小说社会环境描写的作用

小说社会环境描写的作用 社会环境描写的作用是:1、交代人物的生存环境。2、交代人物的社会关系。3、交代作品的时代背景。 小说中的环境描写包括社会环境描写和自然环境描写,两者的作用有相似之处,也有不同之处。社会环境描写,是指人物活动、事件发生、情节展开的社会背景、历史条件、地方的风土人情、时代风貌、社会关系、政治、经济等状况的描写,主要是交代人物的生存环境、社会关系等。它包括范围很广,小至房间住所,一街一巷,大至城区地区。它涉及内容很多,可以是室内的布局、陈设,住宅内外装饰布臵,以及当地风土人情等等。高尔基将它比作是‚风俗画?。我们打开小说这‚半亩方塘?,常常会欣赏到社会环境这‚天光云影?,徘徊其间,摇曳多姿。 分析小说的社会环境描写,要与中心联系起来,要和人物个性、命运联系起来,要与故事的背景和情感基调联系起来,要思路开阔,多从不同的角度思考。 一、交代故事的时代背景 在小说的开头,一般有社会环境描写,交代事情发生的地点或背景,增加事情的真实性。例如课文《曹操献刀》(《三国演义》选段)的开头,写司徒王允以过生日为名,把众位官员约邀到家中,忽然掩面大哭: escape from debt of the bank records of actual control of enterprise and its associated spouse obtained credit support strict precautions against serious adverse credit history of borrower (guarantor) and their spouses get the Bank crediting support. Implementation of the guarantee the guarantee personal credit business, investigators should verify a guarantor willing, guarantees or credits (MS) charge status, value and evaluation of liquidity. Arrival (mass) bet property value assessments to assessment company approved by the Bank to assess reported or recognized the value of the Bank confirmation shall prevail; investigators through market price than the reciprocal verification of charge values, prevention assessed value is too high, and so on. Mortgage, status check and to verify ownership, leasing and is imposed by the existence of a relocation, and other special situations. Customer access to Customer Manager product documentation standards set by States should be in accordance with the Bank select borrowers, guarantors and bet. Section II review review-approval staff should perform their duties strictly in accordance with authorized, prohibited Super license. Approval shall, in accordance with authorized, independent approval according to their own knowledge and experience. Review ‚今日并非贱降,因欲与众位一叙,恐董卓见疑,故托言耳。董卓欺主弄权,社稷旦夕难保,想高皇帝诛秦灭楚,奄有天下;谁想传至今日,乃丧于董卓之手。? 这段话,是借王允之口,向读者传达了‚曹操献刀?这段故事的时代背景:董卓废少帝为弘农王,立留王刘协为皇帝,即汉献帝,引得朝野震怒。乱世出英雄,为曹操的出场提供了社会环境。 再如课文《吴老太爷进城》(《子夜》选段)开头,有这样一段描写: ‚汽车发疯似的向前飞跑。吴老太爷向前看。天哪!几百个亮着灯光的窗洞像几百只怪眼睛,高耸碧霄的摩天建筑,排山倒海般地扑到吴老太爷眼前,忽地又没有了;光秃秃的平地拔立的路灯杆,无穷无尽地,一杆接一杆地,向吴老太爷脸前打来,忽地又没有了;长蛇阵似的一串黑怪物,头上都有一对大眼睛放射出叫人目眩的强光,啵——啵——地吼着,闪电似的冲将过来,准对着吴老太爷坐的小箱子冲将过来!近了!近了!吴老太爷闭了眼睛,全身都抖了。他觉得他的头颅仿佛是在颈脖子上旋转;他眼前是红的,黄的,绿的,黑的,发光的,立方体的,圆锥形的,——混杂的一团,在那里跳,在那里转;他耳朵里灌满了轰,轰,轰!轧,轧,轧!啵,啵,啵!猛烈嘈杂的声浪会叫人心跳出腔子似的。? 这段社会环境描写,借吴老太爷的所见所闻,交代了故事的时代背景——20世纪30年代的上海,与纽约一样,既是天堂也是地狱。吴老太爷却觉得自己被送到了‚魔窟?,上海在他看来满街是‚怪兽?。 escape from debt of the bank records of actual control of enterprise and its associated spouse obtained credit support strict precautions against serious adverse credit history of borrower (guarantor) and their spouses get the Bank crediting support. Implementation of the guarantee the guarantee personal credit business, investigators should verify a guarantor willing, guarantees or credits (MS) charge status, value and evaluation of liquidity. Arrival (mass) bet property value assessments to assessment company approved by the Bank to assess reported or recognized the value of the Bank confirmation shall prevail; investigators through market price than the reciprocal verification of charge values, prevention assessed value is too high, and so on. Mortgage, status check and to verify ownership, leasing