英国城市

nullCities of the UK**Cities of the UKUrbanized nation1% of its population engage in agriculture1. London**1. London◆Situated on the Thames River near its mouth ◆ Capital city of UK ◆ The history can be traced back to 1st century null**Central London Present-day London includes 33 boroughs the City of Londonthe City of Westministerdistricts in the West Endnull Important companies and streets in the City of Londan 1. Lloyd’s: a famous insurance companynull2. Threadneedle Street: most financial activitiesBank of EnglandBank of England3. The Tower of London **3. The Tower of London ◆ On the bank of the river at the eastern boundary of the City of London; ◆ built by William the Conqueror, used as a military fortress and then as a prison; ◆public museum of arms and royal treasuresnull4. The Newspaper Industry4. The Newspaper IndustryConcentrated in the Fleet Street5. The East End Street5. The East End Street◆ to the east of the City of London and the Tower of London ◆ Times and other papers moved to quarters at the Docklands in the East Endthe British people celebrated the Queen’s 80th birthday .null  September, 2006, one year after the occurrence of Hurricane Katrina, a scripture of Virgin Maria holding Christ with the Script and stars appeared in New Orleans。 nullFamous for crimesA building in the east end street6. Southwark6. Southwark◆ around the southern end of London Bridge ◆disreputable entertainment center of brothels, bars, and theatres outside of the City’s jurisdiction.null◆ was the location of Elizabethan theaters, which was restricted because they were considered the places of vice. ◆ the Globe Theatrenull7. The mayor of London Lord Mayor of London Not salaried Elected from among successful businessman The City of Westminster The City of Westminster ◆ about two miles upstream from the City of London, ◆ England’s political center of power, ◆ Westminster model 1. Westminster Abbey1. Westminster Abbeybuilt by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century, used for such state occasions as coronations and royal funerals. giant mausoleum, more than 3000 notable people buried there Poet’s Corner: burial ground for famous English poets, Chaucernull**2. Houses of Parliament2. Houses of Parliament New Palace of WestminsterAcross the street 3. New Scotland Yard 3. New Scotland YardFirst used as a guest house to receive Scottish envoys; Later became the headquarters of the London police.Not far away from the Houses Of Parliament 4. The Street of Whitehall 4. The Street of WhitehallLined with office buildings of the most important ministries of the English government; In the newspaper, Whitehall refers to the English governmentNear the parliament building 5. Downing Street 5. Downing StreetNo.1, Downing Street: the English prime minister’s official residence Many media use it to mean the prime minister.Branching off from Whitehall 6. Buckingham Palace 6. Buckingham PalaceFarther away from Downing Street 7. Hyde Park 7. Hyde Parkabout one quarter mile and contains a long lake called the Serpentine A few minutes’ walk from the Palace 1). Speaker’s Corner 1). Speaker’s Cornercame into being in the 1860s; set aside by the government as a haven of liberty where protesters could let off steam free from interference; regarded as the epitome of British freedom of speechThe northeast corner of the parknullMarxist speaker 2). Trafalgar Square 2). Trafalgar SquareBuilt in dedication to British naval commander Viscount Horatio Nelson; A popular site for large-scale political demonstrationsNot far away from the Speaker’s Corner 3. The West End 3. The West Endcenter: London's shopping and entertainment hub 1). Oxford Street the busiest shopping areaTo the west and north of Trafalgar Square2) .The Soho district2) .The Soho districtThe Royal Opera House, most of London’s 40 or so major theatres, the large movie houses, hundreds of restaurants, cafés, and bars 3). Bloomsbury 3). BloomsburyThe city’s traditional intellectual center, with its concentration of bookshops and homes of writers and academics. British Museum The University of LondonIn the northern part of the West Endnull Birmingham BirminghamThe second largest city; Sprung up during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century because of its proximity to rich resources of coal and iron ore; Black country; Well known for its production of automobiles, electrical equipment…; The University of BirminghamTo the northwest of Londonnull Manchester ManchesterThe center of textile industries ; Witnessed the fierce struggle of the Charter Movement in the mid-19th century; The Victoria University of Manchester The Manchester College of TechnologyTo the northwest of Birmingham Liverpool