虚拟语气的用法

As if 后面可以跟从句, 用虚拟语气 1条件状语从句中虚拟语气的用法。(与事实相符或可能实现的愿望，则用陈述句语气) 见课本p109. 引导条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless, when, as long as, on condition that (倘若)， provided (that) (倘若)，providing (that) (倘若)等。 If引导的条件状语可以省略if，此时需要部分倒装。适用情况：谓语动词是were或者含有辅助动词should/had. 此时需把were，should/had放在句首。 Were you in my position, what would you do? Had he taken his doctor’s advice, he would not have worked so hard. Should it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. 2 虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法 1) even though/if后跟(方式状语)从句(可用虚拟语气)。用法和if引导的条件句一样。 Even if I had known her address, I could not have had time to write her. 2). As if/though 后跟(方式状语)从句(可用虚拟语气). ①动词过去式(were): 示与主句动作同时发生 ②could(would)+动词原形：表示动作在主句动作之后发生 ③had+过去分词： 表示动作发生在主句动作之前 She talks about it again and again as if she would never end. 她反复谈论那件事，好像永远谈不完的样子。(could(would)+动词原形) He talks as if he knew New York very well. (动词过去式) He sat/sits/is sitting there quietly as if nothing had happened. (had+过去分词) He walks as if his leg had hurt. He talks as though he had been there. 在个别动词尤其是look, seem, taste, smell, appear, sound, feel后，as if引导的从句可用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气. 陈述语气居多，i. e， It looks as if they are in a terrible hurry. She looks as if she is going to cry. It seems as if we’ll have to walk home. It seems as if it had gone bad. The meat tastes as if it has gone bad. The milk smells as if it is sour. It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. As if 还可以跟形容词短语、不定式、分词等，as if起连接作用.i.e. He behaved as if nothing had happened. As if unsure of where she was, she hesitated and looked around. 似乎茫然不知身在何方，她犹豫不决，向四周张望。 As if to remind him, the church clock struck eleven. He asked me to go out for a walk with him as if to tell me sth secret. He shook his head as if to say “don’t trust her”. He stood there quietly, as if remembering something he tries to forget. She looked around as if looking for someone. He rubbed his eyes (揉眼睛) and yawned as if waking up after a long sleep. She paused for a while as if waiting for a reply. 她停了一会儿，好像在等候回答。 3) in case, lest, for fear that等后接的目的状语从句中，谓语动词用：(should)+动词原形。In case 后接宾语从句/目的状语从句中，谓语动词也可以不用(should)+动词原形. He took his umbrella with him in case it (should) rain. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it (should) be damaged. I had to remind him again lest he should be late. 3．Wish Wish和hope的区别：hope表示可以办得到的事情；wish表示不可能办得到的事情。 Wish v used for saying that you are sorry or disappointed about sth that you did or did not do；have a desire that is unlikely to be fulfilled 对(过去)没有发生/已做过的事失望(后悔；遗憾)/怀有现在或将来办不到的愿望 后面跟-that从句(用虚拟)。 1) 现在不可能实现的愿望 谓语动词用一般过去式，系动词用were I wish I knew his address. I wish I knew what was going to happen. 但愿我(现在)知道将要发生什么事。 2) 对过去没有发生/已经做过的事情失望(后悔；遗憾) 谓语动词用“had+过去分词” I wish I had not told him the news.但愿我没有告诉他。 I wish I had listened to your advice. 我要是听你的劝告就好了。 3) 表示将来不可能实现的愿望 谓语动词用“would (could, might)+动词原形 I wish I could afford to travel to the Mars in spaceship. 除此以外，wish 还有下列意思： 1) I wish sb sth used for saying that you hope someone enjoys something or that something good happens to them 祝愿某人 Wish you a Happy Birthday/Merry Christmas wish you luck/a pleasant journey I wish you every success 2) I wish for sth/sb have or express a desire for sb/sth (esp sb/sth that is likely to be achieved or obtained only by good fortune) 想得到某事物/某人 It’s no use wishing for things you can’t have. 想要得不到的事物是徒劳的。 His wife is everything a man could wish for. 他的妻子具有男人想要的一切优秀品质。 What more could one wish for? ie Everything is perfect. 夫复何求?(一切已尽善尽美) 3) I/T fml (正式) demand or want (sth)要求/想要； 后面一般不接-that从句。 I wish it to be clear that the decision is final. 我想要/希望明确一下，这个决定是不可更改的。 I’ll do it if that’s what you wish.要是您要求这样做，我一定照办。 Do you wish me to do it now?你想要/希望我马上做吗？ I wish to leave my property to my children. 我想要把财产留给子女。 She wishes to be alone. You can sit as close to the stage (舞台) as you wish. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you wish to discuss the matter with me. 4混合型虚拟条件句/错综时间条件句 有些条件句主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作在时间上并不一致，这类句子称为错综时间条件句。 If I were you, I would have attended the lecture. (从句表示现在时间，主句表示过去时间) If you had taken her advice a few days ago, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now. (从句表示过去时间，主句表示现在时间) If you had taken your umbrella with you when you went out, you wouldn’t be caught in the rain now. If he had murdered his wife, he would be nervous now. If he had left this morning, you would be sitting and talking with him in a café. If you left/were to leave/should leave for France this afternoon, we would have found time to get together with you days ago. If he were to come this afternoon, he would have let me know about it in advance. If Professor Tom should not/were not to come to give lectures tomorrow, students would have been informed in advance. 5 含蓄条件句：不含条件从句，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示虚拟。对过去虚拟，主句用should(would. Might, could) have done sth; 对现在/将来虚拟，主句用should(would. Might, could) do sth 1) 虚拟语气用but for, without, under, with等介词引导。规则和if条件句相同。例如： But for your help I would have been sacked by my manager.要不是你帮忙，我早就被除名了。 