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基础英语课程教学大纲

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基础英语课程教学大纲《基础英语》课程教学大纲课程编码:30613001学分:19总学时:408说明【课程性质】《基础英语》课程是英语专业本科学生一、二年级的专业必修课。【教学目的】其主要目的在于培养和提高学生综合运用英语的能力。通过课文讲解传授系统的基础语言知识(语法、词汇、篇章结构、语言功能等),训练基本语言技能(侧重听说,但不偏废读写),注意英汉两种语言的对比并且进行英汉翻译练习,同时指导低年级学生的学习方法,为进入高年级学习打下扎实的基础。【教学任务】本课程主要通过语言基础训练与篇章讲解分析,使学生逐步提高语篇阅读理解能力,了解英语各种文体...
基础英语课程教学大纲
《基础英语》课程教学大纲课程编码:30613001学分:19总学时:408说明【课程性质】《基础英语》课程是英语专业本科学生一、二年级的专业必修课。【教学目的】其主要目的在于培养和提高学生综合运用英语的能力。通过课文讲解传授系统的基础语言知识(语法、词汇、篇章结构、语言功能等),训练基本语言技能(侧重听说,但不偏废读写),注意英汉两种语言的对比并且进行英汉翻译练习,同时指导低年级学生的学习方法,为进入高年级学习打下扎实的基础。【教学任务】本课程主要通过语言基础训练与篇章讲解分析,使学生逐步提高语篇阅读理解能力,了解英语各种文体的达方式和特点,扩大词汇量和熟悉英语常用句型,具备基本的口头与笔头表达能力。教师应鼓励学生积极参与课堂的各种语言交际活动以获得基本的交际技能,并达到新《大纲》所规定的听、说、读、写、译等技能的。【教学内容】课程教学内容包括:英语语音、英语语法、英语阅读、英语词汇、英语听说、翻译、初步的英语写作以及社会文化等。【教学原则和方法】教学原则:素质教育应该贯穿于整个学习过程。目的在于使教师充分认识到素质教育的重要性,把素质教育贯穿于整个课程教学中,要强调听、说、读、写、译技能的均衡发展。教学方法:在教学中,要强调课堂教学应以学生为主体而以教师为主导,改变以教师为中心的教学模式。教师要在教学中充分发挥学生的能动性、创造性,培养学生的自主性、独立性和合作精神,教师要采用灵活多样的教学方式(启发式、讨论式、发现式、研究式等),引导学生在主动积极的思维活动中获取知识、掌握学习方法。【先修课程要求】【学时分配】学时安排序号内容理论测试习题小计课时课时课时1第一册56721842第二册729271083第三册729271084第四册72927108总计27234102408【教材与主要参考书】教材:杨立民徐克容《现代大学英语精读》外语教学与研究出版社,2003年。参考书:黄源深虞苏美邹为诚《综合英语教程》高等教育出版社,2000年。虞建华《大学英语诵读文选》上海外语教育出版社,2000年。刘润清《英语教育研究》外语教学与研究出版社,2004年。大纲内容第一册【教学目的和要求】教学目的:1.一方面要努力丰富学生的语言知识,积极介绍新的语言现象,另一方面又要把重点放在帮助学生复习、巩固、消化和提升已学的知识上。2.一方面要强调语言形式的训练,另一方面又要提供较多的活动语言的“语境”,以帮助学生熟练掌握所学语言并提高在交际过程中正确运用语言的能力。3.一方面要继续提高学生的阅读理解能力,另一方面又要进一步加强听、说训练,以保证学生听、说、读、写技能更加均衡地发展。4.一方面要着重语言技能的训练,另一方面又要努力扩大学生的知识面,帮助他们养成良好的学习习惯,提高思考问题、分析问题、归纳问题、问题和独立解决问题的能力。教学要求:1.较好地掌握朗读技巧,在朗读和会话中做到语音正确,语调得体。2.较熟练地使用英语词典和初步学会查阅参考书,独立解决大部分语言难点和一些背景知识问题。3.掌握系统的基本英语语法,并能在综合运用中做到概念清楚,形式正确。4.认知课本(包括课文和练习)中出现的词汇及其基本搭配,熟练掌握专业英语四级要求的词汇及搭配,并能在会话和写作中灵活应用。5.能用英语正确表达规定的功能意念。6.能运用习得的语言知识和语言技能在规定范围内进行交际。7.能就所读材料进行问答、复述、概述和讨论。8.能按练习要求写出一般的书信等文体,做到格式正确、语言得体。【内容提要】教学的基本内容包括八个方面:一、英语语音:系统介绍英语语音和语调的知识,使学生掌握英语的发音、语流的规律、语调的朗读、表达思想并进行交际。二、英语语法:重点掌握英语语法的核心项目,提高恰当运用英语语法的能力。三、英语阅读:培养英语阅读理解能力,提高学生的阅读速度和阅读技能。四、英语词汇:讲授构词法的知识,掌握词汇的结构,从而扩大词汇量。五、英语听说:把英语听力和英语口语相结合。使学生能够听懂中等难度的听力材料,并能正确表达自己的观点,进行比较恰当地复述、讨论。六、英语翻译:努力加强翻译能力训练,使学生掌握英汉双语翻译的基本理论,各种文体的翻译技巧和英汉互译的基本能力。七、英语写作:加强写作能力的培养,通过背诵名篇等各种形式训练学生的写作技巧,培养学生写作的习惯,为论文写作打下坚实的基础。八、英语文化:使学生了解英语国家情况及其文化传统,提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性,培养学生跨文化交际的能力。【教学重点与难点问题】教学重点:1.全面开展各项技能的训练。在继续抓紧听说的前提下,努力加强对写作和翻译能力的训练。指导学生进行广泛阅读。口语应过渡到较长的叙述、描写,以及初步的分析和辩论的能力的培养上。2.借助构词法,大力扩充词汇。使单词量达到《大纲》要求的6000词左右的指标。加上各类派生词,为大量阅读开辟道路。通过练习使学生掌握基础阶段重点词、结构词、常用的短语动词;基本的动词用法模式;常用的同义词、反义词;常用的词组、搭配、习惯用语等。教学难点:1.