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英语就近原则

2011-06-16 4页 doc 29KB 149阅读

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英语就近原则名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题: 1、 1)主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯力的水很冷) 2)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, ①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数 名词或代词作主语时和谓...
英语就近原则
名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题: 1、 1)主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯力的水很冷) 2)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, ①如果示整体概念,则谓语用单数 名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题: 1、 1)主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯力的水很冷) 2)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, ①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是个好班) ②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China. (三班有张中国地图) 3)Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/ There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊) 4)maths,news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) 5)glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 6)a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句) 7)and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品) 8) there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子) 9)用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来) 10)主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边) 11)either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12)表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离) 13)主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数) 近一致原则 是指谓语动词的数要与它紧邻的名词或代词的数保持一致。 1. “more than one + 单数名词” 虽有复数意义,但习惯上用单数动词. More than one person is involved in this. 2. 用于正式文体的“many a + 单数名词” 也用单数动词. Many a famous pop singer has been ruined by drugs 3.由or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also...,not...but...等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的形式要根据与谓语最近的主语来确定。如: Are you or he good at swimming? Either you or your brother has to go there right now. Neither she nor I am a teacher. Not only I but also he wants to go swimming in the river 4.There be句式中若有几个并列成分充当主语时,谓语动词的形式由第一个并列成分决定。如: There is an apple and some oranges on the table. There are some oranges and an apple on the table. Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时:(参见“数词”部分。) 1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g. Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。 2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语,作“整体”看时作单数用,侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g. ①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴,弹指一挥间。 ②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。 3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g. ①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。 ②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。 4. "a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) "+复数名词,常作复数用。e.g. ①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。 ②There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。 但是,“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数。e.g. ①The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。 ②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。 Ⅳ.单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时:(参见“名词”部分) 1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词:指教育、科研的某一学科,作单数。e.g. Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎觉得数学不难。 但是,表“具体的学业、活动”等时,多用作复数。e.g. ①Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。(指“学业成绩、能力”) ②What are your politiscs? 你的政治观点如何? 2. “works工厂,means方法,series系列,species物种,aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形,要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。e.g. ①This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这(几)家工厂是两年前修建的。 ②Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各种办法都试过了。 这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (总部驻地),bellows(风箱), plastics, gallows (绞架), manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。(但news(消息)是不可数名词,通常只作单数用。) Ⅴ. "the + 形容词/分词"作主语时: 1. 指“一类”人或事物时,常用作复数用。e.g. ①The English speak English. 英国人讲英语。 ②The rejected were heaped in the corner . 废品堆在角落里。 2.指“某一个”人,或“抽象的”事物时,作单数用。e.g. ①The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父亲。 ②The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。 ③The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。 Ⅵ.专用名词作主语时: 1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。e.g. ①The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。 ②The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 《天方夜谭》很有趣。 2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可,尤其是编成集子的书。e.g. Dickens' Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 . 狄更斯所著的《美国笔记》出版于1842年。 Ⅶ“what等引导的从句”作主语时: 1. 大多作单数用。e.g. ①What we need is more practice . 我们需要的是更多的实践。 ②What he says doesn't agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。 2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时,谓语动词用单数或复数两可。e.g. ①What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想,不关我的事。 ②What he bought was /were some books . 他所买的是几本书。 【就近一致原则(Proximity)】 也称“邻近原则”,即:谓语与靠近的名词、代词(有时不一定是主语)在“人称、数”上一致。 I.在正式文体中: 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:"or ; either …or;nor; neither…or;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g. ①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。 ②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。 ③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。 ④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。 2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g. ①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。 ②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 II. 非正式文体中: 有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g. Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式) Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式) 但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g. No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。(依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则;但语法上,“No one ”才是主语,谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。
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