四环素 - 副本

nullnullContraindication [,kɑntrə‘ɪndə,keʃən] 【医】禁忌症 Indication 【医】适应症 Dock [dɑk]对接 Mutation [mju‘teʃən] 【生】突变 Interact [,intər’ækt ] 交流，沟通 Bind [baɪnd]捆,绑 Inactivation 【医】失活 Fermentation [,fɝmɛn‘teʃən] 【生】发酵 in collaboration with [kə,læbə‘reʃən]与…共同研究 Brew [bru] ;用...酿酒 Acne [‘æknɪ]痤疮;粉刺 infancy [‘ɪnfənsɪ]婴儿期,幼年 New WordsnullRemedy [‘rɛmədɪ]治疗;治疗法;药物 Complication [,kɑmplə‘keʃən] 【医】并发症 Fetus [‘fitəs]胎 Infant ['ɪnfənt]婴儿 Eradicate [ɪ‘rædɪ,ket]连根拔除,根绝;消灭 Endemic [ɛn‘dɛmɪk] (疾病等)地方性的 Incorporated [ɪn‘kɔrpə,ret]结合的 Dose [dos] (药物等的)一剂,一服 Interval [‘ɪntɚv!]间隔;距离 Ulcer [‘ʌlsɚ] 【医】溃疡 Regression [rɪ‘grɛʃən]复原 Toxic [‘tɑksɪk]毒(性)的,有毒的 amino acid 【化】氨基酸 TetracyclineTetracyclinenull Tetracycline molecular ContentsContents1History 2 Mechanism of action 3 Cautions, contraindications(禁忌症) , side-effects 4 Indication(适应症) 5 Other usesHistory(discovery)History(discovery)1.first described in 1948. 2.discovery of the world‘s first tetracycline antibiotic(抗生素）, Aureomycin(金霉素), in 1945. 3. the chemical structure of Terramycin(土霉素) determined In 1950; the patent protection for its fermentation(发酵) and production was also first issued in 1950..Backgrounds;A research team of seven scientists (Drs. K.J. Brunings, Francis A. Hochstein, C.R. Stephens, L.H. Conover, Abraham Bavley, Richard Pasternack, and Peter P. Regna) at Pfizer ,in collaboration with(共同研究） Woodward, participated in the two-year research leading to the discoveryHistory(development)History(development)Nubian（努比亚人 ） mummies have been studied in the 1990s and were found to contain significant levels of tetracycline; there is evidence that the beer brewed（用...酿酒 ） at the time could have been the source. Tetracycline sparked the development of many chemically altered antibiotics and in doing so has proved to be one of the most important discoveries made in the field of antibiotics. It is used to treat many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and some protozoa（原生动物类 ）. It, like some other antibiotics, is also used in the treatment of acne（痤疮;粉刺 ）.Mechanism of actionMechanism of action Tetracycline antiporter system(四环素反向系统) 1.binding（捆，绑） the 30S ribosomal subunit（核糖体亚基）, and through an interaction with 16S rRNA, they prevent the docking（对接） of amino-acylated（酰化氨基） tRNA. 2.Resistance to tetracyclines can arise through drug efflux（流出物）, ribosomal protection proteins, 16S rRNA mutation（突变）, and drug inactivation（失活） through the action of a monooxygenase（单加氧酶 ）.Tetracycline作用机制是与核蛋白体的30S 的亚单位结合，从而阻止氨酰基tRNA同核蛋白体结合 Cautions, contraindications (禁忌症), side-effectsCautions, contraindications (禁忌症), side-effectsHere are the tetracycline antibiotics group: Can stain developing teeth (even when taken by the mother during pregnancy) Can cause permanent teeth discoloration（变色） (yellow-gray-brown); infancy（婴儿期） and childhood to eight years old Inactivated by Calcium(Ca2+), not to be taken with milk, yogurt, and other dairy products Inactivated by aluminium, iron and zinc, not to be taken at the same time as indigestion remedies（药物）Cautions, contraindications (禁忌症), side-effects2Cautions, contraindications (禁忌症), side-effects2Inactivated by common antacids（抗酸剂） and over-the-counter （OTC）heartburn（胃灼热） medicines. Skin photosensitivity（感光性 ）; exposure to the Sun or intense（强烈的）light is not recommended Drug-induced lupus（狼疮）, and hepatitis（肝炎） Can induce microvesicular（微多孔状的） fatty liver. 。Tinnitus（耳鸣） May interfere with methotrexate（氨甲蝶呤） by displacing it from the various protein binding sites Cautions, contraindications, side-effects3Cautions, contraindications, side-effects3Can cause breathing complications（并发症）as well as anaphylactic shock（过敏性休克） in some individuals Should be avoided during pregnancy as it may affect bone growth of fetus（胎儿）. Passes into breast milk and is harmful to breast-fed infants（婴儿）, and should therefore be avoided during breastfeeding if possible.Indication(适应症）Indication(适应症）It is first-line therapy for Rocky Mountain spotted fever（落矶山斑疹热） , Q fever , Psittacosis and Lymphogranuloma venereum , and to eradicate（根绝） nasal carriage of meningococci（ 鼻携带脑膜炎球菌）. Tetracycline tablets were used in the plague（瘟疫） outbreak in India in 1992.Doxycycline（多西环素） is also one (of many) recommended drugs for chemoprophylatic（化学预防） treatment of malaria（疟疾） in travels to areas of the world where malaria is endemic（地方性的）.四环素作为首选或选用药物应用于下列疾病： (1)立克次体病，包括流行性斑疹伤寒、地方性斑疹伤寒、洛矶山热、恙虫病和Q热 (2)支原体属感染 (3)衣原体属感染，包括鹦鹉热、性病、淋巴肉牙肿、非特异性尿道炎、输卵管炎、宫颈炎及沙眼 (4)回归热 (5)布鲁菌病，鼠疫（治疗布鲁菌病和鼠疫时需与氨基糖苷类联合应用） (6)霍乱 (7)兔热病 (9)软下疳 2．由于目前常见致病菌对四环素类耐药现象严重，仅在病原菌对本品呈现敏感时，方有指征选用该类药物。由于溶血性链球菌多对本品呈现耐药，不宜选用于该类菌所致感染的治疗。本品亦不宜用于治疗溶血性链球菌感染和任何类型的葡萄球菌感染。 3.四环素可用于对青霉素类过敏的破伤风、气性坏疽、雅司、梅毒、淋病和钩端螺旋体病以及放线菌属、单核细胞增多性李斯特菌感染的患者。 Other usesOther uses1.used as a marker of bone growth for biopsies（(活组织)切片检查法 ） in humans. Tetracycline labeling is used to determine the amount of bone growth within a certain period of time, usually a period of approximately 21 days. Other usesOther uses2.also used as a biomarker in wildlife to detect consumption of medicine- or vaccine-containing baits.In genetic engineering, tetracycline is used in transcriptional(转录) activation. 3.Tetracycline is also one of the antibiotics used to treat ulcers(溃疡) caused by bacterial infections. In cancer research at Harvard Medical School, tetracycline has been used to reliably cause regression(复原） of advanced stages of leukemia（白血病） in mice, by placing it in their drinking water.NotesNoteshttp://zhidao.baidu.com/question/78122223.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline null