Unit3Australia重点词语学习

Unit3Australia重点词语学习associateverb1.[vn]~sb/sth(withsb/sth)tomakeaconnectionbetweenpeopleorthingsinyourmind:Ialwaysassociatethesmellofbakingwithmychildhood.Heiscloselyassociatedinthepublicmindwithhorrormovies.Mostpeopleimmediatelyassociateaddictionswithdrugs,alcoholandcigarettes.Youwouldn'rtormallyassociatethesetwowriterst—eirstylesarecompletelydifferent.2.[v]~withsbtospendtimewithsb,especiallyapersonorpeoplethatsbelsedoesnotapproveof:Idon'tlikeyouassociatingwiththosepeoples.[vn]~yourselfwithsth(formal)toshowthatyousupportoragreewithsth:MayIassociatemyselfwiththePrimeMinistersremarks?'(=Iagreewiththem)Ihaveneverassociatedmyselfwithpoliticalextremism.adj.[onlybeforenoun]1.(oftenintitles)ofalowerrank,havingfewerrightsinaparticularprofessionororganization:associatemembershipoftheEuropeanUnionanassociatemember/director/editorShewasonlytheassociateproducerofthemovie.2.joinedtoorconnectedwithaprofessionoranorganization:anassociatecompanyinJapannoun1.apersonthatyouworkwith,dobusinesswithorspendalotoftimewith:businessassociatesaclosepoliticalassociateofThecompanyiscalledLandorAssociates.Hewasknowntobesdegree(=oneoftheconvictedmansasso6iates2.Associate(US)apersonwhohasanAssociateonethatisgivenaftercompletingtwoyearsofstudyatajuniorcollege)barriernoun1.anobjectlikeafencethatpreventspeoplefrommovingforwardfromoneplacetoanother:Thecrowdhadtostandbehindbarriers.Showyourticketatthebarrier.Thecarcrashedintothesafetybarrierandburstintoflames.2.~(tosth)aproblem,ruleorsituationthatpreventssbfromdoingsth,orthatmakessthimpossible:theremovaloftradebarriersLackofconfidenceisapsychologicalbarriertosuccess.Costshouldnotbeabarriertotheuseoflegalservices.TheworldofDisneyisamagicalexperiencethatknowsnoagebarriers.3.~(betweenAandB)|~(againststh)somethingthatexistsbetweenonethingorpersonandanotherandkeepsthemseparate:TheYangtzeriverisanaturalbarriertothenorth-east.Therewasnorealbarrierbetweenrealityandfantasyinhismind.Ozoneistheearths'barrieragainstultra-violetradiation.thelanguagebarrier(=whenpeoplecannotcommunicatebecausetheydonotspeakthesamelanguage)4.aparticularamount,levelornumberwhichitisdifficulttogetpast:thefirstplayerwhoseearningspassedthe$1.0millionbarrierdefencenounPROTECTIONAGAINSTATTACK1.[U]theactofprotectingsb/sthfromattack,criticism,etc.:soldierswhodiedindefenceoftheircountryWhenherbrotherwascriticizedsheleapttohisdefence.Whatpointscanberaisedindefenceofthisargument?Ihavetosayinherdefencethatsheknewnothingaboutitbeforehand.2.[C,U]~(againststh)somethingthatprovidesprotectionagainstattackfromenemies,theweather,illness,etc.:Thetownwallswerebuiltasadefenceagainstenemyattacks.Theharbours'seadefencesareinpoorcondition.Thebodyhasnaturaldefencemechanismstoprotectitfromdisease.Humourisamoreeffectivedefencethanviolence.3.[U]theorganizationofthepeopleandsystemsthatareusedbyagovernmenttoprotectacountryfromattack:(BrE)theMinistryofDefence(NAmE)theDepartmentofDefenseFurthercutsindefencespendingarebeingconsidered.SUPPORT4.[C]somethingthatissaidorwritteninordertosupportsth:adefenceofMarxismLAW5.