语法方面:一是继续补上重要的缺项;二是继续狠抓中国学生的弱项(如从句、分词的句法作用等),要更加突出句法方面;三是要更加重视语法在交际中的实用功能,要按概念(如怎样表达因果关系、如何进行比较、如何起承转合等等),以另一种角度提升学生对语法的掌握和运用能力。2.全面提高学生独立工作能力,培养使用基本工具书(首先是英英词典)以及对教材内容进行分析、批判、评论的能力。【复习思考题】复习思考题:复述课文,背诵课文,记单词,熟练掌握语法。第二册【教学目的和要求】教学目的:关于精读第二册的教学目的,我们仍然强调通过语言基础训练与篇章讲解分析培养学生综合运用英语的技能技巧,使学生逐步提高语篇阅读理解能力,了解英语各种文体的表达方式和特点,扩大词汇量和熟悉英语常用句型,具备基本的口头与笔头表达能力,加深对英语国家各方面的了解,扩展知识面。教学要求:教学中鼓励学生积极参与课堂的各种语言交际活动以获得基本的交际技能,并达到《大纲》所规定的听、说、读、写、译等技能的要求,为高级英语阶段的学习打下扎实的基础。【内容提要】一、努力提高学生的语音、语调和朗读技巧;通过大量练习,消化并提升第一册所学的词汇和语法知识,使之成为语言交际的实际技能。二、扩大基本词汇2000词左右。词汇方面要开始介绍构词法,要通过练习介绍搭配、习惯用语、短语动词、动词用法模式、同义词、一词多译等等概念并进行初步训练。三、语法方面介绍新的语法项目,如从句、分词、动名词、不定式和介词短语的句法作用。【教学重点与难点问题】教学重点:使学生掌握基础阶段的重点词﹑结构词;常用的短语动词;基本的动词用法模式;常用的同义词﹑反义词;常用的含有多种用法的词;以及常用的词组﹑搭配﹑习惯用语。教学难点:大力增强学生的阅读理解能力,帮助学生进一步学会解决难句的困难。提高同义词辨义和英语释义的本领。【复习思考题】熟练运用所学的语法和词汇知识,能对所学内容进行复述,锻炼用英语解释难句的能力。第三册【教学目的和要求】教学目的:基础英语是一门综合英语专业技能课,其主要目的在于通过语言基础训练与篇章讲解分析,传授系统的基础语言知识(语音、语法、词汇、篇章结构、语言功能、意念等),综合训练基本语言技能(听说读写译),使学生逐步提高语篇阅读理解能力,了解英语各种文体的表达式和特点,扩大词汇量和熟悉英语常用句型,具备基本的口头与笔头表达能力,培养和提高学生运用英语进行交际的综合能力,同时指导学习方法,培养逻辑思维能力和自学能力,并使学生的文化素养有一定程度的提高。教学要求:经过一年专业学习,学生们在语音、听力和口语表达各方面均应有较大提高。本学期应在此基础上在读、写能力方面有所侧重。讲课中注意知识的层层递进,具有连续性,语言点突出,讲解清晰准确,通过典型例句解释语言现象。课堂上,遵循精讲多练,以学生为主的原则,采取问答、复述、听写、讨论、讲故事、表演等有利于学生学习英语并能引发学生对英语学习兴趣的多种课堂活动的方式,以便达到教学目的。每课都要布置具体作业,教师认真检查和批改。【内容提要】一、英语语音:学生应掌握正确的语音和语调,朗读和听说中有基本的节奏感和语调感。二、英语词汇:认知词汇5,500-6,500个,熟练掌握3,000-4,000个及其基本搭配词汇,能在会话和写作中正确运用。三、英语听说:掌握交际时如何用不同句式表达功能意念。四、英语语法:掌握系统的英语语法,并能在综合运用中做到概念清楚,形式正确。五、英语阅读:掌握文章的主旨,准确领会作者的写作意图,读懂不同题材的文章,并保证一定的阅读速度。六、英语写作:掌握不同体裁文章(记叙文,议论文,应用文等)的写作格式,做到语法正确,表达清晰,论点明确。【教学重点与难点问题】教学重点:打好扎实的语言基本功,注重各项语言技能的全面发展,突出语言交际能力的培养。教学难点:1.培养和提高学生从整个篇章结构出发对各种文体的文章进行分析与综合、抽象与概括、多层面多角度思考问题的能力,以及在事实性阅读和评判性阅读的基础上进行鉴赏性阅读的能力。2.注重培养跨文化交际能力。3.加强学生思维能力和创新能力的培养。【复习思考题】运用所学语言知识独立阅读、正确理解与所学课文难度相当的文章。听写与所学课文难度相当的短文(125-130词,读三遍),拼写、语法及词汇错误不超过总词量的3%-5%。第四册【教学目的和要求】教学目的:本学期是基础阶段的最后一学期,学生应该在听、说、读、写、译各方面都有较大进步,综合语言水平达到专业四级。教学要求:对听、说、读、写、译各项基本功进行全面训练,朗读技巧需要随着教材难度的复杂增加而不断提高,围绕课文回答问题要继续进行,每课的语言重点也仍然要归纳总结等等。随着学习的深入,对语言的要求也逐步提高。学习者对各课Pre-classWork部分须认真对待,一丝不苟地完成。全面开展各项技能的训练,努力提高学生独立地工作能力。不断加强写作和翻译能力训练,指导学生进行广泛阅读。口语和问题回答应过渡到较长的叙述、描写以及初步的分析和辩论的能力的培养上。【内容提要】一、掌握系统的语言知识。二、掌握听、说、读、写、译等语言技能。三、熟悉并掌握英美等主要英语使用国家的文化背景知识。四、具有运用语言知识和技能进行涉外交流的能力。五、具有较强逻辑思维能力,掌握科学的学习方法,为进行较深入的学术研究打下良好基础。六、参加并通过国家英语专业四级考试。【教学重点与难点问题】教学重点:这一阶段的学习,开始增加中英互译的比重,以提高学习者对这两种语言异同的认识,并为最终培养翻译技巧打下基础。教学难点:开始进行Paraphrasing的训练,让学习者开始充分认识这种练习的重要性,它既能反映出学习者的阅读理解能力,又能要求他们用简单的语言解释复杂或寓意深刻的句子。课文为精读教材的核心,重视其内容的文化内涵和人文价值,重视他们思想上潜移默化的作用。【复习思考题】熟练运用所学的语法和词汇,以所学内容为题进行对话和叙述。在所学题材范围内会写叙事文,说明文及简单的应用文,内容充实,层次分明,拼写、语法及用词错误不超过总用词量的4%-6%。执笔人:邴瑄审核人:龚柏岩《基础英语》课程考核大纲【考核目的】本考试的目的是全面检查英语专业基础阶段的学生是否达到了《大纲》所规定的各项英语专业技能要求,考核学生综合运用各项基本技能的能力以及学生对语法结构和词语用法的掌握程度。