But for electricity, there would be no modern industry. 没有电，就没有现代工业。 Under such circumstances I would probably have done the same. With better equipment, we could have done it better. 如果有更好的仪器设备，我们也许会做的更好些。 Without your help, we could not have succeeded. 2) but that (要不是)也可用来引导虚拟语气。从句用陈述句，主句用虚拟语气。规则和if条件句相同。例如： But that the soldier jumped into the river to save her, she would have been drowned. =If it had not been for the soldier who jumped into the river to save her, she would have been drowned. But that he was short of money at that time, he would have offered to help us. =If it had not been for his lack of money at that time/If it had not been for the fact that he was lack of money at that time, he would have offered to help us. 3) if it were not for/had not been for…. 意为：“要不是….”。例如： If it hadn’t been for the two men who rescued me, i would probably have drowned. If it were not for your help, we would be in serious trouble. 要不是你的帮忙，我们会遇到大麻烦。 Were it not for Tom, we would not have been so successful. 4) 有时虚拟语气用otherwise, or来引导。规则和if条件句相同。 I ran all the way to class this morning, otherwise I would have been late. He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the evening class. 5) 在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中，虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。规则和if条件句相同。 I ought to have remembered to tell them this morning that Professor Tom’s lecture had been cancelled, but I was so busy this morning that I forgot to do so. I would have attended your class this morning, but I have been ill. You should have returned the book earlier. 你本应该早点归还那本书的。 Anyone in his position would have done like that. 任何人处在他的位置都会那么做的。 6. Would rather/sooner/prefer/(just) as soon 用法 1) 直接接动词 Would rather do (than do)：现在或将来的愿望 Would rather have done: 过去的愿望 例句： I’d rather stay at home. 我宁愿呆在家里。 They would rather not have been to the party. 他们宁愿没有参加那个晚会。 2) Would rather+宾语从句 ① 从句用过去式表示现在或将来的情况 I’d rather we didn’t go to see a film this evening. I’d rather he went to there at once. ②从句用-ed分词表示过去的情况。 I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it. Wouldn’t you rather your child went to bed early? Who would you rather went with you now? 6当某些从句用来表示建议、命令，要求，愿望等时，从句用should+动词原形。 宾语从句：ask advise determine (决定) decide command (命令) insist (坚持) intend (打算) move (提议) prefer propose order recommend (建议) request (要求)require (要求) suggest demand (要求) desire (渴望) arrange (安排) advocate (主张) maintain (认为) urge (主张) Direct (命令) 当suggest, insist 等动词不表示建议，要求等意义时，其宾语从句中的谓语动词不需要用should+动词原形。 Are you suggesting that I am the one to blame for the accident? He insisted that he was innocent. 主语从句：appropriate (适当的) advisable (可取的，明智的) desirable (sth that is desirable has qualities that make you want it 合意的，想要的，满意的; used for saying that you would like sth to happen ) essential (绝对必要的，及其重要的) imperative (迫切的) important natural necessary preferable strange urgent (紧迫的，迫切的)vital (重要的) insistent (坚持的，执拗的) 等 Desired demanded ordered requested suggested recommended required 等 It is imperative that you should take the medicine. It is essential that you should win the voters’ hearts. It was suggested that he should join the club activities. It’s necessary that he (should) be driven to hospital at once. It is desired that we should get ready by tonight. 表语从句及同位语从句：advice idea motion (提议) resolution (决心，决议) decision suggestion proposal recommendation (建议) desire demand requirement order necessity (必须) request 7 当某些从句用来表示惊奇，失望，怀疑，不满等情感色彩时，从句谓语用 “should+动词原形 或should+ have done” 构成. 也可以用陈述句语气，只叙述事实，不表示情绪。例如： It seems so unfair that this should happen to me. 这样的事竟然发生我身上，似乎很不公平。 I never expected that he should have treated me this way. I think it is disappointing that he should be so ungrateful to friends. 他竟然对朋友这样忘恩负义，我感到很失望。 It is strange that she should be so late. It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.他们竟然这样来打法时间真令人惊讶。 I am surprised that you should speak to me in such a way. 你竟然这样跟我说话，我感到惊异。 I am glad that you story should have won the first prize. 我很高兴，你的小说竟然赢得头奖。 It seems that Tom’s idea is more practical. (没有表达感情色彩，故用陈述句) 8. It’s (high/about)time 后接定语从句时，定语从句常用过去式, 有时也用 “should+动词原形”, 意为“该是…..的时候了 (used for saying that something should be done soon, because it is already past the time when it should have been done)。High/about起强调作用。 It’s (high) time we got a raise in pay! 我们(早)该加工资了。 It’s (high)time (that) we went home. 我们(早)该回家了。 It’s (high) time (that) the boy (should) go to school. 这孩子(早)该去上学了。 It’s time (that) the weather improved. It’s time (that) we left. 9. If only 引导的感叹句中，要求用虚拟语气。 过去式或would/could+动词原形：与现在或将来事实相反 Had done：与过去事实相反 If only she could marry me. If only he were here. If only she didn’t drive so fast now. If only I had more time to think about it. 10 had hoped +that从句(would+动词原形)：意为“想要，希望”。表示过去没有实现的愿望。 I had hoped that you would come to my help. 我曾希望你会帮我。 I had hoped that I wouldn’t bring trouble to you 我曾希望我不会给你带来麻烦。 11 某些不定式的特殊用法 had hoped/planned/intended/meant/wanted to do sth: hope/plan/intend/mean/want to have done sth: 过去想做而没有做的事情。 She had meant to see you last week, but she was ill. 她上周本打算要来看你，但却病了。 She intended to have told me about it, but she forgot. 她本来要告诉我的，但她忘了。