名词

nullnull语法专题—名词 名词的分类： 　　　 　　名词 　可数名词不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 物质名词 抽象名词 2.1名词的分类2.1名词的分类名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，joy等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 　 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：示某类人或东西中的个体，如：doctor,house,photo。 　 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family,class。 　 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：rice,water,air。 　 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作，状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：health,friendship。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳表格如下 |　　|专有名词 |　　　　　　　　　　 | 　| 名 |　　　　 | 个体名词　 |　　　　　 | 　|　　|　　　　 |　　　　　 | 可数名词 | 　|　　|　　　　 | 集体名词　 |　　　　 　| 　|　　|普通名词 |　　　　　 |　　　　　 | 　| 词 |　　　　 | 物质名词　 |　　　　　 | 　|　　|　　　　 |　　　　　 | 不可数名词| 　|　　|　　　　 | 抽象名词　 |　　　　 　| nullThey devoted their __________( youth) to the defence of their motherland. Some __________ ( youth) were standing near the bus stop. A big iron __________ (work) will be built in this city very soon. We are to have __________ (tea) with the guests at four; make eight __________ (tea). If you want __________ (knowledge) , you must take part in the practice of changing __________ ( reality). __________ (fruit) is cheap at this time of a year. What __________ (fruit) are in season now?knowledgerealityFruitfruitsteateasworksyouthyouthsnull①单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。 a sheep—two sheep, a deer—four deer②合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend — boy-friends, go-between— go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up — grown-ups, sister-in-law—sisters-in-law。③有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物, wages工资，surroundings环境，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。可数名词的“数”（不规则变化）null④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词, 既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如:family, class, group, team, government, crew… The crew _____ large.船员人数很多. The crew_____ all tired.船员们都累坏了。 isarenull不可数名词的”数” 1. 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如： 抽象名词（不可数） 具体化（个体名词，可数名词） in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事) win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事) Failure(失败)is the mother of success 失败是成功之母。 a failure失败者 by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历 youth青春 a youth一个青年人 have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情 with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事null2. 抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如： A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me? It is a waste of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. null3. 物质名词有前置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。 have breakfast have a wonderful breakfast The road is covered with snow. They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night.null有复数形式的不可数名词 ①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如： Use your brains, please. They have smoothed away the difficulties. Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting? Many thanks for your kindness. No pains, no gains. After many failures, they finally succeeded.null②有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如： The boy burst into tears at the bad news. The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops. The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.null有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义：如 papers 报纸　 manners 礼貌　 goods 货物　 glasses 眼镜　 works 工厂，著作　 looks 外表　 greens 青菜 hairs 几根头发　 times 时代　 sands 沙滩，沙地　 drinks 饮料　 forces 军队　 irons 手铐 复合名词的复数形式复合名词的复数形式a. 一般是只把复合名词中的主体名词变成复数形式。 looker(s)-on旁观者, son(s)-in-law女婿 如没有主体名词，则在最后一个词变成复数形式。 grow-up(s)成年人, go-between(s)中间人 c. 有些复合名词的组成部分都要变成复数形式。 man servant — men servants woman doctor — women doctors null名词作定语 英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。（1）分类意义。 air pollution 空气污染 boy friend 男朋友 coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得税 tennis ball网球 song writer歌曲作家 body language身体语言 road accident交通事故 Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖 null（2）时间、地点、称呼等。 Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授 evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠 street dance 街舞 country music乡村音乐 village people村民 school education学校教育 China problem中国问题（3）表目的、手段、来源或材料, 用途, 性质。 