Ⅳ- 46Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
마. ESCOT
• ESCOT是为了极大化轮胎运行性能,利用超级电脑自动最
佳设计产品的最尖端技术。
•ESCOT最佳化接地压分布来磨损及制动性能提高,且最佳化
car cass张力来来提高操纵性及舒适性。
• ESCOT为Excellent & Smart Contour Optimization
Theory缩略词, 给驾驶者提供安全且安逸的Escort 功能的技
术。
Ⅳ- 47Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
使和路面接触的胎面中央部位和远端位置均匀成长,提高耐
久性能,即使空气压变化也能有一定的运行性能的轮胎最佳
设计理论。
Final 阶段
Proto 阶段
1) ESCOT-1 (均匀成长理论)
Ⅳ- 48Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1) ESCOT-1 理论
以轮胎内压进行的
:
如果轮胎变形均匀, W 变小.
和轮胎相关的变形能 :
能量平衡方程式 :
如果轮胎变形 ( )均匀, 变形均匀.
空气注入时, Tread center和Belt edge部位的成长
量相同, 可以缓和和最弱部位Belt edge 等相关的变
形能 。
W P d = d A
U d = d V ij ij
P d d d A = d V ij ij
d
Ⅳ- 49Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Conventional
ESCOT-1
2) Laser Profilometer Measurement(ESCOT-1)
Ⅳ- 50Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
다) ESCOT-1 Verification
Conventional ESCOT-1
成长类型 (Profile) 胎肩成长 均匀成长
耐久力 (ECE R-30) 83 min 117 min
舒适感 (Ride) 6.0+ 6.0+
操纵性 (Handling) 6.0- 6.0+
噪音 (Road Noise) 6.0 6.0+
* 规格 : P195/70R14 756
Ⅳ- 51Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Final 단계Proto 단계
胎侧部位的car cass张力分布对轮胎操纵性能和舒适感有密切
影响。最佳化car cass张力分布,同时提高操纵性和舒适感的
轮胎最佳设计理论。
2) ESCOT-2 (张力最佳化理论)
Ⅳ- 52Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
对于操纵性和耐久性最佳化运算法则
(1) ESCOT-2 理论
目的#
数#(Objective Function)
XXXXX sr1rr1 f ..., ,f ,f ,... ,fFF
: Element-averaged tension
(for maneuverability)
XX r1 f ,... ,f
XX sr1r f ..., ,f : Element-averaged strain-
energy (for durability)
Ⅳ- 53Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
设计变量(Design variables)
约束条件(Constraints)
• Sidewall Arc Length 限制
• Sidewall的Radius 限制
1
1
0
2
1
2
11 01
M
i
iiii Lyyxxg X
1
1
2
1
2
102 01
M
i
iiii yyxxLg X
NiRRg iLii ,,X 1 02
NiRRg UiiNi ,,X 1 02
TNRR 1 ...,,X
Ⅳ- 54Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Initial
Design
F. E.
Analysis
Objective
Function
Design
Variables
Constraints
Sensitivity
Analysis
Shape
Optimization
Optimal
Design
Judgment
Yes
N
o
(2) ESCOT-2 计算方法
Ⅳ- 55Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
初期及最佳轮胎形象 (操纵性提高)
3.20412.1392.0551.9981.9652.036Optimum design
1.038(
%)
3.2377
L0
0.064
2.075
R5
-
0.020
-
0.077
-
0.110
-
0.039
Tolerance,
and
2.075
R4R3R2R1Radii and arc-length (in)
2.0752.0752.075Initial design
iR
(3) ESCOT-2 解析结果(Shape)
Ⅳ- 56Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(4) ESCOT-2 解析结果 (Tension)
目的性能的初期值和最佳值比较
Strain energy
2.365
2.584
303
2.479
2.579
93
2.661
2.788
80
2.919
2.838
75
2.849
2.813
71
1.9021.1611.5791.4581.811Final level
2.035
6559514030Element No.