检查学生的学习状况,为教学提供反馈信息,并对教师的教学状况做出检查。【课程学习的基础】掌握基本的语音知识、语法知识、一定的听说和阅读能力。所有这些知识都在考核范围之内。【考核的内容范围】词汇、语法、阅读、翻译、写作。【考核方法】期末闭卷笔试,占60%,平时考核(出勤、作业、课堂表现)占40%。【对试题的要求】题型比例:客观性试题占90%,包括选择题、判断题、填空题、阅读理解﹑翻译﹑词语辨析等,主观性试题占10%,包括作文。难度等级:分为较易、中等、较难三个等级,大概比例是20:60:20。【考核的具体内容】第一部分第一册:1.名词、代词的用法2.动词的时态和语态3.数词、限定词的用法4.形容词、副词的用法5.各种从句的用法6.课文所涉及的相关背景知识,常用词汇考核目标:1.识记:(1)词汇(2)语言的知识点(3)精彩段落2.理解:(1)名词、代词的用法(2)动词的时态和语态(3)数词、限定词的用法(4)形容词、副词的用法(5)各种从句的用法(6)课文的翻译和中心思想3.运用:运用所学知识点和语言点会写200字左右的短文,能做到内容切题、完整、条理清楚、结构严谨、语法正确。第二部分第二册知识点:1.各种从句的用法2.分词的用法3.动名词的用法4.不定式的用法5.介词短语的句法作用6.课文所涉及的相关背景知识,常用词汇考核目标:1.识记:(1)词汇(2)语言的知识点(3)精彩段落2.理解:(1)各种从句的用法(2)分词的用法(3)动名词的用法(4)不定式的用法(5)介词短语的句法作用(6)课文的翻译和中心思想3.运用:运用所学知识点和语言点会写200字左右的短文,能做到内容切题﹑完整﹑条理清楚﹑结构严谨﹑语法正确。第三部分第三册知识点:1.分词的用法2.介词的用法3.宾语补足语的用法4.反义疑问句的用法5.介词短语的句法作用6.课文所涉及的相关背景知识,常用词汇考核目标:1.识记:(1)词汇(2)语言的知识点(3)精彩段落2.理解:(1)分词的用法(2)介词的用法(3)宾语补足语的用法(4)反义疑问句的用法(5)介词短语的句法作用(6)课文翻译和中心思想3.运用:运用所学知识点和语言点会写300字左右的短文,能做到内容切题﹑完整﹑条理清楚﹑结构严谨﹑语法正确。第四部分第四册知识点:1.各种修辞的用法2.状语从句的用法3.动名词的用法4.各种从句的用法5.强调句型的用法6.课文所涉及的相关背景知识,常用词汇考核目标:1.识记:(1)词汇(2)语言的知识点(3)精彩段落2.理解:(1)各种修辞的用法(2)各种从句的用法(3)动名词的用法(4)各种从句的用法(5)强调句型的用法(6)课文的翻译和中心思想3.运用:运用所学知识点和语言点会写300字左右的短文,能做到内容切题﹑完整﹑条理清楚﹑结构严谨﹑语法正确。【样题】I.Vocabulary.(每小题1分,共10分)SectionA:WritetheEnglishwordsaccordingtothefollowingdefinitions.1._____:aloudexpressionofapprovalorwelcome2._____:tochangeormakesomeonechangetheiropinion,belieforhabit3._____:toobtainsomething,esp.somethingthatisdifficulttoget4._____:someoneyouknowbutnotaclosefriend5._____:stronghatredSectionB:Matchthesynonyms.6.lunaticA.graceful7.beliefB.little8.elegantC.togiggle9.totitterD.mad10.scantE.doctrineII.Fillintheblankswithsuitablewordsintheirproperforms.(每小题1分,共10分)A.toconverttochange1.Manychurcheswereinvolvedinmissionaryactivitiesatthattime.Theywantedto_____allpeopletotheirregion.2.RMBwillsoonbefreely_____3.I’ve_____myplan.I’llgotherebyair.B.Literalliteraryliterate4._____criticismisimportantforthedevelopmentofliterature.5.Youshouldn’ttakeher_____whenshesaidthatshewishedsheweredead.6.“Longtimenosee”soundslikea_____translationoftheChineseexpression“好久不见”.C.disinteresteduninterested7.Afteroneyearonlyafewstudentsremained_____inEnglish.8.Itisageneralrulethatthejuryshouldconsistof_____people.D.historicalhistoric9.Onechapterofthebookisdevotedtothe_____meetingofthetwoleaders.10.Ifyouwanttounderstandhowithappened,youwillhavetoputitinthe_____context.III.Paraphrase.