英语_动词ing

1、-ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下几种形式（以do为例）： 一般式 完成式 主动形式 doing 主动形式 having done 被动形式 being done 被动形式 having been done -ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如：Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。 2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如： The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如： Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。 4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)–ing分词（短语）作主语： Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。 ①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。 ②在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如： There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。 There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。 2) -ing分词（短语）作表语： His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 3) -ing分词作宾语： ①–ing分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。 We enjoy attending Miss Li''s class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。 ②-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如： I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。 Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？ ③-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如： I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。 They don’t feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。 此类短语还有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以……自豪）, be responsible for（对……负责）, insist on（坚持）, think of（考虑，想到）, dream of（梦想）, object to（反对，抗议）, hear of（听说）, prevent…from（防止，阻止）, keep…from（防止，阻止）, stop…from（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（从事于）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thank…for（因……而道谢）, excuse…for（因……而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devote…to（献身于）, set about（着手做）, be/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（对……厌烦）, succeed in（成功地做……）, be interested in（对……感兴趣）, be ashamed of（对……感到羞愧）等等。 注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如： I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。 He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。 What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？ 另外，-ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如： He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。 Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children. 除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。 On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 听到这个消息后，所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。 4) -ing分词作定语： ①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如： reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车 sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室 ②-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如： Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？ They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。 ③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如: The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself. 歌词一般讲当前的工作，大部分是他自己写的。 When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。 5) -ing分词做状语： -ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 ①-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如： While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。 Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。 ②-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如： Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。 Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night. 因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。 ③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如： His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。 She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。 ④-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如： They stood there for half an hour， watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。 Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。 ⑤-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如： Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。 ⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如： His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。 Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。 6) -ing分词作补语： ①--ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如： I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。 Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。 ②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。 Lily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。 5. -ing分词的复合结构： -ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如： His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。 He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。 6. –ing分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别： 1）、-ing分词和动词不定式作主语和表语的主要区别在于：在表示比较抽象的一般的多次性行为时多用-ing分词；在表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。如： Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸烟）这里禁止吸烟。 It’s not good for you to smoke so much. （指你吸烟）吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。 2）. 高中阶段能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词： mind（介意）, suggest（建议）, enjoy（欣赏，）, admit（承认）, appreciate（感激，欣赏）, avoid（避免）, delay（推迟）, dislike（不喜欢，厌恶）, escape（逃脱）, finish（完成）, forgive（宽恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（错过）, practise（训练）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒险）, deny（拒绝，否认）, consider（考虑）等。 3）. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing分词，含义有所不同。如： ①forget, remember, regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如： Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗？ Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。 ②动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，意思也有所不同。如： I try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。 Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？ I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。 Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. 做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。 ③动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如： Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。 We don’t permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。 ④动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如： The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。 These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully. 这些小孩需要细心地照料。 ⑤动词like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用-ing分词；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如： I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you. 我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。 I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。 I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。 ⑥动词begin, start后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing分词，否则用不定式更多一些。如： We began to do that job last year. 我们去年开始做那工作的。 They started talking about the film at once. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。 注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语： a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。 When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents. 老师走进教室的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。 b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。 Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem. 一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。 c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。 We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我们正准备离开，天开始下雨了。 7. -ing分词作表语的两种不同含义： ①-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如： Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。 The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的问题是了解人民的需要。 ②-ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如： This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 ①–ing分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如： reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆 flying suit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练 ②-ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如： developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家 a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市 8. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别： 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如： Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲门你听见了吗？ Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗？ 9. 高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如： admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, give way to（让位于），keep to （坚持、遵守）, lead to （导致）,look forward to（期待）, take to（从事）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、坚持）, point to（指向、表明）, see to （注意、处理）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, be equal to （胜任的、等于）, be familiar to （为……熟悉）. 高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语，如generally speaking（一般来说）, judging from…（根据……来判断）, considering…（考虑到……）, talking of…（谈到……，提到……）, supposing…（假如……）等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如： Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。 Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。 第7章 动词的-ed形式 动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。 一、动词的-ed形式的特征 A．动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成 动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。 1． 规则动词的-ed形式 limit→limited（限制） pretend→pretended（假装） escape→escaped（逃脱） provide→provided（提供） refer→referred（提交） drag→dragged（拖） pray→prayed（祈祷） supply→supplied（供应） 2．不规则动词的-ed形式 cast→cast（投掷） spread→spread（传播） bite→bitten（咬） forgive→forgiven（原谅） spit→spat（ 吐） wear→worn（穿） fight→fought（搏斗） lose→lost（丢失） 3．