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化学平衡 转化率

2017-11-30 19页 doc 106KB 24阅读

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化学平衡 转化率化学平衡 转化率 化学等效平衡 等效平衡问题:对于同一可逆反应,在同一相同条件下,无论反应是从正反应开始、还是从逆反应开始或从中间态开始,以一定的配比投入物质,则可以达到相同的平衡状态。 例如,在同一相同条件下: N(g) + 3H(g) 2NH(g) 22 3 配比1(单位mol): 1 3 0 配比2(单位mol): 0 0 2 配比3(单位mol): 0.5 1.5 1 以上3种配比投入物质,可以达到相同的平衡状态。在达到化学平衡状态时,任何相同组分的百分含量(体积分数、物质的量分数、质量分数等)均相同. (...
化学平衡 转化率
化学平衡 转化率 化学等效平衡 等效平衡问:对于同一可逆反应,在同一相同条件下,无论反应是从正反应开始、还是从逆反应开始或从中间态开始,以一定的配比投入物质,则可以达到相同的平衡状态。 例如,在同一相同条件下: N(g) + 3H(g) 2NH(g) 22 3 配比1(单位mol): 1 3 0 配比2(单位mol): 0 0 2 配比3(单位mol): 0.5 1.5 1 以上3种配比投入物质,可以达到相同的平衡状态。在达到化学平衡状态时,任何相同组分的百分含量(体积分数、物质的量分数、质量分数等)均相同. (((( 一、等效平衡概念 在一定条件(恒温恒容或恒温恒压)下,同一可逆反应体系,不管是从正反应开始,还是从逆反应开始,在达到化学平衡状态时,任何相同组分的百分含量(体积分数、物质的量分数、质量分数等)均相同,这样的化学平衡互称等效平衡。 注意:(1)外界条件相同:?恒温、恒容,?恒温、恒压。 (2)“等效平衡”与“完全相同的平衡状态”不同: “等效平衡”只要求平衡混合物中各组分的物质的量分数(或体积分数)对应相同,各组份的浓度、物质的量、反应的速率、压强等可以不同。 (3)平衡状态只与始态有关,而与途径无关,只要物料相当,就达到相同的平衡状态。 二、等效平衡的分类和判断 (一):恒温、恒容条件下对反应前后气体分子数发生变化的反应(即?V?0的体系): 判断方法:极值等量即等效 恒温、恒容时,根据化学方程式中计量系数比换算到同一边时,反应物(或生成物)中同一组分的物质的量完全相同,则互为等效平衡。此时一般不考虑反应本身的特点,计算的关键是换算到同一边后各组分要完全相同。 特点:两次平衡时各组分的百分含量、物质的量、浓度均相同(全等平衡). 【例1】定温定容下,可逆反应N(g) +3H(g)2NH(g)按下列四种不同投料方式达223 到平衡后,N的体积分数都相等,请填写下面的空格。 2 N(g) + 3H(g) 2NH(g) 平衡时n(NH)/mol 22 33 起始量(投料1)/ mol: 1 3 0 a 等效于(投料2)/ mol: 0 等效于(投料3)/ mol: 4/3 等效于(投料4)/ mol: a b c a、b、c取值必须满足的一般条件是(用两个方程式表示,其中一个只含a和c,另一个只含b和c): 、 。 (二):恒温、恒容条件下对反应前后气体分子数不发生变化的反应(即?V=0的体系): 判断方法:极值等比即等效 恒温、恒容时,对于反应前后气体分子数不变的可逆反应,不同的投料方式如果根据化学方程式中计量系数比换算到同一边时,只要反应物(或生成物)中各组分的物质的量的比例相同,即互为等效平衡。此时的反应特点是无体积变化,计算的关键是换算到同一边后各组分只需要物质的量之比相同即可。 特点:两次平衡时各组分的百分含量相同,但物质的量、浓度按比例变化(等比平衡). 【例2】定温定容下,可逆反应H(g) + I(g)2HI(g)按下列四种不同投料方式达到22 平衡后,H的体积分数都相等,请填写下面的空格。 2 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be (g) + I(g) 2HI(g) 平衡时n(HI)/mol H22 起始量(投料1)/ mol: 1 2 0 a 等效于(投料2)/ mol: 0 1 等效于(投料3)/ mol: 0 1 等效于(投料4)/ mol: a b c a、b、c取值必须满足的一般条件是 。 练习:在一个固定容积的密闭容器中,保持一定的温度进行以下反应: 已知加入1mol H和2mol Br时,达到平衡后生成a mol 2HBr(g)H(g),Br(g)222 HBr(见下表已知项),在相同条件下,且保持平衡时各组分的体积分数不变,对下列编号?,?的状态,填写下表中的空白。 已知 平衡时HBr起始状态时物质的量 的物质的量n(mol) n(mol) BrHBr 2 2 H编号 1 2 0 a ? 2 4 0 ? 1 0.5a (三)恒温、恒压条件下: ? g(g?2m) m 判断方法:极值等比即等效 在恒温恒压时,可逆反应以不同的投料方式进行反应,如果根据化学方程式中计量系数比换算到同一边时,只要反应物(或生成物)中各组分的物质的量的比例相同,即互为等效平衡。 特点:两次平衡时各组分的百分含量、浓度相同,但物质的量按比例变化(等比平衡). 【例3】在一个盛有催化剂容积可变的密闭容器中,保持一定的温度和压强,进行以下反应:N(g) 2+3H(g)2NH(g)。已知加入1molN和4molH时,达到平衡后生成amol,在相同温度、压强下,保2322持平衡时各组分的体积分数不变。请填写下面的空格。 N(g) + 3H(g) 2NH(g) 平衡时n(NH)/mol 22 33起始量(投料1)/ mol: 1 4 0 a 等效于(投料2)/ mol: 1.5 6 0 等效于(投料3)/ mol: 1 0.5a 等效于(投料4)/ mol: m g(g?4m) 【例4】在一个盛有催化剂容积可变的密闭容器中,保持一定的温度和压强,进行以下反应:N(g) 2+3H(g)2NH(g)。已知加入1molN和3molH时,达到平衡后生成amol,在相同温度、压强下,保2322 持平衡时各组分的体积分数不变。