(每小题3分,共15分)1.Hewasthemanofthehour,ofthecentury.2.Inthisnowuniversalcontaminationoftheenvironment,chemicalsarethesinisterpartnersofradiationinchangingtheverynatureoftheworld.3.Manenjoysagreementascowswillgrazeallthewayonthesideofahill.4.Moststudentsareusuallyintroducedtothestudyofhistorybywayofafattextbookandbecomequicklyimmersedinavastseaofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.5.Oncehewaggledthestumpundermyfacewithaslysmile.IV.Translation.(每小题3分,共15分)1.我们应该把更多的注意力集中在中西部的发展中去。2.他任命了五个人处理这个案件。3.日子一天天过去,可是我仍然没有多少进步。4.他把他的一生都献给了环保事业。5.工商银行现在给那些缴不起学费的学生提供一种特别贷款。V.Grammar.(每小题1分,共10分)1._____beenanyanswertoyourletteryet?A.HavethereB.HasitC.HasthereD.Havethey2.Thepoliceguardedtheairportcarefully_____thecriminalshoutescapefromthecountry.A.orelseB.ifC.lestD.unless3.Thescoreis3to2intheirfavor.Thisisnot_____resultasweexpected.A.abadB.asabadC.badaD.asbada4.Theweedsinthisfieldweretwice_____tallasthewheat.A.asB.muchC.soD.too5.Therewereresources,suchascoal,iron,goldandcopper,deepunderground,buttheyremained_____formuchofthecountry’searlyhistory.A.undiscoveringB.undiscoveredC.tobeundiscoveringD.beingundiscovered6.Ithinkitonlyreasonablethatinthiscasetheguiltyshouldgo_____.Shekilledadangerousmurderer.A.nottobepunishedB.unpunishingC.notpunishedD.unpunished7.Neitherofmyparentsremembered_____thatmanbefore.A.haveeverseenB.tohaveeverseenC.havingeverseenD.toeversee8.I_____belaterforthatimportantmeetingthanleavethisinjuredoldwomanhere.A.hadbetterB.wouldratherC.mayaswellD.shouldjust9.You_____worryaboutpayingmytuitionfee,Mon.I’vesavedenoughmoneyworkingthewholesummer.A.needn’tB.mustn’tC.couldn’tD.shouldn’t10.He_____havegonetomedicalschool,buthisgradesweretoolow.A.mustB.shouldC.wouldD.willVI.ReadingComprehension.(每小题1分,共20分)Directions:Therearefourreadingpassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.PassageOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage:HenryFord,thefamousU.S.inventorandcarmanufacturer,oncesaid,“ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness.”BythishemeantthattheU.S.wayoflifeisbasedonthevaluesofthebusinessworld.FewwouldarguewithFord’sstatement.AbriefglimpseatadailynewspapervividlyshowshowmuchpeopleintheUnitedStatesthinkaboutbusiness.Forexample,nearlyeverynewspaperhasabusinesssection,inwhichthedealsandprojects,financesandmanagement,stockpricesandlaborproblemsofcorporationsarereporteddaily.Inaddition,businessnewscanappearineveryothersection.Mostnationalnewshasanimportantfinancialaspecttoit.Welfare,foreignaid,thefederalbudget,andthepoliciesoftheFederalReserveBankareallheavilyaffectedbybusiness.Moreover,businessnewsappearsinsomeoftheunlikeliestplaces.Theworldofartsandentertainmentisoftenreferredtoas“theentertainmentindustry”or“showbusiness.”ThepositivesideofHenryFord’sstatementcanbeseenintheprosperitythatbusinesshasbroughttoU.S.life.OneofthemostimportantreasonssomanypeoplefromallovertheworldcometoliveintheUnitedStatesisthedreamofabetterjob.Jobsareproducedinabundance(大量地)becausetheU.S.economicsystemisdrivenbycompetition.Peoplebelievethatthissystemcreatesmorewealth,morejobs,andamateriallybetterwayoflife.ThenegativesideofHenryFord’sstatement,however,canbeseenwhenthewordbusinessistakentomeanbigbusiness.Andthetermbigbusiness—referringtothebiggestcompanies,isseeninoppositiontolabor.ThroughoutU.S.historyworkingpeoplehavehadtofighthardforhigherwages,betterworkingconditions,andtherighttoformunions.Today,manyoftheoldlabordisputesareover,butthereisstillsomeemployeeanxiety.Downsizing—thelayingoffofthou-sandsofworkerstokeepexpenseslowandprofitshigh—createsfeelingsofinsecurityformany.1.TheUnitedStatesisatypicalcountry_____.A.whereallbusinessesaremanagedscientificallyB.whichencouragesfreetradeathomeandabroadC.whichnormallyworksaccordingtothefederalbudgetD.wherepeople’schiefconcernishowtomakemoney2.TheinfluenceofbusinessintheU.S.isevidencedbythefactthat_____.A.mostnewspapersarerunbybigbusinessesB.evenartsandentertainmentareregardedasbusinessC.AmericansofallprofessionsknowhowtodobusinessD.evenpublicorganizationsconcentrateonworkingforprofits3.Accordingtothepassage,immigrantschoosetosettleintheU.S.,dreamingthat_____A.theywillmakeafortuneovernightthereB.theycanbemorecompetitiveinbusinessC.theycanstartprofitablebusinessesthereD.theywillfindbetterchancesofemployment4.HenryFord’sstatementcanbetakennegativelybecause_____.A.thereisaconflictingrelationshipbetweenbigcorporationsandlaborB.therearemanyindustriescontrolledbyafewbigcapitalistsC.publicservicesarenotrunbythefederalgovernmentD.workingpeoplearediscouragedtofightfortheirrights5.Acompany’seffortstokeepexpenseslowandprofitshighmayresultin_____.A.ariseinworkers’wagesB.improvementofworkingconditionsC.reductioninthenumberofemployeesD.fewerdisputesbetweenlaborandmanagementPassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:It’snosecretthatmanychildrenwouldbehealthierandhappierwithadoptiveparentsthanwiththeparentsthatnaturedealtthem.That’sespeciallytrueofchildrenwhoremaininabusivehomesbecausethelawblindlyfavorsbiologicalparents.It’salsotrueofchildrenwhosufferforyearsinfosterhomes(收养孩子的家庭)becauseofparentswhocan’torwon’tcareforthembutrefusetogiveupcustody(监护)rights.Fourteen-year-oldKimberlyMaysfitsneitherdescription,butherrecentcourtvictorycouldeventuallyhelpchildrenwhodo.Kimberlyhasbeentheobjectofanangrycustodybattlebetweenthemanwhoraisedherandherbiologicalparents