专业四级写作

nullLecture on TEM-4 CompositionLecture on TEM-4 CompositionWritten & Offered by Zhou HaimingSch. of Foreign Languages, YCTUSpring semester, 2011《大纲》要求《大纲》要求 (A) Composition 35min 200字左右的短文 切，条理清楚，结构严谨， 语法正确，语言通顺 null(B) Note-writing 10min 50-60词的，便条，请帖等。 格式正确，语言得体 英语专业四级写作技巧英语专业四级写作技巧一，破译作文的主要类型 null二，解读专四历年真题二，解读专四历年真题null结论结论全部为提纲式作文 没有图表作文 没有规定情景式作文focusfocus提纲式作文对比观点型对比观点型10个 3类第一类第一类Advantages/disadvantages型 1999: A major advantage / disadvantage of advertising an television . 1995: The advantage and disadvantage of part-time jobs. 1994: TV :a good thing or a bad thing? 第二类第二类A/B型 2009: Will tourism bring harm to the environment? 2006: Saving money or using tomorrow’s money. 2004: Will phone kill letter writing? 1996: The main difference between my college life and my middle school life . 第三类第三类Yes /No型 2010: Should college students hire cleaners? 2007: Is it wise to make friends online? 1997: More pressure from academic studies does or does not good to us 给定观点型 4个给定观点型 4个2008: The benefits for volunteering. 2003: The importance of keeping a good mood. 2000: The importance of extracurricular activities. 2001: Travel broadens the mind.自由发挥型 4个，两类自由发挥型 4个，两类My idea 型 2005: My idea of a university arts festival 1993: My idea of becoming a teacher in the future.nullThe best way 型 2002: The best way to stay healthy. 1998: One way to solve the problem. 写作写作方案审题People are becoming isolated from each otherPeople are becoming isolated from each otherThe development of information technology has made the World smaller, and made people become more and more isolated from each other at the same time. How do you think of the reason for this phenomenon , and how to deal with the problem?联想联想问题成因： 1 竞争压力 2 城市的进程 3 现代通讯方式 4 生活观点 5 避免麻烦 ……null解决办法: 1 鼓励传统的通讯方式 2 保持与人交往 3 结伴出游，举办party ……谋篇谋篇1）引出话题 2）论证论点 3）总结全文写作写作TIPS 1）有气势的开篇句 2）首句和层次感 3）有特色的篇尾结束句 4 ）笔迹工整。nullThough the development of information technology has made the world smaller, I think that people are becoming more and more isolated from each other. nullThere are three reasons for this. Firstly, due to fierce competition, modern people have to be hardworking in order to keep up with the steps of city life, so that they have less time to communicate with each other. Everybody is busy all the time.nullMoreover, living in apartments in different blocks, people are isolated from each other. It is not convenient for them to meet each other freely.nullFinally, the wide use of telephone and overwhelming emergence of the internet prevent modern people from seeing each other quite often. nullNowadays instead of writing letters and sending postcards, people simply send an email or make a phone call to send good wishes in a few minutes. In some sense, people are becoming mechanic.nullIn order to solve the present problem, people need to be fully aware of the fact that the modern ways of communications cannot take the place of the traditional ones. nullSending emails cannot have the same effect as writing or face-to-face talk. Traditional ways should be encouraged and people should write letters as much as possible.null 三段式作文写作手法综述一，开头部分一，开头部分1）开门见山，点明主题 2）正反表态法 3）让步法 4）背景法 5）提问式1）开门见山，点明主题1）开门见山，点明主题适用于“自由发挥型”和“给定观点型” 2002：The best way to stay healthy. The best way to stay healthy is to develop a good quality of psychology. 保健的最好方法就是保持良好的心态。 Globalization Globalization Globalization is a double-edged sword to the countries all over the world .Why a sense of humor is important ?Why a sense of humor is important ?A sense of humor, God’s greatest gift to mankind, is universally considered the most valuable personality asset [‘æset] （优点）. The harmfulness of fake products The harmfulness of fake products Nowadays, China is suffering from a boom in fake commodities. Fake products are so widespread on our market that almost everybody has frustrating experience of buying them. Then, what harm do they do to us?Violent TV programs cause more crimes Violent TV programs cause more crimes Nowadays, it seems that Violent programs enjoy great popularity among people, especially among teenagers. Some people assert that Violent TV programs cause violence. As far as I concerned, the disgraceful violent TV problems should be largely responsible for the rising crime rate in modern cities.Tourism and environmentTourism and environmentWith the development of economy and the improvement of people’s living standard, tourism is getting flourishing, which has brought benefits to the society. 2）正反表态法2）正反表态法 在开头一段把正反观点都表达出来， 最后一句写自己的观点。 