reception desk接待台 sports field田径场 stone table石桌 color TV彩电 weather report天气预报 gold ring金戒指名词作定语名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 　 如：sports meeting 运动会 　　　 students reading-room 学生阅览室　 　　　 talks table 谈判桌　 　　　 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 　如：men workers　　women teachers　　 　　 gentlemen officials 3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 　 如：goods train (货车) 　　　 arms produce　武器生产 　　　 customs papers 海关文件 　　　 clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 　 如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)　 　　　 a ten-mile walk 十里路　 　　　 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 　　　 a five-year plan　一个五年 3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 　 如：goods train (货车) 　　　 arms produce　武器生产 　　　 customs papers 海关文件 　　　 clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 　 如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)　 　　　 a ten-mile walk 十里路　 　　　 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 　　　 a five-year plan　一个五年计划 名词的格名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加’s来表示所有或所属关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher’s book。名词所有格的规则如下： 1）表示有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格一般在名词后加’s。 my father’s study 我父亲的书房 a. 以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加“ ’ ”。 the teachers’ reading room 教员阅览室 b. 不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格要加 ’s。 the people’s right 人民的权利 the women’s dress c. 如专有名词以s结尾，它的所有格一般只加“ ’ ”，但也有加 ’s 的时候。 Burns’ poems 彭斯的诗 d. 复合名词的所有格的词尾 ’s 加在后面的名词之后。 her son-in-law’s photo 她女婿的照片 e. 如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在后一个名词的后面加’s 。如果不是共有的，则两个名词之后都要加’s。 Jane and Helen’s room 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有） Bill’s and Tom’s radios 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机（不共有） f. 有些指时间，距离，国家，城镇的无生命名词也可加 ’s 表示所有格。 half an hour’s class 半个小时的课 China’s industry 中国的工业 twenty minutes’ walk 二十分钟的路程 d. 复合名词的所有格的词尾 ’s 加在后面的名词之后。 her son-in-law’s photo 她女婿的照片 e. 如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在后一个名词的后面加’s 。如果不是共有的，则两个名词之后都要加’s。 Jane and Helen’s room 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有） Bill’s and Tom’s radios 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机（不共有） f. 有些指时间，距离，国家，城镇的无生命名词也可加 ’s 表示所有格。 half an hour’s class 半个小时的课 China’s industry 中国的工业 twenty minutes’ walk 二十分钟的路程2） 表示无生命东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有关系。 the cover of the book 书的封面 the contents of the story的内容 3） 指有生命的名词有时也可以用of词组表示所有格。 a. 如果名词较长。 the story of Dr. Norman Bethune 白求恩的故事 the works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin马，恩，列，斯著作 b. 如果名词的定语较长，就只能用of词组来表示所有关系。 Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate? 你知道站在大门旁的那个男孩的名字吗？ 2） 表示无生命东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有关系。 the cover of the book 书的封面 the contents of the story故事的内容 3） 指有生命的名词有时也可以用of词组表示所有格。 a. 如果名词较长。 the story of Dr. Norman Bethune 白求恩的故事 the works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin马，恩，列，斯著作 b. 如果名词的定语较长，就只能用of词组来表示所有关系。 Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate? 你知道站在大门旁的那个男孩的名字吗？ null4）“of+ 词组+所有格 ”（双重所有格）的用法：在表示所属物的名词前有冠词，数词，不定代词或指示代词（如: a, two, some, this, that, these,those等）时，常用“of+ 词组+所有格 ”的形式来表示所有关系。 a friend of my father’s = ( one of my father’s friends) 我父亲的一个朋友 a picture of his uncle’s 他叔叔的一张照片 （他叔叔所有照片中的一张，但不一定是他本人的照片。试比较：a picture of his uncle 他叔叔本人的一张照片。） that novel of her little brother’s 她弟弟的那本小说null１.除了表示有生命的人和物的所有格外，表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词的所有格都可以用名词’s的形式表示ten days’ journey 　　　　　　十天的旅程 half an hour’s drive 　　　　　　半个小时的车程 a ton’s weight 　　　　　　一吨的重量 today’s newspaper 　　　　　　今天的报纸nullat the Green’s 　　　　　　在格林先生家 to my uncle’s 　　　　　　到我叔叔家 at the tailor’s 　　　　　　在裁缝店 at the barber’s 　　　　　　在理发店 at the doctor’s 　　　　　　在诊所２.在表示“某人家”“店铺”的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的名词． 随堂练习 二. 选择正确的选项填空。 1. ( ) Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave 2. ( ) -Would you like ___ tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges 3. ( ) John bought ___ for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes 4. ( ) -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. ! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken 5. ( ) There are five___in our factory. A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers 随堂练习 二. 选择正确的选项填空。 1. ( ) Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave 2. ( ) -Would you like ___ tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges 3. ( ) John bought ___ for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes 4. ( ) -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. ! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken 5. ( ) There are five___in our factory. A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers 6. ( ) This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It's a___. A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop 7. ( ) They write most of their___ in English. A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses letter D. businesses letters 8. ( ) The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____. A. thirty minutes's walk B. thirty minute's walk C. thirty minutes' walk D. thirty minutes walk 9. ( ) The post card is sent by ____. A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my father's C. my father friend D. my father friend's 10. ( ) Please take two___. A. picture of the park B. pictures of the park C. