增词和省略

nullnullA Practical Course of Translation OmissionnullPart 1 Omission in English-Chinese Translation Part 2 Omission in Chinese-English Translation Teaching OutlineOmission in E-C TranslationOmission in E-C TranslationOmission: to leave out some unnecessary words. 所谓省略法，就是把原文中需要而译文中不需要的单词、词组等在翻译过程中加以省略。省略法是出于语法结构、习惯达法或者修辞的需要，在能充分表达原意的基础之上，使译文更加通顺流畅、言简意赅。减词法减词法*减词法：指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。 * 应遵循的原则：减词不减意 null一、从语法角度进行省略1、冠词的省略 2、代词的省略 3、it的省略 4、介词的省略 5、连词的省略 6、动词的省略Nine Cases of Omission in E-C TranslationNine Cases of Omission in E-C Translationi. Omitting Articles :省略冠词 1.1．英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。 A teacher should have patience in his work. 当教员的应当有耐心。 The horse is a useful animal. 马是有益的动物。 It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past. 在过去，飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。 The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮慢慢从海上升起。null 例: The proton has a positive charge and the electron a negative charge, but the neutron has neither. 质子带正电，电子带负电，中子两种电荷都不带。null②不定冠词的省略 不定冠词在泛指某一类事物中的任何一个或用于某些固定词组等情况下往往省译。 例: A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength. 骆驼的力量远不及大象。i. Omitting Articles :省略冠词i. Omitting Articles :省略冠词1. 2．英译汉时，省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合，冠词却不能省略，可以翻译为“一个，每一，这个，那个”等。例如： He left without saying a word. 他一句话不说就走了。 Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile. 埃格伯特说，他（开车）每天一英里就赚一块钱。 This is the book you wanted. 这就是你要的那本书。null2、代词的省略 ① 人称代词的省略 a.英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。null例: But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。null b. 泛指的英语人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，译文中往往也可以省略。 例: We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。null②省略作宾语的代词 例: She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it. 她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上，好象表示感谢。null③ 物主代词的省略 例: He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头， 两眼看天，一句话不说。null④反身代词的省略 例: How do atoms arrange themselves in a solid? 原子在固体中是如何排列的？ii. Omitting Pronouns省略代词ii. Omitting Pronouns省略代词2. 1．省略作主语的人称代词 2. 1.1 根据汉语习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。 I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice. 我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他瘦弱憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。ii. Omitting Pronouns省略代词ii. Omitting Pronouns省略代词2.1.2 英语中，泛指人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，在汉语译文中往往省略。 We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。 When will he arrive?—You can never tell. 他什么时候到？——说不准。 The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain. 人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。ii. Omitting Pronouns省略代词ii. Omitting Pronouns省略代词2.2．省略作宾语的代词 英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否提到过，翻译时往往可以省略。 The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them. 他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。 Please take off the old picture and throw it away. 请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。ii. Omitting Pronouns省略代词ii. Omitting Pronouns省略代词2. 3．省略物主代词 英语句子中的物主代词出现的频率相当高。如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来，译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出现的情况下，在翻译时物主代词大多被省略。 I put my hand into my pocket. 我把手放进口袋。 She listened to me with her rounded eyes. 她睁大双眼，听我说话。３、 it的省略３、 it的省略① 非人称代词it的省略 非人称代词it在句中作主语时实际上是个虚词，并不指代上下文中具体的事物，一般用于表示自然现象、时间、距离、环境及一般情况等。汉译时，常将这一非人称代词it省略，作为无主句。null例: Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。 pitch: n. 沥青 as black/dark as pitch: 漆黑的，黑暗的null③强调句中的it的省略 　例: It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told. 就在那个时候，我才开始怀疑，我的经历究竟能不能公诸于众呢！ 　　