适用于“对比选择型”null1999：A major advantage / disadvantage of advertising an television . Nowadays we can see advertisements on Television every day. Some people believe that advertising on television can bring us benefits, but others don’t think so. In my opinion, I am in favor of the advertising on television. Where would you go after graduationWhere would you go after graduationAfter university study, some students struggle to go to super cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, while some choose to go back to their hometowns, maybe a provincial capital or a small town. Which do you think is better? Give reasons for your answer. nullAfter graduation, some students choose to go to super cities for career development. Meanwhile, some students prefer to return to their hometowns. As for myself, I would like to go back to my home city.Internet or library?Internet or library?With the advent [‘ædvənt] (出现，到来） of internet, many students do their studies through internet while others still prefer to use library as reliable sources. Which one do you prefer ?nullDue to the convenience of obtaining information through the internet ,more and more students prefer to rely on the Net for information. Meanwhile there are some students preferring to study in the library. As for me , if you ask which one I prefer, I would like to tell you that I use library more frequently than the internet.3）让步法 （先扬后抑法）3）让步法 （先扬后抑法）先把反方观点引出来，做一个肯定的，然后笔锋一转，回到自己的观点上来， 适合用于“对比选择型”2004：Will phone kill letter writing?2004：Will phone kill letter writing?Young people nowadays tend to phone each other more often than write to each other. That leads some people to the worry that phones will kill letter writing. As a matter of fact, the worry is groundless. In my view, phones will never kill letter writing. 另另Nowadays , young people choose to phone each other rather than write letters. Some are worried that letter writing will be useless in the future. Even so ,I still maintain that letter writing will never be killed by phones , despite the fact we have already stepped into the information age.Degree and university study Degree and university study Some people think to get a degree is the only thing important while studying in college . Do you agree with them or disagree?nullIn our society ,the most commonly recognized standard of a student’s academic achievement is the degree. Consequently some people regard the degree as the only thing valuable while studying in college. Admittedly, the degree is essential for students who want a prosperous future, but it is by no means the only purpose at university.4）背景法4）背景法对一个现象进行分析，先把这个现象事件的原因，结果，发展等背景信息介绍一下，然后再给出自己的看法。 适合“给定观点型”，“自由发挥型”。null2003：The importance of keeping a good mood. People in modern society live under a lot of pressure. I see three kinds of pressure working on people today: pressure from education, family and career. It is easy to blame the school for charging too much money, the family members for the heavy burden, the society for the fierce competition. I think people should relax. It is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.null1998： One way to solve the problem. With the increasingly fast development of economy and industry in the modern society, vehicles have become one of the major sources of air pollution. Every year, tens of thousands of people fall victim to lung cancer, for which the huge quantities of exhaust gas emitted by vehicles should take certain responsibility. nullTo improve the worsening situation, I would suggest solar energy be substituted for the conventional harmful fuels. How to deal with the problem of unemploymentHow to deal with the problem of unemploymentIn recent years, China has experienced an alarming increase in unemployment rate. The government has realized the graveness of unemployment and taken measures to create job opportunities. What’s your opinion of unemployment problem? Can you offer some suggestion or solutions?nullIn recent years, Chinese has experienced an alarming increase in unemployment rate. Unemployment is more than an economic problem. If it were not handled properly, it would result in serious social problems. Effective measures must be taken to solve the unemployment problem.Should one help strangers?Should one help strangers?Present-day society is not as safe as it was ten years ago. With gangs, thieves, drug addicts, murderers lurking everywhere, “I don't want to get involved” has become a motto. People are even warned not to speak to strangers . Could anyone rely on the kindness of strangers these days? nullMy answer is “yes”. I believe that trust and love are the basis of establishing interpersonal relationship, which is essential for any society. Nobody can live alone without help from others. 