,withwhomshehasneverlived.AFloridajudgeruledthattheteenagercanremainwiththeonlyfathershe’severknownandthatherbiologicalparentshave“nolegalclaim”onher.Theruling,thoughitmayyetbereversed,setsasidetheprinciplethatbiologyistheprimarydeterminantofparentage.That’sanimportantdevelopment,onethat’slongoverdue.ShortlyafterbirthinDecember1978,KimberlyMaysandanotherinfantweremistakenlyswitchedandsenthomewiththewrongparents.Kimberly’sbiologicalparents,ErnestandReginaTwigg,receivedachildwhodiedofaheartdiseasein1988.Medicaltestsshowedthatthechildwasn’ttheTwiggs’owndaughter,butKimberlywas,thussparkingacustodybattlewithRobertMays.In1989,thetwofamiliesagreedthatMr.MayswouldmaintaincustodywiththeTwiggsgettingvisitingrights.ThoserightswereendedwhenMr.MaysdecidedthatKimberlywasbeingharmed.ThedecisiontoleaveKimberlywithMr.Maysrenderedhersuitdebated.ButthejudgemadeclearthatKimberlydidhavestandingtosue(起诉)onherownbehalf.Thushemadeclearthatshewasmorethanjustpropertytobehandledasadultssawfit.Certainly,thebiologicallinkbetweenparentandchildisfundamental.Butbiologicalparentsaren’talwayspreferabletoadoptiveones,andbiologicalparentagedoesnotconveyanabsoluteownershipthatcancelsalltherightsofchildren.6.WhatwastheprimaryconsiderationintheFloridajudge’sruling?A.Thetraditionalpractice.B.Theparents’feelings.C.Thebiologicallink.D.Thechild’sbenefits7.WecanlearnfromtheKimberlycasethat_____.A.fosterhomesbringchildrenmorepainandsufferingthancareB.thebiologicallinkbetweenparentandchildshouldbeemphasizedC.childrenaremorethanjustpersonalpossessionsoftheirparentsD.biologicalparentsshouldn’tclaimcustodyrightsaftertheirchildisadopted8.TheTwiggsclaimedcustodyrightstoKimberlybecause_____.A.theyregardedherastheirpropertyB.theywereherbiologicalparentsC.theyfeltguiltyabouttheirpastmistakeD.theyfoundherunhappyinMr.Mays’custody9.KimberlyhadbeengiventoMr.Mays_____.A.forbettercareB.outofcharityC.bysheeraccidentD.athisrequest10.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthejudge’srulingcouldbedescribedas_____.A.criticalB.cautiousC.doubtfulD.supportivePassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:ProfessorSmithrecentlypersuaded35people,23ofthemwomen,tokeepadiaryofalltheirabsent-mindedactionsforafortnight.Whenhecametoanalysestheirembarrassinglapses(差错)inascientificreport,hewassurprisedtofindthatnearlyallofthemfellintoafewgroupings.Nordidthelapsesappeartobeentirelyrandom.(随机的)Oneofthewomen,forinstance,onleavingherhouseforworkonemorningthrewherdogherearringsandtriedtofixadogbiscuitonherear.“Theexplanationforthisisthatthebrainislikeacomputer,”explainstheprofessor.