null例：It’s impossible to master a foreign language in a few months. 几个月掌握一门外语是不可能的。iii. Omitting Impersonal Pronoun “it” 非人称代词it 的省略iii. Omitting Impersonal Pronoun “it” 非人称代词it 的省略当it被用作非人称或没有意义的时候，翻译时往往可以省略。 Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。 He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15. 他一看表，是七点一刻了。 It took me a long time to reach the hospital. 我花了很长时间才到了医院。 It is the people who are really powerful. 人民才是最强大的。５、连词的省略５、连词的省略①省略并列连词 　　例: He looked gloomy and ` troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。null②从属连词的省略 　a.省略表示原因的连词 例: We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin. 我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。null b.省略表示条件的连词 　　例: If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？null c. 省略表示时间的连词 　　例: John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother. 火车停了，约翰忧郁地站了起来，他想起了病中的母亲。iv. Omitting Conjunctions省略连接词iv. Omitting Conjunctions省略连接词汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语的次序来表示。英语则不然，连接词用得比较多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况下可不必把连接词译出来。 Ｈe looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。（省略并列连接词） As it is late, you had better go home. 时间不早了，你最好回家去吧。（省略表示原因的连接词） If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（省略表示条件的连接词）v. Omitting Prepositions省略介词v. Omitting Prepositions省略介词一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语介词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾大都不省略。 5. 1．省略表示时间的前置词 The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。 比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。 On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong returned to the People’s Republic of China. 一九九七年七月，香港回归了中华人民共和国。４、介词的省略４、介词的省略①表示时间的介词经常可省略 　例: Europeans came to the Japanese islands in the 16th century. 16世纪欧洲人到达日本岛。null②表示地点的介词常可省略 　例: No smoking in the test site. 实验场所不许吸烟。null③其他介词的省略 　例: The products produced by this factory are good in quality and low in price. 该厂生产的产品物美价廉。v. Omitting Prepositions省略介词v. Omitting Prepositions省略介词5. 2．省略表示地点的前置词 Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不准吸烟。 In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South 冬天，北方的天气比南方冷得多。 表示地点的英语介词在译文句首往往可以省略，但放在动词后面却一般不省略，如： He stood by the desk. 他站在桌旁。 I stayed in my brother’s house. 我住在弟弟家里。６、动词的省略６、动词的省略①　一些联系动词的省略 　　英语中最重要的联系动词be用作谓语时，本身并无具体的动作含义，汉译时往往省略。至于其它联系动词，如get,　become等，若其含义在译文中已经得到体现，也可省译。null② 一些动词与具有动作含义的名词搭配时可省略 　例: The power plant gives factories its constant supply of electricity. 电厂源源不断地向工厂提供电力。vi. Omitting Verbs省略动词vi. Omitting Verbs省略动词英语句子中一般必须有谓语动词。而汉语我顺子的谓语并不一定非由动词充当，形容词和名词等同样可以作谓语。英译汉时可根据汉语的习惯适当省略原文中的某些动词。主要有两类：一些连系动词和一些与具有动作含义的名词等搭配使用的动词。 When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order. 必须在购货单的时间交货。vii. Omitting Nouns省略名词vii. Omitting Nouns省略名词英语介词of后面的名词，有时译成汉语后就已经将意思表达清楚，这时便可以将of前面表示度量等意义的名词省略。 1）The sun and a grain of sand are both bodies, for each consists of a definite amount of matter. 太阳和沙子都是物体，因为它们都是由一定数量的物质组成的。（省略名词grain） 2）Different kinds of matter have different properties. 不同的物质具有不同的特性。（省略名词kinds） 3）Going through the process of heat treatment, metals become much stronger and more durable. 经过热处理后，金属强度更大，更加耐用。viii. Omitting synonymsviii. Omitting synonyms英语句子中有些短语重复出现，或者具有相同意义的词重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。 1 ） To our knowledge, advertisement and commercials do many important things for society; they convey business information, facilitate communication and help keep the business world moving. 据我们所知，广告在社会中起着重要的作用：传递商品信息，促进交流，使商界正常运作。 2 ） The undersigned sellers and buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 兹经买卖双方同意成交下列商品，特签定如下条款。 