5）提问式5）提问式要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形式提出，然后通过回答问题表达自己的观点，或者，对自己的观点做个理由概述 先写出反方观点，对其进行反驳，顺势提出自己的观点 适用于“对比选择题”Factors influencing young adults Factors influencing young adults Of the various factors that can have influence on young adults , the family and friends stands out most, which of the two is more important ? My view is that it is friends who have the most important influence on young adults.二，作文主体部分的写作二，作文主体部分的写作可为一个自然段，也可分为两个或者多个自然段 为文章的中心思想服务段落段落Topic sentence Developing sentence Concluding sentencenull典型的段落典型的段落主题句： We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit，because it causes health problems. 扩展句：1. Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs. 　 2. It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases. 结论句： It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.注意注意每个段落只能有一个主题句2000年真题2000年真题The importance of extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities can give students team-spirit and teach them how to cooperate with others. Because in those activities, students usually need to cooperate with others in order to get good achievement, from which they can know well what they should pay further attention to in their later study. null是表达段落主题的句子。 概括段落大意， 全段其他文字都围绕它展开topic sentence＂certain rules＂ ＂certain rules＂ 　My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue. 主题句的位置 主题句的位置 Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods ---everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell. 开门见山 开门见山 （主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （扩展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （扩展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness. nullLearning English at college is different from learning English at the middle school. In the middle school, the students are more dependent and passive. But college students must solve most of the problems by themselves. They will have to consult the dictionaries and reference books by themselves and prepare their lessons. 写好主题句的方法写好主题句的方法 “具体” 关键词关键词一,控制和限制段落的发展； 二,说明段落发展的方法。 He can fix a bicycle himself. He can fix a bicycle himself. 只是限制了段落发展的部分内容 并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？ null修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps. 　 修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.She tries to improve her looks. She tries to improve her looks. 她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？ 她采取什么方法来改善呢？null　修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks. 　 　修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks.写好主题句的关键词写好主题句的关键词There are several ways to boil the water. The task can be finished in three steps. There is a new method to reduce the cost. 扩展句扩展句 紧扣主题关键词 逻辑清晰 上下转承结合得当 简明扼要 重点突出 3---6个null（主题句）Slavery in the United States existed almost unchanged for 250 years. (扩展句1) During this time, most slaves were not allowed to marry or to raise families. (扩展句2) Usually they were not allowed to learn to read. (扩展句3) It was very dangerous for a slave to travel, since even free Negroes could be kidnapped and sold at any time. (结尾句)Under these conditions, it was almost impossible for them to organize to help each other.论证手法论证手法一，Example and illustration 当段落的主体为一理论性论点时，就需要举例或例证加以支持，以说服读者。 举例和例证使抽象的概念具体化。2001年真题2001年真题One of my best friends is so exclusively engaged in his works that he did not even know what was happening out of his own discipline. What’s worse, his progress was nearly little. After accepting my advice, he travelled a few cities and towns. The experience gave him a good opportunity of learning. nullToday, he gets a bumper harvest （大丰收）in his knowledge——the longstanding dream of entering graduate school comes true.nullConsider my own experience as an example. Two years ago ,I visited Xi'an, an ancient city. Xi’an is a city of rich cultural inheritance. There are so many places of interests there, such as the old city wall , the tomb of the Emperor Qin and so on. It seems that everything there tell the stories and history of ancient China.nullIn this way, I have gained knowledge of history and culture, which is more vivid and impressive than what is learned in classOpportunity and successOpportunity and successWhen an opportunity comes, it brings promise for success, but that promise never comes true by its own. The popular story of how Newton was hit by a falling apple and thus finding the Universal Law of Gravitation also proves this. I suppose many people before Newton saw apple fall, but none found anything about gravity. nullHowever, Newton took the opportunities to think about the phenomenon further, propose and demonstrate a theory to explain it . This indicate you must make efforts before, during and after you get an opportunity. Thus ,when it is coming , you can recognize it; when it is there, you can grasp it , when it is in your hand ,you can turn it into success. 