LiverpoolThe second largest seaport in Britain ; Makes a large variety of products: machines, machine tools…; The University of LiverpoolTo the west of ManchesterEdinburghEdinburghThe capital of Scotland, Well known for the University of Edinburgh A port city Belfast BelfastCapital city of Northern Ireland Cardiff Cardiff Capital city of WalesnullRovernull**2. Chemicals and chemical-based product manufacturers The British chemical industry has grown faster than all other British industries , except electronics. The pharmaceutical industry is particularly successful, with the world's second and third largest pharmaceutical firms (GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca respectively) being based in the UK and having major research and development and manufacturing facilities. null3. Other important sectors of the manufacturing industry include: Food, drink, tobacco, paper, printing, publishing and textiles. Service industry: Tertiary industryService industry: Tertiary industry The service sector is the dominant sector of the UK economy, a feature normally associated with the economy of a developed country. This means that the Tertiary sector jobs outnumber the Secondary and Primary sector jobs combined. British Trade British Trade a major role of foreign trade in the British economy. Overseas commodity trade alone accounting for about one sixth of the country’s national income. an importer of food and an exporter of manufactured goods. **British Finance**British FinanceThe UK has had an expanding export business in financial service, which has been influenced by a mixture of unique institutions, light regulation, and a highly skilled workforce. Important financial cities in the UK London: the world’s financial center Shares and bonds: London Stock Exchange Insurance: Lloyds of London Central bank: The Bank of England Business banks Barclays Bank, Citigroup and HSBC There are now over 500 banks with offices in the City and Docklands, with the majority of business in London being conducted on an international basis. Edinburgh: the fifth largest financial centre in Europe the Royal Bank of Scotland (the second largest bank in Europe), HBOS (owners of the Bank of Scotland) and Standard Life Insurance.The UK: A financial empireThe UK: A financial empireThe Bank of England( the central bank) founded in 1694 nationalized in 1946 Its role: a public institution and instrument of government control The UK: A financial empire**The UK: A financial empireMajor banks in the UK with Bank of England as the central bank HSBC Bank London Royal Bank of Scotland Edinburgh Barclays Bank London HBOS Edinburgh Lloyds TSB London Standard Chartered London Alliance & Leicester Leicester Northern Rock Newcastle upon Tyne Co-operative Bank Manchester Pound sterling: A symbol of nationalist character (1)**Pound sterling: A symbol of nationalist character (1)Pound sterling: The symbol of the UK Units of the sterling Coins 1 penny 2 pence 5 pence 10 pence 20 pence 50 pence 1 pound 2 pounds 5 pounds (commemorative only) Notes 5 pounds 10 pounds 20 pounds (seldom) 50 pounds (rarely used) Pound sterling: A symbol of nationalist character (2)**Pound sterling: A symbol of nationalist character (2)Joining the single currency, EURO: still a long way to go 1. The Labor Party and Gordon Brown promised to hold a public referendum. 2. Public opinion polls have shown that a majority of Britons have been opposed to joining the single currency for some considerable time. 3. The main opposition party, the Conservative party, are opposed to membership. Three of 25 member countries of EU do not join EURO: The UK Sweden DenmarkRegional GDP variationRegional GDP variationRegional variation The strength of the UK economy varies from region to region. GDP, and GDP per capita is highest in London. The following table shows the GDP (2004) per capita of the 12 areas. Rank Place GDP per capita in Euros ——————————————————————————————————————— 1. 　　　London, England 44 401 2. 　　　South East England 31 300 3. 　　　East of England 27 778 4. 　　　Scotland 27 669 5. 　　　South West England 27 348 6. 　　　East Midlands, England 26 863 7. 　　　West Midlands, England 25 931 8. 　　　North West England 25 396 9. 　　　Yorkshire and the Humber, England 25 300 10. 　　　Northern Ireland 23 319 11. 　　　North East England 22 886 12. 　　　