麻省理工学院-心理学课件h15

#15 Bad Attitudes, Bad Behavior 11/4/04 Lecture 15 – Bad Attitudes, Bad Behavior The Abstract: In the first part of this lecture, I will discuss four factors that contribute biased attitudes about groups of people: Factor 1: Ethnocentrism - the "We're #1" phenomenon Factor 2: Stereotyping – The idea that "they" are all something else Factor 3: The fundamental attribution error – The over-application of a Trait Theory of personality to other people. Factor 4: The role of ignorance in person perception In the second part of the lecture, I will describe some notable experiments that show how surprisingly easy it is to make people do "bad" things. Let me stress that to explain biased attitudes and bigoted behavior is not to condone them. Rather, it may be hoped the knowledge might point to amelioration. Lecture Notes Let us take as a given that racism and prejudice are bad. There are two parts to the problem: Racist attitudes Racist behavior Eisenhower: "You can't legislate morality." Martin Luther King "but you can legislate moral behavior". IMPORTANT NOTE: TO EXPLAIN IS NOT TO EXCUSE Factor One: Ethnocentrism: What does Evolutionary Psychology have to say? Lab studies of "minimal group affiliation" Tajfel et al (1971) create some artifical groups Part 1: Look at abstract art and determine if like Klee better than Kandinsky or vice versa Part 2: Play a game with the following payoff choices choice 1: them $1 us $2 choice 2: them $4 us $3 What is the result? What is the point? page 1 of 5 #15 Bad Attitudes, Bad Behavior 11/4/04 Factor Two: Stereotyping Stereotyping: the tendency to infer attributes on the basis of group membership The self-evident bit: If "we're #1", then someone else is #2. What becomes part of a stereotype? Silly example: Is bipedal part of the stereotype for blacks? NOTE: THESE "DATA" ARE ALL OPINIONS. NOT FACT. World German 1. Efficient 50 63 2. Extremely nationalistic 35 56 3. Scientfically minded 33 43 4. Pleasure-loving 82 72 Guess which are parts of the German stereotype? What is the role of ignorance in stereotyping? Factor Three: The fundamental attribution error Stereotype matter because we think that traits are causal…in others. What does this mean? Trait theory vs Situationalism Nature vs Nuture ………. Again The fundamental attribution error is a tendency to see the behavior of others in terms of ____________ not _______________. E.g. Why did you flunk the test? Vs Why did HE flunk the test? Factor Four: The role of ignorance in person perception Assessment Bad Good "Reality" Bad OK type 2 error Good type 1 OK error Which type of error is worse? page 2 of 5 #15 Bad Attitudes, Bad Behavior 11/4/04 ABOVE MAY BE YOUR GROUP OR ANOTHER Add to that the problem that you aren't as good at evaluating other groups as you are at evaluating your own. This is seen in the good and bad distributions spreading out so that the relative difference is smaller. THIS IS NOW THE OTHER GUYS It gets worse – Implicit Attitudes What is the Stroop task. How does the IAT (Implicit attitude test) work? page 3 of 5 #15 Bad Attitudes, Bad Behavior 11/4/04 From Bad Attitude to Bad Behavior How can people be moved from thought to action? Asch - Peer Pressure How does the experiment work? What is the result? The Milgram Experiment What was done? What were the predictions? (And why did Milgrim do the exp?) What were the data? How could this happen? The Manufacturer's Human Relations Consultant's (MHRC) encounter, (1981) What was done? What were the data? page 4 of 5 #15 Bad Attitudes, Bad Behavior 11/4/04 Latané (1981) pronounced Latin A The law of social impact. 3 factors (you should be able to describe evidence for each of them) STRENGTH means authority of the experimenter. IMMEDIACY....How vivid/salient are the factors? NUMBER: How many people produce/receive the pressure? IF TIME (unlikely) Zimbardo - The Stanford Prison Experiment page 5 of 5