“Peopleprogrammethemselvestodocertainactivitiesregularly.Itwasthewoman’scustomeverymorningtothrowherdogtwobiscuitsandthenputonherearrings.Butsomehowtheactiongotreversedintheprogramme.”Aboutoneintwentyoftheincidentsthevolunteersreportedwerethese“programmeassemblyfailures.”Altogetherthevolunteerslogged433unintentionalactionsthattheyfoundthemselvesdoing—anaverageoftwelveeach.Thereappeartobepeakperiodsinthedaywhenweareatourzaniest(荒谬可笑的).Thesearetwohourssometimebetweeneighta.m.andnoon,betweenfourandsixp.m.withasmallerpeakbetweeneightandtenp.m.“Amongmenthepeakseemstobewhenachangeoverinbrain‘programmes’occurs,asforinstancebetweengoingtoandfromwork.”Womenonaveragereportedslightlymorelapses—12.5comparedwith10.9formen—probablybecausetheyweremorereliablereporters.Astartlingfindingoftheresearchisthattheabsent-mindedactivityisahazardofdoingthingsinwhichweareskilled.Normally,youwouldexpectthatskillreducesthenumberoferrorswemake.Buttryingtoavoidsillyslipsbyconcentratingmorecouldmakethingsalotworse—evendangerous.11.InhisstudyProfessorSmithaskedthesubjects_____.A.toanalysetheirawkwardexperiencesscientificallyB.tokeeparecordofwhattheydidunintentionallyC.tokeeptrackofpeoplewhotendtoforgetthingsD.toreporttheirembarrassinglapsesatrandom12.ProfessorSmithdiscoveredthat_____.A.manypeopleweretooembarrassedtoadmittheirabsent-mindedness_____.B.mentendtobemoreabsent-mindedthanwomenC.absent-mindednessisanexcusablehumanweaknessD.certainpatternscanbeidentifiedintherecordedincidents13.“Programmeassemblyfailures”(Line6,Para.2)referstothephenomenonthatpeople_____.A.arelikelytomessthingsupiftheyaretootiredB.tendtomakemistakeswhentheyareinahurryC.oftenfailtoprogrammetheirroutinesbeforehandD.unconsciouslychangethesequenceofdoingthings14.Welearnfromthethirdparagraphthat_____.A.absent-mindednesstendstooccurduringcertainhoursofthedayB.womenexperiencemorepeakperiodsofabsent-mindednessC.men’sabsent-mindednessoftenresultsinfunnysituationsD.womenareverycarefultoperformactionsduringpeakperiods15.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_____.A.peopleshouldbecarefulwhenprogrammingtheiractionsB.lapsescannotalwaysbeattributedtolackofconcentrationC.hazardscanbeavoidedwhenpeopledothingstheyaregoodatD.peopleshouldavoiddoingimportantthingsduringpeakperiodsoflapsesPassageFourQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Onaverage,Americankidsages3to12spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthoursmorethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmorehouseholdworkandparticipatedinmoreofsuchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet(芭蕾舞).Involvementinsports,inparticular,rosealmost50%from1981to1997:boysnowspendanaverageoffourhoursaweekplayingsports:girlsloghalfthattime.Allinall,however,children’sleisuretimedroppedfrom40%ofthedayin1981to25%.