Wales 22 567 ———————————————————————————————————————**null American Economy ---- a strong onenull the United States of America has the largest economy and the most important market in the world.Introduction**IntroductionGeneral: Currency United States Dollar (USD) Fiscal year (财政年度) 1 October - 30 September Trade organizations NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement ), WTO (World Trade Organization), OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and othersUS Monetary Systems**US Monetary SystemsFederal Reserve Bank: the central bankUS Monetary Systems**US Monetary SystemsCentral bank: Federal Reserve Bank The Federal Reserve Banks — more commonly known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed — is the United States' central bank, charging with ensuring the stability and flexibility of the nation's monetary and financial systems. The Federal Reserve: structured to be independent within the federal government.  The Federal Reserve System following its Congressional charter; the Chairman of the Board of Governors reports to Congress; but the Fed's decisions being independent of both the Congress and the President of the United States. its roles and responsibilities: To guide monetary policy for economic stability. To regulate and supervise banking institutions in the U.S. To provide financial services to banking institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions; as well as to play a major role in operating the nation's payment system.US Dollar Coins**US Dollar CoinsCoinsUS Dollar Notes**US Dollar Notes 1 dollar: George Washington (1st) 2 dollars: Thomas Jefferson (3rd) 5 dollars: Abraham Lincoln (16th) 10 dollars: Alexander Hamilton (One of founders) 20 dollars: Andrew Jackson (7th) 50 dollars: Ulysses S. Grant (18th) 100 dollars: Benjamin Franklin 500 dollars: William McKinley (25th) 1000 dollars: Grover Cleveland (22nd) 5000 dollars: James Madison (4th) 10000 dollars: Salmon P. Chase (U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; Chief Justice of the United States)Introduction **Introduction the largest national economy in the world. a mixed economy in that private firms make the majority of the microeconomic decisions while being regulated by the government. The U.S. economy maintaining a high level of output per person Maintaining a stable overall GDP growth rate, a low unemployment rate, and high levels of research and capital investmentFeatures of American economyFeatures of American economy a free enterprise system Active in building roads and in the field of education The important role of the US government in the US economy The farmers’ efficiency in the production of grain The sale of the armed forces to other countries null**Primary industry American agricultureAgriculture: natural advantages**Agriculture: natural advantagesThe United States is blessed with fertile soil, and a good climate for its agriculture. About one-fifth of the land area is farmed. Some 394 million acres are harvested cropland, and about 890 million acres are permanent pastureland. Most of the important crop-growing areas in the United States are in the central plain region between the Appalachians and the Rockies. Others are in the Atlantic coast plain and the great basins west of the Rockies. Agriculture is a major industry in the United States and the country is a net exporter of food.Agriculture: historical development**Agriculture: historical developmentIn the U.S., the spread of farms from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat being the crop of choice when lands being settled, leading to a “wheat frontier” that moved westward over the course of years. After passing the “wheat frontier” through an area, more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally taking its place. the plantings of cotton and herds of beef cattle in warmer regions In the early colonial south, the common phenomenon of raising tobacco and cotton, especially through the use of slave labor until the Civil War. In the northeast, the use of slaves in agriculture until the early 19th century. Agriculture: historical development**Agriculture: historical development Slave labor in the southern plantationsAgriculture: development**Agriculture: developmentThe introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid 19th century leading to a large improvement in the USA’s economic growth. the establishment of a land-grant university in each state (with a mission to teach and study agriculture) and a federally-funded system of agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension networks which place extension agents in each state.Agriculture**AgricultureCrop dusterAgriculture: products Top twenty agricultural products by production**Agriculture: products Top twenty agricultural products by productionRank product mass (tonnes) 1. Corn 256,904,992 2. Cattle meat 11,736,300 3. Cow's milk, whole, fresh 78,155,000 4. Chicken meat 15,006,000 5. Soybeans 65,795,300 6. Pig meat 8,574,290 7. Wheat 63,589,820 8. Cotton lint 3,967,810 9. Hen eggs 5,141,000 10. Turkey meat 2,584,200Rank product mass (tonnes) 