and is imposed by the existence of a relocation, and other special situations. Customer access to Customer Manager product documentation standards set by States should be in accordance with the Bank select borrowers, guarantors and bet. Section II review review-approval staff should perform their duties strictly in accordance with authorized, prohibited Super license. Approval shall, in accordance with authorized, independent approval according to their own knowledge and experience. Review 二、渲染故事的环境气氛 作家往往用生动的社会环境描写,来创造故事的特定氛围,从而增强故事的真实性。如:《小团圆媳妇之死》(《呼兰河传》选段)‚看热闹的人,络绎不绝?;‚没有白看一场热闹,到底是开了眼界,见了世面?;‚于是人心大为振奋,困的也不困了,要回家睡觉的也精神了……心里都满是秘密?;‚她们围拢过去,看看有死没有??‚家家户户都睡得沉实实的?;‚吃了饭才回来……又慢又得意……好像他们两个是过年回来的?等等。这段描写,揭示小说的所讲故事的环境氛围——小团圆媳妇的婆婆对待如此小团圆媳妇,而且还理直气壮。她是众迫害者中的一员,她做了大家极认可又极习以为常的一件事,有落后愚昧的民风民俗作支撑;这样残忍的态度,这种冷漠的眼光,还源于对生命的毫不怜惜;这种天经地义的语气,还源于一种文化认同:媳妇的地位,媳妇的生存价值不值得一提,而婆婆拥有管教的权利;这里还有世俗人心的期待,大家在枯寂的日子里期待着有戏可看,哪怕这戏是以别人的生命为代价,人生百无聊赖,精神贫穷,才使得人性淡失。周围的人在小团圆媳妇之死中既推波助澜又充当刽子手角色。 文中还有跳大神、唱秧歌、放河灯、野台子戏、四月十八娘娘庙大会,这些对风俗的描绘,无不表现了当地人的蒙昧落后。‚满天星光,满屋月亮,人生何如,为什么这么悲凉?? 三、烘托人物的突出特点 社会环境描写,能表现人物的身份、地位、性格。如课文《做客》(《平凡的世界》)中,有这样一段描写:‚现在没拒绝了,少平只escape from debt of the bank records of actual control of enterprise and its associated spouse obtained credit support strict precautions against serious adverse credit history of borrower (guarantor) and their spouses get the Bank crediting support. Implementation of the guarantee the guarantee personal credit business, investigators should verify a guarantor willing, guarantees or credits (MS) charge status, value and evaluation of liquidity. Arrival (mass) bet property value assessments to assessment company approved by the Bank to assess reported or recognized the value of the Bank confirmation shall prevail; investigators through market price than the reciprocal verification of charge values, prevention assessed value is too high, and so on. Mortgage, status check and to verify ownership, leasing and is imposed by the existence of a relocation, and other special situations. Customer access to Customer Manager product documentation standards set by States should be in accordance with the Bank select borrowers, guarantors and bet. Section II review review-approval staff should perform their duties strictly in accordance with authorized, prohibited Super license. Approval shall, in accordance with authorized, independent approval according to their own knowledge and experience. Review 好跟着润叶姐起身了。他一路相跟着和润叶姐进了县革委会的大门。进了大门后,他两只眼睛紧张地扫视着这个神圣的地方。县革委会一层层窑洞沿着一个个斜坡一行行排上去,最上面蹲着一座大礼堂,给人一种非常壮观的景象。在晚上,要是所有的窑洞都亮起灯火,简直就象一座宏伟的大厦。? 像《红楼梦》里的林黛玉进贾府一样,孙少平跟润叶进县革委会大门到她二爸家,两只眼睛紧张地扫视着这个神圣的地方,县革委会‚像一座宏伟的大厦?,非常壮观,这段描写烘托了少平的身份——农家子弟,未见过世面的,其特征性格是腼腆、拘谨的。 再如《红高粱》中,有一段自然环境和社会环境相结合的描写:‚八月深秋,无边无际的红高粱成了洗洋的血海,红高粱高密辉煌,红高粱凄姚可人,红高粱爱情激荡。秋风苍凉,阳光很旺,瓦蓝的天上激荡着一朵朵白云。高粱上滑动着一朵朵丰满白云的紫红色影子,一队队暗红色的人在高粱裸子里穿梭拉网,几十年如一日,他们杀人越货,精忠报国,他们演出过一幕幕英勇的悲壮舞剧,使我们这些活着的不肖子孙相形见细。? 日常生活总是以人与人之间的伦理关系、政治关系和经济关系以及历史文化为背景的,景物在日常生活中无法构成背景。而这一段话中,一望无际的红高粱正是人物活动的空间,也是人物活动的背景。人们就在这里厮杀、在这里调情、在这里喝高粱酒打日本鬼子。