“Childrenareaffectedbythesametimecrunch(危机)thataffectstheirparents,”saysSandraHofferth,whoheadedtherecentstudyofchildren’stimetable.Achiefreason,shesays,isthatmoremothersareworkingoutsidethehome.(Nevertheless,childreninbothdouble-incomeand‘‘malebreadwinner”householdsspentcomparableamountsoftimeinteractingwiththeirparents,19hoursand22hoursrespectively.Incontrast,childrenspentonly9hourswiththeirsinglemothers.)Allworkandnoplaycouldmakeforsomeverymessed-upkids.“Playisthemostpowerfulwayachildexplorestheworldandlearnsabouthimself,”saysT.BerryBrazelton,professoratHarvardMedicalSchool.Unstructuredplayencouragesindependentthinkingandallowstheyoungtonegotiatetheirrelationshipswiththeirpeers,butkidsages3to12spentonly12hoursaweekengagedinit.Thechildrensampledspentaquarteroftheirrapidlydecreasing“freetime”watchingtelevision.Butthat,believeitornot,wasoneofthefindingsparentsmightregardasgoodnews.Ifthey’respendinglesstimeinfrontoftheTVset,however,kidsaren’treplacingitwithreading.Despiteeffortstogetkidsmoreinterestedinbooks,thechildrenspentjustoveranhouraweekreading.Let’sfaceit,who’sgotthetime?16.Bymentioning“thesametimecrunch”(LineI,Para.2)SandraHofferthmeans_____.A.childrenhavelittletimetoplaywiththeirparentsB.bothparentsandchildrensufferfromlackofleisuretimeC.bothparentsandchildrenhavetroublemanagingtheirtimeD.childrenarenottakengoodcareofbytheirworkingparents17.Accordingtotheauthor,thereasongivenbySandraHofferthforthetimecrunchis_____.A.partiallytrueB.quiteconvincingC.ratherconfusingD.totallygroundless18.Accordingtotheauthorachilddevelopsbetterif_____.A.hehasplentyoftimereadingandstudyingB.heisfreetointeractwithhisworkingparentsC.heislefttoplaywithhispeersinhisownwayD.hehasmoretimeparticipatinginschoolactivities19.TheauthorisconcernedaboutthefactthatAmericankids_____.A.areinvolvedlessandlessinhouseholdworkB.arespendingmoreandmoretimewatchingTVC.areengagedinmoreandmorestructuredactivitiesD.areincreasinglyneglectedbytheirworkingmothers20.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_____.A.mostparentsbelievereadingtobebeneficialtochildrenB.effortstogetkidsinterestedinreadinghavebeenfruitfulC.mostchildrenwillturntoreadingwithTVsetsswitchedoffD.extracurricularactivitiespromotechildren’sintelligenceVII.Cloze.(每小题0.5分,共10分)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpass
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