虚拟

虚拟式 Subjunctive Mood 虚拟式 Subjunctive Mood 作为专门达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式，仅是古英语遗留下来的残余。它仅有两个形式：一，be-型虚拟式（BE-Subjunctive）; 二，were- 型虚拟式（WERE-Subjunctive） 1， be-型虚拟式（BE-Subjunctive） be-型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的，即无论主语是什么人称，动词一律用原型（I go, he go/I be, you be; 被动 I be sent….） 因此，如主语是复数，除be-型虚拟式以外，其它显示不出虚拟式与陈述式的区别（除第三人称主语之后才有标记）； 1） 用于表达命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中 be-型虚拟式的这一用法有三种情况： a) 用在decide, demand, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest 等动词之后的that-分句中。（省略了should） He ordered that all the books be sent at once. She insisted that she go to the south for her holiday. b)用在advisable, desirable, essential, important, necessary 等形容词后的that-分句中。 It is essential that all the facts be examined first. It is necessary that he come back without delay I thought it advisable that an armed guard stand in readiness. c)用在decision, demand, instruction, requirement 等名称之后的that-分句中。 We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. Your advise that she wait till next week is reasonable. 在这一用法中be-型虚拟式能与“should+不定式”交替使用，也能与to-不定式交替使用。例如： He ordered that the books be sent at once. = He ordered that books should be sent at once. = He ordered the books to be sent at once. It is important that she be placed in an appropriate job. = It is important that she should be … = It is important for her to be placed… 2) 用于由if， though等引导的分句中 be-型虚拟式能用于由if, though, whatever, lest, so long as 等引导的分句中表示推测、让步、防备等含义。例如： If he be found guilty, John shall have the right to appeal(上诉). If the rumor be true, everything is possible. Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving(坚定不移的) support. 3）．用于某些化语句中 be-型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意思。例如： Long live the People’s Republic of China! God bless you! Heaven forbid! So be it! 二，were- 型虚拟式（WERE-Subjunctive） were- 型虚拟式（WERE-Subjunctive）只有一种形式，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用were, 如I were, you were, he were; 如果动词为进行体或被动态，其助动词也一律用were, 如， I/you/he were going; I/he/you were sent. 因此，were-型虚拟式只有出现在单数第三人称主语之后，它才在形式上与陈述式were区别开来。Were-型虚拟式的主要用法如下。 1) 用于某些状语从句中 Were-型虚拟式常用于if， if only， as if, as though, though 引导的条件状语和让步状语分句中，表示非真实的条件或让步。 例如： If I were you, I should wait till next week. If it were to rain, the game would be put off. If only I were not so nervous. (我要是不那么紧张就好了。) He spoke to me as if I were deaf. He behaves as though he were better than us. Though the whole world were against me, I would do what I consider as right. 2) 用于某些名词型分句中 Were-型虚拟式常用于wish，would rather, suppose, imagine 之后的that- 分句中， 表示一种臆想的（通常是不可能发生的）情况。 例如： I wish it were spring all the year round. I’d rather I were not at the site of the accident. Suppose the earth were flat. Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking. 上述Were-型虚拟式在第一、三人称单数主语之后可谓was所取代。 例如： If it was to rain, the game would be put off. If only I was not so nervous. I wish it was spring all the year round. I’d rather I wasn’t at the site of the accident. 但是， 在if I were you 这一分句中，通常倾向于用were，不用was。 另外某些倒装结构中只用were，不用was。例如： Were I to do it (=If I were to do it), I should rely on you. 还有，在as it were (作so to speak解，即“宛如”，“好比”)结构中也只用were，不用was.例如： He is my best friend, my second self, as it were. 如前所述，虚拟式在现代英语中已经不是一个重要的语法范畴，许多该用虚拟式的地方常为陈述式所取代。以上所述用should be 代替be, was 代替 were 就是一例，甚至还可根据语义意图干脆用现在时形式。例如： I wish I were/was there. He looks as if he were/was/is sick. Imagine you are the salesman for Franco’s product. 假设意义表示法综述 如前所述，现代英语表达“假设意义”和其他“非事实意义”（以下统称为“假设意义”）的语法手段是多种多样的，而专门表达假设意义的动词形式却只有be-型和were型两种。关于这两种虚拟式的用法已在前作了介绍；还有两种：1、用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义，即用一般过去时和过去完成体作想象性用法、表示主观假设；2、用情态动词的过去时形式表假设意义，我们再集中描述一下。 1、 用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义 用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义常见于一下结构： a) it’s (about/high) time (that)… It is time we went to bed. (我们该睡觉了。) You’ve been working hard. It’s time you took a rest. It is time we had dinner. It is about time you made up your mind. (你该拿定主意了。) It is high time you lent her a hand. It is high time we left this place. b) I would rather / sooner (that) you/ he /they… I’m told they are going by bus, but I would rather they went by train. (…我倒宁愿他们乘火车去。) She will get home at dinner time, but I would rather she got home a little earlier. (… 我希望她早点儿到家。) I’m sure he is keeping something back. I’d rather he told me the truth. (我肯定他有事瞒着我。