这种背景因为没有外显的人文色彩会使读者感到新奇,并且暂时忘记了世俗生活中的种种规则,忘记人与人之间的你争我斗,甚至忘记被人们在escape from debt of the bank records of actual control of enterprise and its associated spouse obtained credit support strict precautions against serious adverse credit history of borrower (guarantor) and their spouses get the Bank crediting support. Implementation of the guarantee the guarantee personal credit business, investigators should verify a guarantor willing, guarantees or credits (MS) charge status, value and evaluation of liquidity. Arrival (mass) bet property value assessments to assessment company approved by the Bank to assess reported or recognized the value of the Bank confirmation shall prevail; investigators through market price than the reciprocal verification of charge values, prevention assessed value is too high, and so on. Mortgage, status check and to verify ownership, leasing and is imposed by the existence of a relocation, and other special situations. Customer access to Customer Manager product documentation standards set by States should be in accordance with the Bank select borrowers, guarantors and bet. Section II review review-approval staff should perform their duties strictly in accordance with authorized, prohibited Super license. Approval shall, in accordance with authorized, independent approval according to their own knowledge and experience. Review 现实中称做善与美的东西。在本文中,主要的流血死亡者是罗汉大爷和‚我奶奶?,此外还有不知名的被日本鬼子杀死的乡亲。人与红高粱连在一起,共同构成风景,成了展示人们渴望的那种自由舒展的人类生态景观。 四、暗示人物的前途命运 社会环境描写本是为人物活动提供一个场所和背景的。故而社会环境描写,往往是为塑造人物服务的。如课文《小二黑结婚》中,有这样一段描写: ‚有事人那里睡得着?人散了之后,二诸葛家里除了童养媳之外,三个人谁也没有睡。二诸葛摸了摸脸,取出三个制钱占了一卦,占出之后吓得他面色如土。他说:‘了不得呀了不得!丑土的父母动出午火的官鬼,火旺于夏,恐怕有些危险了。唉!人家把他选成青年队长,我就说过不叫他当,小杂种硬要充人物头!人家说要按军法处理,要不当队长那里犯得了军法?’老婆也拍手跺脚道:‘小爹呀!谁知道你要闯这么大的事啦?’大黑劝道:‘不怕!事已经出下了,由他去吧!我想这又不是人命事,也犯不了什么大罪!既然他们送到区上了,我先到区上打听打听!你们都睡吧!’说着点了个灯笼就走了。? 在叙述中,在语言描写中,间接地暗示人物的前途命运——在解放区,代表着封建迷信的老人常常胆战心惊,代表着新生力量的青年人勇敢果断,预示着双方的命运:一个趋于消亡,一个趋于胜利。 五、推动情节的发展变化 escape from debt of the bank records of actual control of enterprise and its associated spouse obtained credit support strict precautions against serious adverse credit history of borrower (guarantor) and their spouses get the Bank crediting support. Implementation of the guarantee the guarantee personal credit business, investigators should verify a guarantor willing, guarantees or credits (MS) charge status, value and evaluation of liquidity. Arrival (mass) bet property value assessments to assessment company approved by the Bank to assess reported or recognized the value of the Bank confirmation shall prevail; investigators through market price than the reciprocal verification of charge values, prevention assessed value is too high, and so on. Mortgage, status check and to verify ownership, leasing and is imposed by the existence of a relocation, and other special situations. Customer access to Customer Manager product documentation standards set by States should be in accordance with the Bank select borrowers, guarantors and bet. Section II review review-approval staff should perform their duties strictly in accordance with authorized, prohibited Super license. Approval shall, in accordance with authorized, independent approval according to their own knowledge and experience. Review 情节发展与环境描写往往是相互依存、相互制约的:环境描写是以情节为依据,情节发展离不开环境描写。例如,《曹操煮酒论英雄》中‚酒至半酣,忽阴云漠漠,聚雨将至,从人遥指天外龙挂。?一句,因为天气的变化,引出了对‚龙?的评论,从而推动了情节的发展。另外如《边城》中写道:‚天已快夜,别的雀子似乎都休息了,只杜鹃叫个不息。石头泥土为白日晒了一整天,草木为白日晒了一整天,到这时节各放散出一种热气。空气中有泥土气味,有草木气味还有各种甲虫类气味。