请填写下面的空格。 N(g) + 3H(g) 2NH(g) 平衡时n(NH)/mol 22 33 起始量(投料1)/ mol: 1 3 0 a 等效于(投料2)/ mol: 2 6 等效于(投料3)/ mol: 1 等效于(投料4)/ mol: a b c a、b、c取值要满足的条件是: 由上述讨论可知,最初投料方式与化学方程式计量系数比不一致时,各投料方式中的结果都是唯一值,而如果最初投料方式与化学方程式计量系数比一致时,各投料方式中的结果不一定是唯一值。 练习:1、(2003年江苏卷)?:恒温、恒压下,在一个可变容积的容器中发生如下反应:A(g)+B(g) C(g) (1)若开始时放入1molA和1molB,达到平衡后,生成a molC,这时A的物质的量 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-0.5 hmentnctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punisresponsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sa Directan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. n charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yurson ight and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction perator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at heifor acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each ope 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-uction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering constr-engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB502751000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be-trative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500s100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the admini-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-urs, the direct punishment 500cing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident oc2 北大附中成都实验学校 为 mol (2)若开始时放入3molA和3molB,到达平衡后,生成C的物质的量为 mol (3)若开始时放入x molA、2 molB和1 molC,到达平衡后,A和C的物质的量分别是ymol和3amol,则x, mol,y, mol。平衡时,B的物质的量 。 甲:大于2mol 乙:等于2mol 丙:小于2mol 丁:可能大于、等于或小于2mol 做出此判断的理由是 (4)若在(3)的平衡混合物中再加入3molC,待再次达到平衡后C的物质的量分数是 。 ?:若维持温度不变,在一个与(?)反应前起始体积相同、且容积固定的容器中发生上述反应。 (5)开始时放入1molA和1molB到达平衡后生成bmolC。将b与(1)小题中的a进行比较 。 甲:a,b 乙:a,b 丙:a,b 丁:不能比较a和b的大小 做出此判断的理由是 。 2、(2007年高考理综四川卷)向某密闭容器中充入1 mol CO和2 mol HO(g),发生反2催化剂 高温应:CO,HO(g)CO,H。当反应达到平衡时,CO的体积分数为x。若维持容器222 的体积和温度不变,超始物质按下列四种配比充入该容器中,达到平衡时CO的体积分数大于x的是( ) (A)0.5 mol CO,2 mol HO(g),1 mol CO,1 mol H 222 (B)1 mol CO,1 mol HO(g),1 mol CO,1 mol H 222 (C)0.5 mol CO,1.5 mol HO(g),0.4 mol CO,0.4 mol H 222 (D)0.5 mol CO,1.5 mol HO(g),0.5 mol CO,0.5 mol H 222 3、在密闭容器中,加入3mol A和1mol B,一定条件下发生反应 3A(g),B(g) 2C(g),D(g),达平衡时,测得C的浓度为w mol/L,若保持容器中压强和温度不变,重新按下列配比作起始物质,达到平衡时,C的浓度仍然为w mol/L的是 A 6mol A,2mol B B 1.5mol A,0.5mol B,1mol C,0.5mol D C 3mol A,1mol B,2mol C,1mol D 2mol C,1mol D 4、一定温度下可逆反应:A(s),2B(g)2C(g),D(g);?H,0。现将1mol A和2mol B加入甲容器中,将4mol C和2mol D加入乙容器中,此时控制活塞P,使乙的容积为甲的2倍,t时两容器内均达到平衡状态(如图1所示,隔板K不能移动)。