nullnullnull英语单词可以根据词义句法作用分为十类:名词(n.),冠词,代词(pron.),数词(num.),
动词(v.),形容词(adj.),副词(adv.),(prpe.),连词(conj.),感叹词。这类词总的分为实词和虚词两大类。null 第一节null名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):
示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。 1.1名词的分类null【注意点】普通名词和专有名词的转换
1. The ship sailed to the west
2. It is said that school children in the West enjoy more free time.null ___________________________________________________ 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 __________________________________________________ 一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags 读 /z/; car-cars ___________________________________________________ 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches ___________________________________________________ 以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾 的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses ___________________________________________________ 以辅音字母+y 变y 为i 结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies1.2名词复数的规则变化null1 )以y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时, 直接加s变复数: 如: two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较: 层楼:storey ---storeys story---stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves; c. 均可,如: handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves null名词复数的不规则变化 1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形 如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如:staff people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a staff a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 null4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
null( ) 1 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?
A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe
( ) 2 _____are used for cutting things.
A. Knife B. Knivs C. Knifes D. Knives
( ) 3 What big____ the tiger has!
A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes
( ) 4 Please remember to give the horse some tree___.
A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave
( ) 5 -Can we have some ___? -Yes, please.
A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear
( ) 6 On the table there are five____.
tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato
( ) 7 I -How many ____ have you got on your farm?
-I've got five.
A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken
( ) 8 Some ___ came to our school for a visit that day.
A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies
( )9 In the picture there are many____ and two.
A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs
( )10 A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow.
A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. Americannull( ) 1 This table is made of___.
A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass
1 Tables are made of___.
A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods
( ) 2 I wonder why ______ are so interested in action (武打片) films
A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples
null1.3 不可数名词量的变化物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较: Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。 2) 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如: a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议 null【注意点】不可数名词与可数名词的转换
Youth→a youth glass→a glass coffee→a coffee
某些抽象名词和物质名词也可以用复数形式,表示数量繁多。
Hope→hopes interest→interests difficulty→difficulties
Fish→fishes food—foods tea---teasnull( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books..
A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories
( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit.
A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice
( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad.
A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news
( ) 4 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat.
two breads B. two piece of bread
C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads
( ) 5 I would like to have___.
A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk
C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks
( ) 6 Can you give me ____?
A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea
( ) 7 Please give me ___ paper.
A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of
( ) 8 John bought___ for himself yesterday.
two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe
C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoesnull1.4 名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加’s来表示所有或所属关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher’s book。名词所有格的规则如下:(修饰有生命的名词用’s,无生命的一般用of结构)
1) 单数名词词尾加 ’s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加‘s,如the boy’s bag 男孩的书包,men‘s room 男厕所。
专有名词s结尾(一般应加’s)Charles’s job 2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加’s,如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。 3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。 4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。 5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。 如:John's and Mary's room(两间) John and Mary's room(一间) 6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如:a month or two's absence null双重所有格of+’s
of之前的名词一定要有一个a,two,any,some,many,these,those之类的修饰语。
I like to read a novel of Lu Xun’s.
Do you know any friend of my sister’s.null( ) 1 Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of___?
the People's Park B. the Peoples' Park
C. the People Park D. People's Park
( ) 2 There are sixty-seven___ in our school.
women's teacher B. women teachers
C. woman teachers D. women teacher
( ) 3 They write most of their.___ in English.
business letter B. business letters
C. businesses D. businesses letters
( )4 I've forgotten both of the____.
A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers D. room number
( )5 September 10th is____ in China.
A. Teacher's Day B. Teachers' Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Daynull( ) 6 -Is the broom under ____ desk?
-No, it's under____,.
the teacher's; my B. teacher's; mine
C. teacher's; me D. the teacher's; mine
( ) 7The football under the bed is____.
Lily and Lucy B. Lily's and Lucy's
C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy's
( ) 8 This is my____ dictionary.
A. sister Mary B. sister's C. sister, Mary's D. sister's Mary's
( ) 9 He went to ___ shop to buy a shirt.
A. a tailor B. the tailor C. a tailors D. the tailors'
( ) 10 Joan is____.
A. Mary's and Jack sister B. Mary and Jack's sister
C. Mary and Jack sister D. Mary's and Jack's sister