以汾酒为代表的清香型大曲酒采用清渣法。它是将粉粹的原料拌人辅料后，经蒸料糊化、摊晾后，加入大曲和水人缸进行糖化发酵，再出窖蒸馏的生产过程。其特点为“清蒸清烧二次清”。 2、小曲酒生产方法 小曲酒生产方法在我国南方比较盛行，它是以小曲为糖化发酵剂生产的白酒，所用原料有大米、高粱、玉米、稻谷、小麦等。其生产工艺主要有3类:先固态培菌糖化、后发酵法(如川法小曲酒);边糖化、边发酵法;配醅固态发酵法。 3、麸曲酒生产方法 麸曲酒生产方法是在“烟台白酒操作法”的基础上发展起来的，以高梁、玉米、薯干及高粱糠等为原料，以纯培养的曲霉菌及纯培养的酒母作为糖化发酵剂，发酵时间较短，由于生产成本较低，为多数酒厂采用，此种类型的酒产量较大。“烟台白酒操作法”其精髓为“麸曲、酒母，合理配料，低温入窖，定温蒸烧”。这一经验在酿酒生产上广泛应用。主要有根霉麸曲、曲霉麸曲2种，工艺上有混烧法(北方普遍)、清蒸法(南方采用)，国内酒厂大量采用的“老五甑工艺”即为混烧法。 4、其他 代表性的酒如董酒:采用大曲和小曲混用。其特点有三: (1)以小麦为原料，加5,的40味中药制大曲;用大米为原料，加5,的95味中药制小曲，均接种制曲。 (2)大曲制香醅，发酵10月;小曲制酒醅，发酵7d。 (3)酒醅在下、香醅在上进行串香蒸馏操作。 另外大曲、麸曲也可结合，北方已有厂家用此法生产出优质酱香型酒，效果不错。其他香型酒也可效仿。 (二)半固态发酵法 1、先培菌糖化、后发酵法 米香型酒是这一工艺的典型代表，采用大米为原料，用药小曲为糖化发酵剂，培菌糖化20,24h(固态);后期液态发酵7d，再用特殊蒸馏釜液态蒸馏而成，桂林三花酒和全州湘山酒即用该法生产，并连续4届被评为全国优质酒。 2、边糖化、边发酵法 它是采用大米为原料，用小曲扩大培养的酒曲饼为糖化发酵剂，在半固态状态下，经边糖化、边发酵后，蒸馏而成的小曲米酒的方法。我国南方多用，广东的豉味玉冰烧是这一工艺的典型代表，其出口量居单一白酒之首，肥肉酝浸是玉冰烧生产工艺的重要环节，它是豉味形成的主要原因。 (三)液态发酵法 液态发酵法是采用酒精生产方法的液态白酒生产工艺，具有机械化程度高、劳动生产率高、淀粉出酒率高等特点。但解决传统白酒的生香难度较大，现在基本上都是走传统固态白酒与食用酒精相结合(加调香工序)的道路。 1、液态发酵法的类型 (1)(全液态发酵法 全液态发酵法又称一步法。基本上就是简单的酒精生产方法，在20世纪60年代较盛行，由于该法生产的酒质量较差，现已基本淘汰。 (2)(串香法 串香法是以食用酒精为酒基，利用固态发酵法的酒醅(或特制的香醅)进行串香(或浸蒸)而制成的白酒，如传统的山东坊子白酒。 (3)(固液结合法 即液态除杂、固液结合增香。 (4)(调香法 2、几种液态发酵法的比较 几种液态发酵法的比较详见表3-1。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.