[C]whatissaidincourttoprovethatapersondidnotcommitacrime;theactofpresentingthisargumentincourt:Herdefencewasthatshewassomewherecompletelydifferentatthetimeofthecrime.Hewantedtoconducthisowndefence.6.thedefence[sing.+sing./pl.v.]thelawyerorlawyerswhosejobistoproveincourtthatapersondidnotcommitacrimeINSPORT7.[sing.,U]theplayerswhomustpreventtheotherteamfromscoring;thepositionoftheseplayersonthesportsfield:Welfordcutthroughthedefencetoscorethewinninggoal.(BrE)Sheplaysindefence.(NAmE)Heplaysondefense.8[C]acontest,game,etc.inwhichthepreviouswinnerorwinnerscompeteinordertotrytowinagain:Milans'defenceoftheEuropeanCuppolicynoun(pl.-ies)1.[C,U]~(onsth)aplanofactionagreedorchosenbyapoliticalparty,abusiness,etc.:thepresentgovernmentspo'licyoneducationThecompanyhasadoptedafirmpolicyonshoplifting.Wehavetriedtopursueapolicyofneutrality.USforeign/domesticpolicyTheyhavehadasignificantchangeinpolicyonpaternityleave.apolicydocument2.[C,U](formal)aprinciplethatyoubelieveinthatinfluenceshowyoubehave;awayinwhichyouusuallybehave:Sheisfollowingherusualpolicyofignoringalloffersofhelp.(saying)Honestyisthebestpolicy.3.[C]awrittenstatementofacontractofinsuranee:Checkthetermsofthepolicybeforeyousign.taxnoun[C,U]~(onsth)moneythatyouhavetopaytothegovernmentsothatitcanpayforpublicservices.Peoplepaytaxaccordingtotheirincomeandbusinessespaytaxaccordingtotheirprofits.Taxisalsooftenpaidongoodsandservices:toraise/cuttaxestaxincreases/cutschangesintaxratestopayover1000intaxprofitsbefore/aftertaxataxoncigarettesIncometaxwillbedeductedbyyouremployer.corporationtax,counciltax,inheritaneetax,polltax,roadtax,salestax,stealthtax,valueaddedtax,withholdingtaxverb[vn]1.toputataxonsb/sth;tomakesbpaytax:Anyinterestpaymentsaretaxedaspartofyourincome.Hisdeclaredaimwastotaxtherich.2.(BrE)topaytaxonavehiclesothatyoumayuseitontheroads:ThecaristaxeduntilJuly.3.toneedagreatamountofphysicalormentaleffort:Thequestionsdidnottaxme.Theproblemiscurrentlytaxingthebrainsofthenationsexperts(=makingthemthinkveryhard).taxsbwithsth(formal)toaccusesbofdoingsthwrong:Itaxedhimwithavoidinghisresponsibilityasaparent.nationnoun1.[C]acountryconsideredasagroupofpeoplewiththesamelanguage,cultureandhistory,wholiveinaparticularareaunderonegovernment:anindependentnationtheAfricannations2.[sing.]allthepeopleinacountry;population:Theentirenation,itseemed,waswatchingTV.citizennoun1.apersonwhohasthelegalrighttobelongtoaparticularcountry:She'sItalianbybirthbutisnowanAustraliancitizen.BritishcitizenslivinginotherpartsoftheEuropeanUnion2.apersonwholivesinaparticularplace:thecitizensofBudapestWhenyou'reold,peopletreatyoulikeasecond-classcitizen.celebrationnoun1.[C]aspecialeventthatpeopleorganizeinordertocelebratesth:birthday/weddingcelebrations2.[U,C]theactofcelebratingsth:Hertriumphwasacauseforcelebration.apartyincelebrationoftheirfiftiethweddinganniversaryTheservicewasacelebrationofhislife(=praisedwhathehaddoneinhislife).tolerateverb1.toallowsbtodosththatyoudonotagreewithorlike;putupwith:[vn]Theirrelationshipwastoleratedbutnotencouraged.Thissortofbehaviourwillnotbetolerated.[v-ing]Sherefusedtotoleratebeingcalledaliar.[alsovn-ing]2.[vn]toacceptsb/sththatisannoying,unpleasant,etc.withoutcomplaining;putupwith:Thereisalimittowhatonepersoncantolerate.Idon'tknowhowyoutoleratethatnoise!3.