1.3061.2290.9531.322Initial level
Carcass tension(lbf)
Ⅳ- 57Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(5) ESCOT-2 Verification
Conventional ESCOT-2
V.S.R (Kgf/mm) 18.64 18.58
L.S.R (kgf/mm) 7.84 8.43
舒适感 (Ride) 7.0+ 7.0
操纵性 (Handling) 7.0 7.5
噪音 (Road Noise) 6.0 6.0
*规格 : P205/65R15 722
Ⅳ- 58Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Final 阶段Proto 阶段
接地面的接地压力分布对轮胎磨损、制动性能等运行性能有
极大的影响。ESCOT-3技术最佳化接地压力分布,极大化磨
损及牵引性能的轮胎最佳设计理论。
3) ESCOT-3 (接地压最佳化理论)
Ⅳ- 59Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Conventional
ESCOT-3
(1) ESCOT-3 概念图
Ⅳ- 60Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
接地压最佳化 (磨损) 运算法则
目的函数
(2) ESCOT-3 理论
n
i
ii ppsXf
1
2)()(
n
j
jjn
i
i
ps
s
p
1
1
1 : mean pressure
Ⅳ- 61Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
•Arc Length 限制条件
•Radius 限制条件
1
1
0
2
1
2
11 01
M
i
iiii Lyyxxg X
1
1
2
1
2
102 01
M
i
iiii yyxxLg X
Nirrg iLii ,1 ,02 X
Nirrg UiiNi ,1 ,02 X
设计变量(Design variables)
TNrr ..., ,1X
约束条件(Constraints)
Ⅳ- 62Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(3) Tread Profile Optimization(ESCOT-3)
Green - Conventional
R e d - ESCOT-3
Ⅳ- 63Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(4) Transverse Contact Pressure(ESCOT-3)
Green - Conventional
R e d - ESCOT-3
Ⅳ- 64Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Convent
ional
USCT-2
(5) Contact Pressure Distribution(ESCOT-3)
Conventional ESCOT-3
Ⅳ- 65Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(6) ESCOT-3 Verification
Conventional ESCOT-1
Tread Radius (mm) 431.0 488.1/233.3
中心 接地压 (psi) 49.01 48.15
胎肩 接地压 (psi) 80.57 57.68
接地压比 ( 胎肩/中心) 1.64 1.20
磨损指数比(胎肩/中心) 0.73 0.93
* 规格 : P195/60R14 760
Ⅳ- 66Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
插入
1. Michelin 轮胎创业者 : Andre, Edouard
1929 : Paris -> Cannes 火车旅行
Andre Michelin : (Why not rubber?)
2. Rail road tire 的问
点
1). Railroad : 2 inch width,
2). Heavier than Bus.
3). Derailing :양 side에 guide附着
3. 1930 : to increase the tire resistance
to wear from the iron rails
. Steel wire : Full Strength in High Temp.
. Tread 下部使用Steel Band。
. 4倍 Wear Resistance 提高
(10,000 -> 40,000miles)
4. 1931 : RailCar(Micheline) 制作 操作 10 seater
1939 : 24->100 seater Micheline 140 railcar working
5. 1934 : Truck Tire
: 16,18,20,22 fablic plies -> 2-4 steel plies
1938,1939 : E24,F24,F20
: Steel bias Tire,
: No under tread reinforcement
6. 1920 年代 : Vehicle dynamics
-> Car need more stability at high speed.
7. 1928年 : Dunlop racing car tires : lower cord angle
Michelin Radial Tire
Ⅳ- 67Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
쉬어갑시다
8. After 2nd world war, Michelin
“轮胎怎么吸收能量?”
试图分离Tread和Sidewall的Loss
制造没有Sidewall的特别的轮胎
- 从Bead到 Bead 布置 straight(radially !)
wire 胎面布置在其上方
- 最小的wire布置(Bead部位 2/3inch间隙)
Thin sheet rubber coating,inner tube
使用(为了最小化能量 Loss)
发现“rolling resistance在tread部位不多发生
”。
stability problem(carcass 90度) 发生
在Tread下部位放入什么且sidewall部位维持原状?
- 在Rail轮胎对于steel 的许多经验
- 20度交叉对 Sability好。
Testing : directional stability优秀,
cornering power优秀,
running比unbelted tire cool,Low RR
轮胎磨损少. Mileage优秀,
Test 后 : 3belt + 90度 1 ply cotton cord , 80 series
1946.6.4 11时法国特许厅 file,1951年8月24日特许为
1,001,585. 申请欧洲许多国家和美国日本。
Ⅳ- 68Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Ⅳ- 69Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
▶ NewCADOT
-. Mold&PTN 图面면 Design Program
-. 设计适用中
▶ AutoLayout
-. 产品图面 Design Program
-. 开发进行中
1. 2D Design Program
▶ CATIA V5用 Mold&PTN 图面设计程序
- 7个Module : Mold Cavity, Pattern, Groove,
Sipe, Snow Sipe, Hand Carving,
Mold Segement
▶ 详细功能事项
1.