11. Tomatoes 12,275,000 12. Potatoes 20,821,930 13. Grapes 6,125,670 14. Oranges 10,473,450 15. Rice, paddy 9,033,610 16. Apples 4,241,810 17. Sorghum 10,445,900 18. Lettuce 4,490,000 19. Cottonseed 6,072,690 20. Sugar beets 27,764,390Agriculture: livestocks**Agriculture: livestocksTop five livestock industries in the United States 1. Dairy Cattle 2. Beef Cattle 3. Swine (also called hogs or pigs) 4. Poultry 5. SheepAgriculture: natural advantages**Agriculture: natural advantagesDifferent agricultural beltsDifferent agricultural beltsBelt of cheese: Northeast and the region around the five Great lakes The belt of wheat: the western part of the great central plain The belt of corn: south of the Great Lake The belt of cotton: the whole southeast sectionIndustry: an introduction**Industry: an introductiona leading manufacturing power in the world The US manufacturing: highly diversified and technologically advanced. Main industries: petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining. American IndustryAmerican IndustryThree industrial sections: A: the northeast section: the center of industries, the Industrial Northeast, consisting of ¾ of the national manufacturing and processing industries Detroit: the center of the automobile industry Pittsburgh: the center of the steel and iron industry nullGeneral Motors CompanyGeneral Motors Company also known as GM, is a United States based automaker with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan. By sales, GM ranked as the largest U.S. automaker and the world's second largest for 2008. GM had the third highest 2008 global revenues among automakers on the Fortune Global 500. GM manufactures cars and trucks in 34 countries, recently employed 244,500 people around the world, and sells and services vehicles in some 140 countries. On June 1, 2009 General Motors filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings from which it emerged on July 10, 2009 in a reorganization in which a new entity acquired the most valuable assets. nullnullThe section of the south: A rapid development zone The most important area of petroleum production nullThe western section: Rapid development of industries related to military affairs and film-making The most developed city in the region: Los AngelesMining**MiningAs a country of continental proportions, the United States has within its borders substantial mineral deposits. America ranks second in gold, silver, copper, lead, natural gas, and coal. Petroleum production is third in the world, after Russia and Saudi Arabia.Mining**MiningMining contributes less than 2 percent of annual GDP and employs less than 0.5 percent of all U.S. workers. Although mining accounts for only a small share of the nation’s economic output, it was historically essential to U.S. industrial development and remains important today. Manufacturing**ManufacturingThe United States lead all nations in the value of its yearly manufacturing output. Manufacturing employs about 12 percent of the nation’s workers and accounts for 14 percent of annual GDP. Although manufacturing remains a key component of the U.S. economy, it has declined in relative importance since the late 1960s. From 1970 to 2004 the number of employees in manufacturing declined from 20.7 million to 14.3 million.Manufacturing**ManufacturingThe nation’s industrial core first developed in the Northeast. This area still has the greatest number of industrial firms, but its share of these firms is smaller than in the past. in this area, five of the top seven manufacturing states—New York, Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Michigan — Important products in this region: motor vehicles, fabricated metal products, and industrial equipment. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania specializing the production of machinery and chemicals. Manufacturing**ManufacturingIn the South the greatest gains in manufacturing have been in Texas. The most abnormal growth in the West has been in California, which in the late 1990s was the leading manufacturing state, accounting for more than one-tenth of the annual value added by U.S. manufacturing. California dominates the Pacific region, which specializes in the production of transportation equipment, food products, and electrical and electronic equipment. Tertiary industry: Service and Commerce Sector**Tertiary industry: Service and Commerce SectorBy far the largest sector of the economy in terms of output and employment ___ service and commerce sector. The rapid development of this sector during the last part of the 20th century, creating many new jobs. Most of these jobs are classified as white collar, and many require advanced education. The inclusion of many