ix. Omission of redundant words 冗词赘语的省略ix. Omission of redundant words 冗词赘语的省略1 ） Part-time job hunters who have worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not. 寻找业余工作者，有工作经验者优先聘用。 2） There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 没有下雪，但叶落草枯。 3） There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end. 仍然具有这种信念，普通的人要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。Omission In C-E Translation:Omission In C-E Translation:1. 省略表范畴的词语 说服工作 persuasion 落后状态 backwardness 自满情绪 arrogance 疯狂行为 madness 紧张关系/局势 tension 测量办法 measurement 讨论的范围涉及中美关系、中俄关系。 The discussion covers Sino-U.S. relation and Sino-Russian relation. 中国现时的农业生产的发展状况 The present development of China’s agriculture 今年上半年进口计划的执行情况也是好的。 Our import-export in the first half of his year has gone very well. 2. 省译重复词语2. 省译重复词语1) 搞好重点商品、重点市场、重点地区大案要案的清查。 We should investigate key commodities, markets and areas to clear up major cases. 2) 沉默啊！沉默！不在沉默中爆发就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence. 3) 我们党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。 Our party must always represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.3. 省译同义词3. 省译同义词异词同义重复，又称同义词重复在汉语中十分普遍，尤其是四字对偶词组，如残酷无情、铜墙铁壁、无独有偶、直言无隐、横行霸道、自言自语、字斟句酌等等。汉语语言表达中同义反复，搭床架屋的现象按西方思维就不符合逻辑，视为英文表达的大忌。因此，汉译英时往往省译同义词。 全体员工精诚团结，上下一心。 All the staff unite in absolute sincerity. 目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。 Target priorities were established there. 他在情况危急时，态度从容，镇定自若。 He showed himself calm in an emergency situation. 男男女女，熙熙攘攘，络绎不绝。 Men and women hurried by in long, shifting lines.4. 省译没有实际意义的词语4. 省译没有实际意义的词语汉语修辞语在程度上往往强于英语，“大词”的使用频率偏高。汉语表达习惯于在形容词和动词前加上副词，只是起强调作用，或便于阅读时朗朗上口，这些副词都没有实际意义，翻译时可以省略。如：十分重要、真抓实干、切实加强、认真执行、彻底粉碎 我们要大力发扬求真务实，勇于创新的精神。 We must carry forward and promote the spirit of practicality, truth-seeking and courage in innovation. 狠抓管理，安全生产。 Improving management and ensuring safe production.5. 调整句法结构，省译某些词语5. 调整句法结构，省译某些词语马克思主义的发展史充分说明：解放思想，实事求是是引导社会前进的强大力量。 The history of Marxism fully shows that the principle emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts leads to great social progress.6. 从文化角度省译词语6. 从文化角度省译词语1）因为他长得伶俐可爱，大人们都爱跟他玩；这个说：“二黑，算一算十岁属什么？”那个说：“二黑，给我补一课！” As he was such a lovely child, all grown-ups enjoyed joking with him. 2）当他六岁时，他爹就教他识字。识字课本既不是《五经》、《四书》，也不是常识国语，而是天干、地支、五行、八卦、六十四卦名等学起，进一步便学些《百中经》、《玉匣记》、《增删卜易》、《麻衣神相》、《奇门遁甲》、《阴阳宅》等书。 When he was six, his father started teaching him some characters from books on the art of fortune-telling, rather than the Chinese classics.二、从修辞角度进行省略二、从修辞角度进行省略1、同义词语的省略 2、重复短语的省略 3、根据汉语习惯省略可有 可无的词　　null例: To our knowledge, advertisements and commercials do many important things for society. 据我们所知，广告对社会起了许多重要作用。null２、英语句子中有些短语重复出现，汉译时可按情况作适当省略。　例: Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me. 那些打我并且使我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。null小组练习 名词的省略 1.我们要培养分析问、解决问题的能力。 We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. 2. 中国运动技术水平位居世界前列。 China has joined the front ranks of sports internationally. 3. 私家车对于大多数人来说仍然是奢侈品。 A private car is still a luxury for most people. null1. The problem of the age of the earth is one problem we shall approach. 地球的年龄是我们将要探索的一个问题。 2. Sunday is the day when I am least busy. 星期天我最不忙。null动词的省略 1. Then comes the rapid development of microcomputers. 后来微型计算机很快发展起来了。 2. Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order. 必须在购货单规定的日期交货。 3. 中国人民一直热爱自由，热爱和平。 The Chinese people have long loved peace and freedom. 4. 玛丽会讲汉语，而且讲得很好。 Mary speaks Chinese, and that very well. 5. When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 6. I must stress delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order. 我强调一点，必须在购货单规定的时间交货。 CW 1CW 11. The purpose of insurance is to provide protection against financial loss at a reasonable cost. (省略冠词） 2.  