二，Cause and Effect二，Cause and Effect当段落的主题要解释“why”是，便可采用因果法。null因果法根据事物的原因推导出来结果，它以事实和证据为根据，推导过程合乎逻辑和常理。2004真题2004真题Will Phones Kill Letter Writing？ First, people can not only greet each other but also exchange their thoughts in letters. Because when a person writes, he must organize his mind and express his ideas and feelings more logically, while telephone often makes people lazy. nullSecond, letters can kept as a record of memory ,while phone cannot. You can imagine, when you read some old letters, a lot of beautiful and indelible memories will be brought back to you.nullLast , sending a letter is much more cheaper than having a telephone call, especially when whom you want to communicate with is in another city.Fast food Fast food 用因果法论证快餐流行的原因： null There are several reasons for its popularity. First , it is very convenient and saves a lot of time. All trends of modern society seem to point to one ultimate goal---saving time, and fast food best serves this purpose. You just go into a fast food restaurant, order your food, and your food is ready in no time. nullYou can either eat it there or take it away . Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurant, the excellent service, and the guaranteed quality of food.三,Comparison and Contrast三,Comparison and Contrast 当段落的主题要指出两个以上事物的相同或不同之处时，便可采用比较或对比的方法。1996年真题1996年真题The main difference between my college life and my middle school life The social life in college is colorful. Various clubs and communities welcome any students, whereas in middle school, chances for extracurricular activities were little.nullUntil recently the general attitude toward daydreaming remained hostile. Daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. They think it may contribute to intellectual growth and lead to the attainment of actual goals. 四，Quotations of proverbs or Facts四，Quotations of proverbs or Facts通过合适地引入事实数据，既为文章添彩，有增加了说服力。Widening Gap between the rich and the poorWidening Gap between the rich and the poorThe Confucius once said , “A nation is not troubled by poverty, but by disparity.” Unfairness in distribution of wealth puts the society at stake. 国不患寡，而患不均null"All I have learnt in college is junk. " That's how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away can't help them to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class can't be transformed into useful job skills. 作文结尾部分的写作作文结尾部分的写作总结式 重申式 引申式总结式总结式对全文做简短的归纳，概括，得出结论。1999年真题1999年真题In conclusion, TV advertising plays a very important role in our economic behavior. With abundant information available on TV, we can make sensible choices as consumers.Importance of keeping a good moodImportance of keeping a good moodTaking into account of all these factors , we may draw the conclusion that keeping a good mood brings you not only friendship ,but health as well.重申式重申式再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想Factors influencing young adults Factors influencing young adults 第一段中给出观点 My view is that it is friends who have more important influence on young adults. 最后一段再次强调观点 Nevertheless, generally speaking, in most cases, friends are the more important influence on young adults.引申式引申式提出建议，提供解决办法。 特别适用于讨论问题的文章，例如对某事的原因或结果的分析，提出建议和解决的办法，也可展望未来Globalization Globalization In order to survive the competition of globalization , we must go along with the historic tide of globalization, and actively cope with the opportunity and challenge that the economic globalization brings. 专四作文规律专四作文规律一，对比选择型 在提出一个话题之后，同时也给出了关于这个话题的两种对立观点或者两种有关的看法，然后要求考生选择其中的一个观点作为自己的论点，进行论证。适合advantages/disadvantages型适合advantages/disadvantages型People’s view towards the advantages/disadvantages of （主题词）vary greatly. Some believe that 观点一， while others argue (support) that 观点二. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea because its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.nullThere are dozens of reasons behind my belief. First of all,支持性论点1 The second reason that can be seen by every person is that 支持性论点2. For example,举例 From the above, we can easily see that主题词is beneficial to 总结的理由1，2.1999年真题1999年真题People’s view towards the advantages and disadvantages of the television advertisement vary greatly. Some believe that TV advertising brings us benefits, while others argue that TV advertising is full of false and misleading information. As for me, I agree to the former idea because its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. nullThere are dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, TV advertising is a good means for manufacturers to publicize their products. Through advertising on TV , every company tries its