[vn]tobeabletobeaffectedbyadrug,difficultconditions,etc.withoutbeingharmed:Shetoleratedthechemotherapywell.Fewplantswilltoleratesuddenchangesintemperature.homelandnoun1.[usuallysing.]thecountrywhereapersonwasborn:Manyrefugeeshavebeenforcedtofleetheirhomeland.2.[usuallypl.](intheRepublicofSouthAfricaundertheapartheidsysteminthepast)oneoftheareaswithsomeself-governmentthatwereintendedforagroupofblackAfricanpeopletolivein:theTranskeihomelandsuperbadj.excellent;ofverygoodquality:asuperbplayerThecarsinsuperbcondition.Hisperformaneewasabsolutelysuperb.Youlooksuperb.sowverb(sowed,sown/sowed,sowed)1.~sth(in/onsth)|~sth(withsth)toplantorspreadseedsinorontheground:[vn]Sowtheseedsinrows.Thefieldsaroundhadbeensownwithwheat.Sowrowsoflettucesbetweenothervegetables.[v]Waterwellaftersowing.2.[vn]~sth(insth)tointroduceorspreadfeelingsorideas,especiallyonesthatcausetrouble:tosowdoubtinsbsmindtosowconfusionsowtheseedsofsthtostarttheprocessthatleadstoaparticularsituationorresult:Inthiswayhesowedtheseedsofhisownsuccess.sow(your)wildoats(ofyoungmen)togothroughaperiodofwildbehaviourwhileyoung,especiallyhavingalotofromanticorsexualrelationships:Hewantstoleavehome,sowhiswildoatsandlearnaboutlife.correspondverb[v]~(to/withsth)tobethesameasormatchsth;agree,tally:Youraccountofeventsdoesnotcorrespondwithhers.Youraccountandhersdonotcorrespond.Thewrittenrecordoftheconversationdoesn'tcorrespondto(=isdifferentfrom)whatwasactuallysa2i.d~.(tosth)tobesimilartoorthesameassthelse:TheBritishjobofLecturercorrespondsroughlytotheUSAssociateProfessor.3.~(withsb)(formal)towriteletterstosbandreceivelettersfromthemoweverb(notusedintheprogressivetenses)1.~sth(tosb)(forsth)|~(sb)sth(forsth)tohavetopaysbforsththatyouhavealreadyreceivedorreturnmoneythatyouhaveborrowed:[vnn,vn]Shestillowesherfather3.000.Sh^stillowesg.000toherfather[vn]Thecountryowesbillionsofdollarstoforeigncreditors.HowmuchdoIoweyouforthegroceries?(figurative)I'mstillowedthreedays2'.le~asvteh.tosb|~sbsthtofeelthatyououghttodosthforsborgivethemsth,especiallybecausetheyhavedonesthforyou:[vn]Ioweadebtofgratitudetoallmyfamily.Youoweittoyourstafftobehonestwiththem.[vnn]Youowemeafavour!Thanksforstickingupforme—Ioweyouone(=Ioweyouafavour).Ithinkyouoweusanexplanation.Ithinkwe'reowedanapo.log3y.~sthtosb/sth|~sbsthtoexistorbesuccessfulbecauseofthehelporinfluenceofsb/sth:[vn]Heoweshissuccesstohardwork.TheplayowesmuchtoFrenchtragedy.[vn,vnn]Ioweeverythingtohim.Iowehimeverything.[vnn]IknewthatIowedthesurgeonmylife.4.[vn]~allegiance/loyalty/obedience(tosb)(formal)tohavetoobeyorbeloyaltosbwhoisinapositionofauthorityorpower:Allserfsowedallegiancetoalord.authoritynoun(pl.-ies)POWER[U]thepowertogiveorderstopeople:inapositionofauthorityShenowhasauthorityoverthepeoplewhousedtobeherbosses.Nothingwillbedonebecausenooneinauthority(=whohasapositionofpower)takesthematterseriously.2.