少数动词的-ed形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同 learned a learned professor 一位知识渊博的教授 aged an aged man 老人 beloved his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机 B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式 动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。 Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。 Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。 C．动词的-ed形式的特征 动词的-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。 1．动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。 除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。 Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。 One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。 The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。 2．及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。 Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。（句子的主语I 和动词give之间是被动关系。） When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。（动词make的宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。） The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。 3．不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不带有被动的含义。 an escaped prisoner 逃犯 （= a prisoner who has escaped） a retired worker 退休工人 （= a worker who has retired） a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 （= a guest who has just arrived） We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。 People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人们应该注意到变化了的形势。 二、动词的-ed形式的用法 动词的-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。 A．动词的-ed形式作表语 1．-ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。 The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。 When we got there, the shop was closed. 我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。 She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars. 她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。 The land remained unexploited. 这片土地尚未开发。 Hearing the news, he looked disappointed. 听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。 The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year. 山顶上终年积雪覆盖。 比较： 要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。 All the doors are locked. 所有的门都是锁着的。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态） All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。（被动语态，表示动作） Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态 Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。（被动语态，表示动作） 2．同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。 动词的-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而-ing形式作 表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。 They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。 At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。 提示： 上述动词的-ed形式，有的（如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等）已经变成形容词，可以被very, too等副词修饰。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）还不能被very, too修饰，只能被much修饰。 These problems are very puzzling. 这些问题很令人迷惑。 We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。 His speech was very moving. 他的演讲非常感人。 All the people present were moved to tears. 在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。 B．动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语 当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。 1．在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。 I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。 We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。 Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. 昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。 He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. 他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。 2．在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。 ①动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。 Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。 比较： 动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。 I couldn誸 get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。 He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。 It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。 Can you really get that old clock going again? 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？ ②动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。 You should make your views known to the public. 你应该让公众知道你的观点。 注意： 动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式，但不可用动词的-ing形式。 【误】Can you make the students understanding the text? 【正】Can you make the students understand the text? 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ 【正】Can you make the text understood by the students? 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ ③动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。 They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。 The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房间里。 3．动词的-ed形式也可用在with（without）结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。 With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。 She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。 Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging. 家里没有粮食，小女孩只好出去讨饭。 Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。 4．某些动词后（如want, need, prefer, would like等），作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。 I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望这事立即得到解决。 I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。 We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。 The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。 C．动词的-ed形式作定语 动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。 1．前置定语 单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。 A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的坏门窗都修好了。 When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。 提示： 如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。 Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。 2．后置定语 作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。（= that are written by this author） Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。（= who had been invited to the reception） The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students) A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer) 3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别 动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或/和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或/和主动。 the risen sun 升起了的太阳 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 boiled water 开水 boiling water 正沸腾的水 developed countries 发达国家 developing countries 发展中国家 fallen leaves 落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 changed condition 改变了的情况 changing condition 变化着的情况 D．动词的-ed形式作状语 动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、 方式或伴随情况等。 1．表示时间 动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。（= When the city is seen from the tower...） Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。（= After we had been shown the lab...） Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was completely examined...) 提示： 有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。 When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。 Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。 Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。 2. 表示原因 动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...） Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。（=As it was written in haste ...） Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were excited by...) 注意： 为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。 Even if invited,I won'tgo. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。 Though beaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败，便他们并没有丧失信心。 Unless invited,he will not come back to the company. 除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。 3. 表示条件 动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Heated, water changes into steam. 加热，水就能变成蒸汽。（= If water is heated...） Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。（= If he was given more time ...） Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。 4. 表示让步 动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。 Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。（= Although they were exhausted by the running ...） Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。（= Even if he was laughed by many people ...） Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. 尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。 提示： 有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。 Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。 = Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。 Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。 = Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。 5．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。 动词的-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。（= and he was surrounded by the students） He went into the office, followed by some children. 他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children) They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, completely astonished. 他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。 She accepted the gift, deeply moved. 她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。 注意： 动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。 【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。 【误】I cannot stand laughed at. 【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。 三、动词的-ed形式的逻辑主语 A．动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。 Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。 Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。 She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息，她泄气了。 Though it was