翠翠看着天上的红云,听着渡口飘来生意人的杂乱声音,心中有些儿薄薄的凄凉。?情窦初开的翠翠‚在成熟中的生命,觉得好像缺少了什么?,‚好像眼见到这个日子过去了,想要在一件新的人事上攀住它,但不成?。翠翠渴望爱情而还没有着落,有孤单失落之感。这时祖父在渡船上忙个不息,顾不上她,杜鹃叫个不息,泥土、草木、各种甲虫类气味,生意人的杂乱声音,更增添了翠翠内心的纷乱和孤独之感,因此她‚心中有些薄薄的凄凉?。这里的环境描写成为人物心里活动的契机并映衬着人物的心情,还有推动故事情节发展的作用。 六、深化小说的主题思想 分析小说的主题,离不开对人物和情节的细致分析,也离不开对社会环境的认真考察。例如《小团圆媳妇之死》(《呼兰河传》选段)中给小团圆媳妇当众洗澡的段落,描写了一种人世间没有比这更残酷的刑法,偏偏这样施刑还打着治病的幌子,在小团圆媳妇的苦苦挣扎中,众人快意着,他们却又不是十恶不赦的坏人。小团圆媳妇没有反抗的力量,甚至连反抗的理由都没有。那是个荒寒、冷寂的社会,是一个escape from debt of the bank records of actual control of enterprise and its associated spouse obtained credit support strict precautions against serious adverse credit history of borrower (guarantor) and their spouses get the Bank crediting support. Implementation of the guarantee the guarantee personal credit business, investigators should verify a guarantor willing, guarantees or credits (MS) charge status, value and evaluation of liquidity. Arrival (mass) bet property value assessments to assessment company approved by the Bank to assess reported or recognized the value of the Bank confirmation shall prevail; investigators through market price than the reciprocal verification of charge values, prevention assessed value is too high, and so on. Mortgage, status check and to verify ownership, leasing and is imposed by the existence of a relocation, and other special situations. Customer access to Customer Manager product documentation standards set by States should be in accordance with the Bank select borrowers, guarantors and bet. Section II review review-approval staff should perform their duties strictly in accordance with authorized, prohibited Super license. Approval shall, in accordance with authorized, independent approval according to their own knowledge and experience. Review 没有一点人性一点温暖的非人间。这段社会环境描写,深化了作品的主题。 小说中社会环境的描写就是要将人物臵身于真实的形成人物思想性格的特定环境,这个环境甚至对于人生价值的形成都会产生长久的作用。可以这样说,有无完整的社会环境描写以及它能否充分展示历史真实和民俗真实从而成为一幅真实的风俗画,是区分小说艺术价值的试金石。 escape from debt of the bank records of actual control of enterprise and its associated spouse obtained credit support strict precautions against serious adverse credit history of borrower (guarantor) and their spouses get the Bank crediting support. Implementation of the guarantee the guarantee personal credit business, investigators should verify a guarantor willing, guarantees or credits (MS) charge status, value and evaluation of liquidity. Arrival (mass) bet property value assessments to assessment company approved by the Bank to assess reported or recognized the value of the Bank confirmation shall prevail; investigators through market price than the reciprocal verification of charge values, prevention assessed value is too high, and so on. Mortgage, status check and to verify ownership, leasing and is imposed by the existence of a relocation, and other special situations. Customer access to Customer Manager product documentation standards set by States should be in accordance with the Bank select borrowers, guarantors and bet. Section II review review-approval staff should perform their duties strictly in accordance with authorized, prohibited Super license. Approval shall, in accordance with authorized, independent approval according to their own knowledge and experience. Review