[U]~(todosth)thepowerorrighttodosth:Onlythemanagerhastheauthoritytosigncheques.Wehavetheauthoritytosearchthisbuilding.PERMISSION[U]officialpermissiontodosth:Itwasdonewithouttheprincipalsauthority.'WeactedundertheauthorityoftheUN.ORGANIZATION[C,usuallypl.]thepeopleoranorganizationwhohavethepowertomakedecisionsorwhohaveaparticularareaofresponsibilityinacountryorregion:Thehealthauthoritiesareinvestigatingtheproblem.Ihavetoreportthistotheauthorities.theimmigrationauthoritieslocalauthorityKNOWLEDGE[U]thepowertoinflueneepeoplebecausetheyrespectyourknowledgeorofficialposition:Hespokewithauthorityonthetopic.themoralauthoritytorunthecountryEXPERT[C]~(onsth)apersonwithspecialknowledge;specialist:She§anauthorityoncriminallaw.havesthongoodauthoritytobeabletobelievesthbecauseyoutrustthepersonwhogaveyoutheinformation:Ihaveitongoodauthoritythatheisgoingtobepromoted.desperateadj.1.feelingorshowingthatyouhavelittlehopeandarereadytodoanythingwithoutworryingaboutdangertoyourselforothers:Theprisonersgrewincreasinglydesperate.Storesaregettingdesperateaftertwoyearsofpoorsales.Somewhereouttherewasadesperateman,cold,hungry,hunted.Iheardsoundsofadesperatestruggleinthenextroom.2.[usuallybeforenoun](ofanaction)givinglittlehopeofsuccess;triedwheneverythingelsehasfailed:adesperatebidforfreedomSheclungtotheedgeinadesperateattempttosaveherself.Hisincreasingfinancialdifficultiesforcedhimtotakedesperatemeasures.Doctorswerefightingadesperatebattletosavethelittlegirlslife.3.['notusuallybeforenoun]~(forsth)|~(todosth)needingorwantingsthverymuch:Hewassodesperateforajobhewouldhavedoneanything.Iwasabsolutelydesperatetoseeher.(informal)I'mdesperateforaciga4r.e(ttoef.asituation)extremelyseriousordangerous:Thechildrenareindesperateneedofloveandattention.Theyfaceadesperateshortageofcleanwater.desperatelyadv.:desperatelyill/unhappy/lonelyHetookadeepbreath,desperatelytryingtokeepcalm.Theydesperatelywantedachild.Shelookeddesperatelyaroundforaweapon.shrinkverb(shrank,shrunk/shrunk,shrunk)Themarketfortheir1.tobecomesmaller,especiallywhenwashedinwaterthatistoohot;tomakeclothes,cloth,etc.smallerinthisway:[v]Mysweatershrankinthewash.[alsovn]2.tobecomeortomakesthsmallerinsizeoramount:[v]Thetumourhadshrunktothesizeofapea.HoneyIshrunktheTkdeVisioninproductsisshrinking.[vn]Therewasamoviecalledasensehasshrunktheworld.3.[v+adv./prep.]tomovebackorawayfromsthbecauseyouarefrightenedorshocked:Heshrankbackagainstthewallasheheardthemapproaching.ashrinkingviolet(humorous)awayofdescribingaveryshypersonshrinkfromsthtobeunwillingtodosththatisdifficultorunpleasant:Wemadeitcleartothemthatwewouldnotshrinkfromconfrontation.[+-ing]Theydidnotshrinkfromdoingwhatwasright.windverb(wound,wound)1.[+adv./prep.](ofaroad,river,etc.)tohavemanybendsandtwists:[v]Thepathwounddowntothebeach.[vn]Theriverwindsitswaybetweentwomeadows.2.[vn+adv./prep.]towraportwiststharounditselforsthelse:Hewoundthewoolintoaball.Windthebandagearoundyourfinger.3.~(sth)(up)tomakeaclockorotherpieceofmachineryworkbyturningaknob,handle,etc.severaltimes;tobeabletobemadetoworkinthisway:[vn]Hehadforgottentowindhiswatch.[v]Itwasoneofthoseold-fashionedgramophonesthatwindsup.4.~(sth)forward/backtooperateatape,film,etc.sothatitmovesnearertoitsendingorstartingposition:[vn]Hewoundthetapebacktothebeginning.[v]Windforwardtothebitwheretheydiscoverthebody.5.