We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter. (省略代词） 3. If your TV set does not work properly, you’d better not have it fixed. Just buy a new one.  （省略代词） 4.  Why do we feel cooler when we fan ourselves? （省略代词） 5. It is too late for another try. (省略it）null6. It’s so noisy in the bar and I can’t bear it. （省略it） 7. It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door. （省略it） 8. There are a variety of population problems in all parts of the world. (省略前置词） 9.  Europeans came to the Japanese Islands in the 16th century. (省略前置词） 10. Isaac Newton, theoretical physicist and mathematician, was born in 1642. CW 1 参考 CW 1 参考答案 1. The purpose of insurance is to provide protection against financial loss at a reasonable cost. (省略冠词） 保险的目的是以合理的代价防备经济损失。 2.  We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter. (省略代词） 我们保证立即处理此事。 3. If your TV set does not work properly, you’d better not have it fixed. Just buy a new one.  （省略代词） 电视有毛病，最好别去修，干脆买台新的。 4.  Why do we feel cooler when we fan ourselves? （省略代词） 扇扇子时我们为什么感到凉快些？ 5. It is too late for another try. (省略it） 再试一次太迟了。null6. It’s so noisy in the bar and I can’t bear it. （省略it） 酒吧里太嘈杂，我受不了。 7. It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door. （省略it） 显然是校长本人开的门。 8. There are a variety of population problems in all parts of the world. (省略前置词）世界各地存在着各种各样的人口问题。 9.  Europeans came to the Japanese Islands in the 16th century. 16世纪欧洲人到达日本岛。 10. Isaac Newton, theoretical physicist and mathematician, was born in 1642. 理论物理学家和家伊萨克·牛顿诞生于1642年。CW 2 CW 2 1. There must be some people in the room, for I heard a voice. (省略连词） 2. Telephone communication is now widespread and efficient. (省略连词） 3. This was a masterly appointment. (省略动词） 4. These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. （省略动词） 5. Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength. (省略动词） 6. It is desirable that the meeting should be held as soon as possible. 7. We have tested 200 types of cloth, none of which is completely waterproof. null8. We had learned a lot from the workers and technicians. 9. The cessation of the present restrictions cannot be made. 10. Their respective destiny are becoming increasingly interdependent. 11. Before the night was far advanced, they began to move against the enemy. 12. One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 13.  I can finish the work so long as you give me time. 14. We are looking forward with interest to you reply.CW 2 参考答案CW 2 参考答案 1. There must be some people in the room, for I heard a voice. (省略连词） 屋里准有人，我听见人说话声。 2. Telephone communication is now widespread and efficient. (省略连词） 现在电话通讯广泛有效。 3. This was a masterly appointment. (省略动词） 这个任命实在高明。 4. These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass (V，包含，包括） a large population and abound（V，富于） in natural resources. （省略动词） 这些发展中国家，幅员辽阔、人口众多、资源丰富。 5. Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength. (省略动词） 不锈钢硬度大、强度高。null6. It is desirable that the meeting should be held as soon as possible. 希望这次会议尽早召开。 7. We have tested 200 types of cloth, none of which is completely waterproof. 分析：of which省略不译。我们已经试验了200种布料，没有一种能完全防水。 8. We had learned a lot from the workers and technicians.  分析：名词复数省略不译。我们从工人和技术人员那里学了不少东西。 9. The cessation of the present restrictions cannot be made. 这些限制目前尚不能取消。 10. Their respective destiny are becoming increasingly interdependent. 他们的命运日益休戚相关。比较：他们各自的命运……null11. Before the night was far advanced, they began to move against the enemy 入夜不久，他们开始过进击敌人。比较：在天色已晚，但是夜还不深的时候…… 12. One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 要掌握一门外语，非下苦工夫不可。 13.  I can finish the work so long as you give me time. 译文：给我时间，我就能完成这项工作。 14. We are looking forward with interest to you reply. 译文一：我们带着极大的兴趣盼望贵方的答复。 译文二：盼复。（精确明了）