下列说法正确的1 是 图1 图2 图3 A 保持温度和活塞位置不变,在甲中再加入1mol A和2mol B,达到新的平衡后,甲 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering constr第 3 页 共 6 页 uction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be 中C的浓度是乙中C的浓度的2倍 B 保持活塞位置不变,升高温度,达到新的平衡后,甲、乙中B的体积分数均增大 C 保持温度不变,移动活塞P,使乙的容积和甲相等,达到新的平衡后,乙中C的体积分数是甲中C的体积分数的2倍 D 保持温度和乙中的压强不变,t时分别向甲、乙中加入等质量的氦气后,甲、乙2 中反应速率变化情况分别如图2和图3所示(t前的反应速率变化已省略) 3 转化率练习题 平衡转化率, 若要求某一时刻的转化率只要把平衡时的反应物浓度(或物质的量)改为某一时刻的反应物浓度(或物质的量)即可。 1、在一容积可变的密闭容器中,通入1molX和3molY,在一定条件下发生如下反应:X(g)+3Y(g) 2Z(g),到达平衡后,Y的转化率为a%,然后再向容器中通入2molZ,保持在恒温恒压下反应,当达到新的平衡时,Y的转化率为b%。则a与b的关系是 ( ) A(a,b B(a,b C(a,b D(不能确定 2、10.在体积可变的密闭容器中,反应mA(气)+nB(固) pC(气)达到平衡后,压缩容器的体积,发现A的转化率随之降低。下列说法中,正确的是 ( ) A((m+n)必定小于P B((m+n)必定大于P C(m必定小于P D(n必定大于p 3、一定量混合气体在密闭容器中发生如下反应:xA(气)+yB(气) nC(气),达到平衡后,测得A气体的浓度为0.5mol/L。保持温度不变将容器的容积扩大1倍,再达平衡时,测得A气体的浓度为0.3mol/L,则下列叙述中正确的是 ( ) A、x+yp+q D、m+n措施
是 A、增大A的浓度 B、缩小容器的容积 C、加入催化剂 D、升高温度 第5 题图 engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering constr第 5 页 共 6 页 uction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be 后6、今有X(g)+Y(g) 2Z(g); ?H<0从反应开始经过t1达到平衡状态,t 时由于条件改变,平衡受到 破坏,在t时又达23到平衡,据右图回答:从t?t的曲线变化是由哪种条件引起的23 ( ) A、增大X或Y的浓度 B、增大压强 C、增大Z的浓度 D、升高温度 第6题 图 7、由可逆反应绘出图像如图,纵坐标为生成物在平衡混合物中的百分含量,下列对该反应的判断正确的是 ( ) A、反应物中一定有气体 B、生成物中一定有气体 C、正反应一定是放热反应 D、正反应一定是吸热反应 第7题图 8(在密闭容器中进行下列反应:M(g) + N(g) R(g) + 2L此反应符合右图,下列叙述正确的是( ) A( 正反应吸热 ,L是气体 B(正反应吸热, L是固体 C(正反应放热 ,L是气体 第8题图 D(正反应放热 ,L是固体或液体 9、反应mA(s) + nB(g) eC(g) + fD(g)反应过程中,当其它条件不变时,C的百分含量(C%)和压强(P)的关系如图,下列叙述正确的是 A、 达到平衡后,加入催化剂,则C%增大 B、达到平衡后,若升温,平衡左移 第9题C、化学方程式中n>e +f 图 D、达到平衡后,增加A的量有利于平衡右移 10、在其它条件一定时,图中曲线表示反应2NO(g) + O(g) 2 2NO(g)(吸热反应)达平衡时NO的转化率与温度的关系,2 图上标有A、B、C、D、E点,其中表示未达平衡状态且V正,V逆的点是 A、A或E B、B点 第10题图 C、C点 D、D点 s100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the admini-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-urs, the direct punishment 500cing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident oc10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-0.5 hmentnctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punisresponsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sa Directan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. n charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yurson ight and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction perator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at heifor acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each ope 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-uction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020198 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering constr-engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB502751000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be-trative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 5006
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