[vn]toturnahandleseveraltimes:Youoperatethetrapdoorbywindingthishandle.noun:Givethehandleanothercoupleofwinds.windsthdown/winddownsth1.tobringabusiness,anactivity,etc.toanendgraduallyoveraperiodoftime:Thegovernmentiswindingdownitsnuclearprogramme.Thedepartmentisbeingwounddownaftertheelection.2.tomakesthsuchasthewindowofacarmovedownwardsbyturningahandie,pressingabutton.etc.:CanIwindmywindowdown?windup(informal)(ofaperson)tofindyourselfinaparticularplaceorsituation:Ialwayssaidhewouldwindupinprison.[+-ing]Weeventuallywoundupstayinginalittlehotelafewmilesfromtown.[+adj]Ifyoutakeriskslikethatyou'llwindupdead.windup/windsthup/windupsthtobringsthsuchasaspeechormeetingtoanend:Thespeakerwasjustwindingupwhenthedoorwasflungopen.Ifweallagree,letswindupthediscussion.windsbup/windupsb(BrE,informal)todeliberatelysayordosthinordertoannoysb:Calmdown!Can'youseehesonlywindingyouup?Thatcan'betrue!You'revindingmeup.—relatednounwind-upwindsthup/windupsth1.tostoprunningacompany,business,etc.andcloseitcompletely2.tomakesthsuchasthewindowofacarmoveupwardsbyturningahandle,pressingabutton,etc.:Areallthewindowswoundup?paralyseverb[vn][oftenpassive]tomakesbunabletofeelormoveallorpartoftheirbody:Theaccidentlefthimparalysedfromthewaistdown.(figurative)paralysingheat(figurative)Shestoodthere,paralysedwithfear.topreventsthfromfunctioningnormally:Theairportisstillparalysedbythestrike.recoververbFROMILLNESSHe'sstillrecoveringfromhis1.[v]~(fromsth)togetwellagainafterbeingill/sick,hurt,etc.:operation.FROMSTHUNPLEASANT[v]~(fromsth)toreturntoanormalstateafteranunpleasantorunusualexperienceoraperiodofdifficulty:Itcantakemanyyearstorecoverfromthedeathofalovedone.Theeconomyisatlastbeginningtorecover.MONEY[vn]~sth(fromsb/sth)togetbackthesameamountofmoneythatyouhavespentorthatisowedtoyou:Heisunlikelytoeverrecoverhislegalcosts.STHLOST/STOLEN[vn]~sth(fromsb/sth)togetbackorfindsththatwaslost,stolenormissing:Thepoliceeventuallyrecoveredthestolenpaintings.Sixbodieswererecoveredfromthewreckage.POSITION/STATUS[vn]towinbackaposition,level,status,etc.thathasbeenlost;regain:Theteamrecovereditsleadinthesecondhalf.SENSES/EMOTIONS[vn]togetbacktheuseofyoursenses,controlofyouremotions,etc.;regain:Ittookherafewminutestorecoverconsciousness.torecoveryoursightSheseemedupsetbutquicklyrecoveredherself.snatchverb1.[usually+adv./prep.]totakesthquicklyandoftenrudelyorroughly;grab:[vn]Shemanagedtosnatchthegunfromhishand.Gordonsnatcheduphisjacketandlefttheroom.[v]Hey,youkids!Don'tallsnatCh[vn]totakesb/sthawayfromapersonorplace,especiallybyforce;tostealsth;steal:Theraiderssnatched$1.00fromthecashregister.Thebabywassnatchedfromitsparents'car.3.[vn]totakeorgetsthquickly,especiallybecauseyoudonothavemuchtime:Imanagedtosnatchanhourssledp.Theteamsnatchedadramaticvictoryinthelastminuteofthegame.snatchatsth1.totrytotakeholdofsthwithyourhands:HesnatchedatthesteeringwheelbutIpushedhimaway.2.totakeanopportunitytodosth:Wesnatchedateverymomentwecouldbetogether.nounsoutersex1.averysmallpartofaconversationorsomemusicthatyouhear:asnatchofmusicIonlycaughtsnatchesoftheconversation.2.anactofmovingyourhandveryquicklytotakeorstealsth:abagsnatchtomakeasnatchatsth3.(taboo,slang)anoffensivewordforawomanorgansinsnatchesforshortperiodsratherthancontinuously:Sleepcametohiminbriefsnatches.