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park6. ( ) This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It's a___. A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop 7. ( ) They write most of their___ in English. A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses letter D. businesses letters 8. ( ) The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____. A. thirty minutes's walk B. thirty minute's walk C. thirty minutes' walk D. thirty minutes walk 9. ( ) The post card is sent by ____. A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my father's C. my father friend D. my father friend's 10. ( ) Please take two___. A. picture of the park B. pictures of the park C. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park Exercises 用适当的选项填空。 1. ( ) We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe 2. ( ) What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes 3. ( ) Can we have some ___? -Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear 4. ( ) When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news 5. ( ) He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads Exercises 用适当的选项填空。 1. ( ) We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe 2. ( ) What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes 3. ( ) Can we have some ___? -Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear 4. ( ) When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news 5. ( ) He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads6. ( ) In the picture there are many____ and two ____. A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps; fox C. sheeps; foxes D. sheep;foxs 7.( ) A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 8. ( ) There are sixty-seven___ in our school. A. women's teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher 9. ( ) We came to a ___ at last and went in. A. watch shop B. watches shop C. watching shop D. watchs shop 10. ( ) This table is made of___. A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass 11. ( ) September 10th is____in China. A. Teacher's Day B. Teachers'Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day 12. ( ) Excuse me, where is the___? A. men's room B. mens' room C. men's rooms D. men rooms 6. ( ) In the picture there are many____ and two ____. A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps; fox C. sheeps; foxes D. sheep;foxs 7.( ) A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 8. ( ) There are sixty-seven___ in our school. A. women's teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher 9. ( ) We came to a ___ at last and went in. A. watch shop B. watches shop C. watching shop D. watchs shop 10. ( ) This table is made of___. A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass 11. ( ) September 10th is____in China. A. Teacher's Day B. Teachers'Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day 12. ( ) Excuse me, where is the___? A. men's room B. mens' room C. men's rooms D. men rooms 13. ( ) This is my____dictionary. A. sister Mary B. sister's Mary C. sister, Mary's D. sister's Mary's 14. Joan is____. A. Mary's and Jack sister B. Mary and Jack's sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Mary's and Jack's sister 15. ( ) The football under the bed is____. A. Lily and Lucy B. Lily's and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy's 16. ( ) It's about ___ walk from my house. A. ten minute B. ten minutes' C. ten minute's D. ten minutes 17. ( ) ____ face to the south. A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The room's windows D. The windows in room 18. ( ) Miss Smith is a friend of____. A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother C. mother's of Mary D. Mary mothers 13. ( ) This is my____dictionary. A. sister Mary B. sister's Mary C. sister, Mary's D. sister's Mary's 14. Joan is____. A. Mary's and Jack sister B. Mary and Jack's sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Mary's and Jack's sister 15. ( ) The football under the bed is____. A. Lily and Lucy B. Lily's and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy's 16. ( ) It's about ___ walk from my house. A. ten minute B. ten minutes' C. ten minute's D. ten minutes 17. ( ) ____ face to the south. A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The room's windows D. The windows in room 18. ( ) Miss Smith is a friend of____. A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother C. mother's of Mary D. Mary mothers nullAnswers: 1-10 BBAADCBCBB 1-18 CABCCACBADBACBDBBA