我宁愿他对我讲真话。) He didn’t attend the meeting. I would rather he had been present. She got drunk last night. I’d rather she hadn’t drunk so much. They offered me this expensive wine, but frankly I’d rather they had offered me some beer. c) If only… If only I knew her address. (我要是知道她的地址就好了。) If only I had enough money with me. If only I could swim. If only I had gone by taxi. If only he had remembered to buy some fruit. d) If only she had listened to advice. e) He behaves as if/ as though… He behaves as if he owned this place. (他指手画脚，好像是这地方主人似的。) He ordered me about as if he were my boss. (他对我呼来唤去，好像是我的老板似的。) We remember the accident vividly as if it happened only yesterday. She was sitting quietly in the garden as if/ as though nothing had happened to her. The woman talked eloquently about the accident as though she had witnessed the whole thing. They are staring at me as if I was/were crazy. She looked as if she had had some bad news. 在 as if/as though 结构中的动词形式通常决定于说话人的语义意图。是比较： I feel as if I was /were going to faint. (我感觉好像要晕倒了。) I feel as if I am going to faint. (我感觉（真的）要晕倒了。) 这就是说，在某些语境中，如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去时形式。例如： It looks as if it is going to rain. (看起来好像要下雨了。) It seems as if we will have to go home on foot. The fish smells as if it has gone bad. The apple tastes as if it is sour. (这苹果味道有点儿酸。) f) I wish (that)… I wish (that) I didn’t have to go to work today. (我今天要能不上班就好了。) I wish (that) I was/ were a bit taller. I wish you were coming with me, Peter. I wish I hadn’t said that. I wish I had brought a map with me. She wishes she’d never got involved in the whole affair. (她恨不得自己与此事没有任何牵连。) I wish the sun was shining at this moment. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much last night. 以上都表示与现在的事实或过去事实相反的主观愿望。如果要表示对将来事态的主观愿望，通常用某些情态助动词的过去时形式，此种结构便接近于客气的请求或委婉的劝告。例如： I wish you wouldn’t smoke in public places. I wish you would listen to your teacher’s advise. I wish I could do something for you in return. How I wish she might lend him a hand. I wish 与I hope 都表示“希望”，但I hope… 并不表示假设意义，随后的动词形式除表示婉转口气以外，很少用过去时形式。 例如： I hope you are ready. I hope you’re coming to our party. I hope you can do something to help her. We hope you will be very happy. I hope the weather would be favourable.(可能性小) 2、 用情态动词的过去时形式表假设意义 用情态动词的过去时形式表假设意义常见于条件句（Conditional）和含蓄条件句(Implied Conditional)以及某些特定的语境。 a) 用于条件句 If I were you, I would not miss this opportunity. If he (should) be found guilty, he would be sent to prison. If he were here, I would explain to him myself. If the patient should vomit, turn him over with his head to the side. (如果病人呕吐，将他翻个身是头部向侧面。) If you should change your mind, do let me know. (如果你改变主意，务必请让我知道。) I should be much obliged if you would lend me the money. If I knew her address, I would have written to her. If it had not for me, you would not be free now. If he hadn’t missed the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting. If he should refuse to appear in court, he might be held guilty. If he had brought a map with him, he wouldn’t have got lost. b) 用于含蓄条件句 But for your help, I couldn’t have achieved anything. Anyone who should violate the law would be punished. In different circumstances, I might have agreed. (如果在别的情况下，我或许已经同意了。) This same thing, happening in wartime(=if it should happen in wartime), would amount to disaster. Born in better times, he would have done credit to the profession of letters. (他如果生逢其时，肯定会对文学事业做出贡献。) Left to itself (=if it had been left to itself), the country would long have achieved its unity. (如果没有外来干涉，该国早已完成统一事业。) To look at him(=if you were to look at him), you would think him a young man. Another half hour and all the people there would be killed. =If another half hour should pass, all the people there would be killed. c) 用于其他语境 That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock. There is not the remotest possibility of anyone’s calling upon me, and that I should call upon anyone else is a thing undreamt of. (不可能有人来拜访我，至于有人来拜访我，那是做梦也想不到的。) That I should see a college student arrested for stealing.！(我竟然看到一位大学生因偷窃被捕（，真是发人深思啊)！) Oh that I could see him again! =I wish that I could see him again! Would that she could see her son now! = if only she could see her son now! Would that the flood might never come again! (但愿洪水永远不会再来。) To think that he should have deserted his wife and children! (想想看，他竟然离弃了老婆孩子！) Who would have thought the man living next door should be a hidden terrorist! The door was pushed open; who should come in but the woman they were talking about! (门被推开，进来的人原来是他们正在讨论的那个女人。) He stepped into a cave and what should he see but a tigress with her baby tigers.(他进入洞穴，你道他看见了什么---竟然是一只母老虎带着几个虎仔。)