/系列化 Mold&PTN 图面自动生成
2. 可变为基准pitch/系列化pitch自动生成
3. Mold Cavity, Groove&Sipe 标准Templete 提供
4. Mold Segement 自动计算
5. Hand Carving 图面自动生成
1-1. NewCADOT Program
Ⅳ- 70Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1-1. NewCADOT Program
Ⅳ- 71Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
NewCADOT File Structure
CATPart File CATDrawing File
EXCEL File
Sketcher
Mold Cavity Pattern
Drawing
Ⅳ- 72Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1-1. NewCADOT Program
Ⅳ- 73Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1-1. New CADOT Program
Ⅳ- 74Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1-1. New CADOT Program
Ⅳ- 75Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1-1. New CADOT Program
Mold & PTN Drawing 自动生成
Ⅳ- 76Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
▶ CATIA V5用产品图面设计程序
- 现在PCR产品图开发进行中
- 2004年程序 完了/适用
▶ 详细功能事项
1. 通过Excel输入部品别形象 Parameter值
2. 通过输入值确认产品图形象
3. 产品图面的自动生成- V5 Script 使用
4. 产品图Spec.的自动计算(2004年计划)
5. 通过产品图形象 Spec. Templete 体现构筑Spec.
DB (2004年计划)
1-2. AutoLayout Program
Ⅳ- 77Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1-2. AutoLayout Program
通过Spec值输入确认形象
( Windows C++ Program ]
产品图Spec值输入
( EXCEL File ]
EXCEL File
Click
CATIA V5 Macro实行
CATDrawing File
Ⅳ- 78Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
▶ 3D 上,把个pitch modeling为3D Solid。
- 基准pitch Solid modeling 后 Parameter变更,
可变/系列化pitch Solid 生成
- 可变pitch适合 Pitch Sequence Assemble
▶ 3D Tire Model 使用用途
1. 3D Pattern FEA 解释 – 正确的 3D 解释
2. Engraving Mold 加工 - Mold 制作时间缩短
3. 3D Visualization Rendering –Image生成
4. Car Maker에 DMU, DPA Check
2. 3D Tire Modeling
Ⅳ- 79Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
2-1. 3D Tire Modeling
Geometric Constants : Formula
Design Tables : Parametric
Rule, Check,Law : Knowledgeware
Mold Cavity
User Define Feature,
PowerCopy, Catalog
Automation API
Pattern
Groove & Sipe
Variable Pitch 生成 Pitch Sequence排列
Internal Structure Sidewall Letter
Directional
[ KU15 ]
Symmetric
[ KH15 ]
Asymmetric
[ KU21 ]
TBR Tire
[ N942 ]
Ⅳ- 80Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
2-2. 3D 设计优点
• 3D Model包含所有形象情报- 不必要2D 图面
(从3D Model可 2D 图面生成)
• 3D Model 自体就是轮胎形象- 认识形象可设计
• Mold 制作时间缩短及产品外观品质提高
• 3D Model File共有(CAD-CAE-CAT-CAM : 用PDM管理)
• 2D 图面外3D modeling时间增加
•~> 综合3D 设计时,不必要2D 图面过程
• 为了构筑综合的系统有必要投资 H/W, S/W
Ⅳ- 81Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
2-3. 3D 利用model的压出物图面设计
通过3D Model의 Volume计算压出物图面设计
(2004~2006년)
Ⅳ- 82Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
3. PDM [ Product Data Management ]
PDM : 管理如下时使用的技术
1. 所有产品图相关情报 : 记述包含部品情报, 产品的构成,
文书, CAD 文件, 决裁情报等 的产品的所有情报。
2. 所有产品相关工程 : 包含决裁和布置情报工程和相关定义和管
理情报。
PDM 促进计划
1阶段 1. 电子图面管理及设计process管理2. 设计Spec. 计算及 DB化 2004年
2阶段 1. 产品及 BOM 构筑2. 设计部品/设计 Spec. 管理 2005年
3阶段
1. PLM(Product Lifecycle Management)
扩张
2. ERP, CRM, SCM 等的关系
2006年
Ⅳ- 83Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
PDM (Product Data Management)
电子图面管理 设计process管理
BOM管理 设计部品管理
Ⅳ- 84Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
● KUPAS in CAD : 计划在CATIA V5统合花纹性能预测程序
KUPAS
● KADAS in CAD : 计划在CATIA V5统合结构解释系统
KADAS
● CAD to CAM : 计划制作利用3D Tire Model的直接
Engraving Mold 제작 예정
4. CAD/CAE/CAM Integration
3D Tire Model
Engraving Mold制作
PTN Engineering
Pattern 3D FEA
Car Maker 提供
CAD
CAMCAE
DMU
DPA Engineering
Ⅳ- 85Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
4-2. Digital Enterprise 环境构筑 (预定)
C5P [CAS/CAD/CAE/CAM/CAT/PDM] 统合系统构筑
有必要构筑统合电算环境 S/W, H/W 单一 Flatform
开发时间缩短
产品品质提高
开发费用减少
• Concurrent Engineering - 并列最佳化开发
• Knowledge Based Engineering – 技术经验储蓄
• Web Based Virtual Engineering – 尽快决定目的
Ⅳ- 86Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
5. CAD H/W & S/W 系统现况
1. CAD 设计装备 – 总19 台
2. CAD 设计人员 – 总 45名
항 목 Maker Brand 数量 用途
H/W IBM
RS/6000-
44P270,44P170 10 CATIA V4装载
Intellistation Z-Pro 9 CATIA V5装载
S/W
Dassault
System
CATIA V4 10 轮胎设计
CATIA V5 9 轮胎设计
EDS Unigraphics NX 1 GM OE对应
总 数 区 分
45名
OE
开发team
RE
开发team
TB
开发team
Racing
team
特性研究
team
工程研究
team
13名 12名 13名 3名 2名 2名
Ⅳ- 87Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
6-1. CATIA V4→V5 Migration Plan
CATIA
区分
2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年
V4 V5 Upgrade V4 V5
Up
grade V4 V5
Up
grade V4 V5
Up
grade
2D 16 0 8 0 2 0 0 0
3D 2 1 2 9 8 Copy 1 16 7 Copy 0 19
3
Copy
介绍
18 1 10 9 3 16 0 19
19 Copy 19 Copy 19 Copy 19 Copy
Ⅳ- 88Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
6-2. CATIA V5 Tool Migration Plan
2003年
1. Mold&PTN 图面设计(New CADOT) 程序改善
2. CAD In-House 程序的 CATIA V5 Migration
内部开发
2004年
1. 用CATIA V5 KUPAS P/G Migration
2. CATIA-PDM 기반의 전자도면관리 시스템 구축
Out-
Sourcing
计划
2005年
1. Letter 图面及및Letter 设计程序开发
2. 产品图面设计自动化程序开发
内部开发
2006年 Tire 设计DB及 Spec. 构筑计算系统
Out-
Sourcing
计划
Ⅳ- 89Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1. Vehicle Tire Dynamics
1). Vehicle Dynamics 概要
SAE Vehicle Axis System
Translational Motion
x : Longitudinal
y : Lateral
z : Vertical
Rotational Motion
x : Rolling
y : Pitching
z : Yawing
Ⅱ. R & H
Ⅳ- 90Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
x direction : Cornering performance
y direction : Ride performance
z direction : Cornering performance
Vehicle Performance
Translation
Rotation
x direction : Acceleration / Braking Performance
y direction : Cornering performance
z direction : Ride performance
• Areas in Vehicle Dynamics
AREA Related Parts
Acceleration and
Braking performance Engine, Power Train, Tire
Ride performance Suspension system, Tire
Handling performance Suspension, Steering System, Tire
Aerodynamics Shape of Car Body
Rollover Geometry of Car(CG height, Tread)
Ⅳ- 91Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
2. Handling Simulation
1). Tire Handling Simulation
Tire Handling Simulation
Analytical Model
Empirical Tire
Model
Semi-empirical
Tire Model
F&M
Characteristics
of a Tire
Tire Model for
Vehicle Dynamics
Simulation
Analytical Model
Finite Element
Model
Statistical Model