标题VOA慢速英语大学教育

WrittenbyPeterat2021inJanuary标题VOA慢速英语大学教育标题：VOA慢速英语：大学教育人人平等听力内容：DoesaCollegeEducationHelpAllPeopleEqually?Highereducationhasbeenadreamforgenerationsofmenandwomenallovertheworld.Manypeopleconsiderhighereducationamajorsteponthepathtowardssuccess.Mosthigh-payingjobsrequireacollegeoruniversitydegree.Andparentsoftenbeginsavingfortheirchildren'scollegeyearswhentheyarestillyoung.Butdoeshighereducationimprovethelivesofallpeopleinthesameway?Peoplehavelongcalledcollegethe‘greatequalizer,'meaningitgivesstudentsfromallbackgroundsthesameopportunitiesorsimilarchancesforsuccess.AstudyreleasedinFebruary2017supportsthisidea.ThestudycomesfromaresearchprogramcalledtheEqualityofOpportunityProject.ItisoperatedbyStanfordUniversityandothertopschoolsintheUnitedStates.Inthestudy,researchersexaminedtaxrecordsfromabout30millionU.S.collegestudentsandtheirfamilies.Thetaxrecordswerefromtheyears1999to2013.Theresearchersthencomparedtheearningsoffamiliesbeforetheirchildrenwenttocollegetotheincomeofindividualstudentsabout10yearsaftertheycompletedtheirstudies.Thefindingsmaynotcomeasasurprisetosome.Forexample,itshowedadegreefroman‘IvyLeague'orotherhighlyselectiveschoolhelpsstudentsfromlowincomefamiliesagreatdeal.IvyLeagueisatermforeightprivateuniversitiesinthenortheasternUnitedStates.Manypeopleconsiderthemtobeamongthebestforhighereducationintheworld.Twooftheeight,ColumbiaUniversityandCornellUniversity,areinNewYorkState.TheothersareBrownUniversityinRhodeIsland;DartmouthCollegeinNewHampshire;HarvardUniversityinMassachusetts;theUniversityofPennsylvania;PrincetonUniversityinNewJersey;andYaleUniversityinConnecticut.Thestudyfoundthatabout60percentofthelowestincomestudentsatIvyLeagueschoolsearnedasmuchasstudentsfromthehighestincomefamilieslaterinlife.Butthehighcostandintenselevelofcompetitiontoattendoneoftheseschoolscanbeabarrierformanystudents.Whatmaybemoreinterestingiswhatlesswidelyknowncollegescando,saysNiklasFlamang.HeisadoctoraldegreecandidateineconomicsatStanford.Flamangsaysthestudyidentified10lessselectiveuniversitiesthatalsohelpedlargenumbersofstudentsescapepoverty.TheStateUniversityofNewYorkatStonyBrookisoneexample.Fifty-onepercentofStonyBrookstudentsfromthelowestincomegroupenteredthehighestincomegroupsometimeaftergraduating.Flamangsaysthisprovesthatanygivencollegecanbeatoolforsuccess."Fromasocietalperspective,theseuniversitiesreallycontributetoeconomicmobilityinthesensethattheybothadmitalargeshareoflowincomestudents,andalsoprovideexcellentoutcomesfortheselowincomestudents."However,thereareotherissuestoconsider.ThestudynotesthatIvyLeagueandothertopschoolsarelesslikelytoadmitstudentsfromlow-incomefamilies.Onaverage,ayoungpersonfromthehighestincomebackgroundis77percentmorelikelytoattendoneoftheseschoolsthansomeonefromthelowestincomebackground.Also,whileacollegeeducationmayhelpalmosteveryone,higherincomestudentsstillhaveanadvantage.ThatistheopinionofDirkWitteveen,adoctoralcandidateattheGraduateCenteroftheCityUniversityofNewYork.InFebruary,thejournalSocialForcespublishedhisreportonastudyofcollegegraduatesandtheirearnings.WitteveenexaminedinformationfromtheU.S.DepartmentofEducationonallstudentsattendinganAmericancollegeoruniversityin1993and2008.Hedidnotcomparedifferentschoolsordegreeprograms.InsteadWitteveencomparedtheearningsofallstudents10yearsaftertheygraduated.Hefoundthatthestudentsbornintothehighestincomefamiliesstillearnedatleasttwopercentmoreaftercollegethananyoneelse.Witteveensaysthisisbecausepeoplefromwealthierfamilieshavemoreconnectionsthatcanhelptheirchildren."Somefamilieshaveconnectionswithinprofessionalindustriesthatcouldleadtoagoodfirstjoboragreatfirstinternship.So,moregenerally,thismeansthatclassisamuchwiderconceptthanjusttheamountofmoneythatyourparentsearnortheamountofwealththatyourparentshave."Witteveensuggeststhatalmostnoamountofeducationcantaketheplaceofthesespecialrelationships.Collegescanhelplowerincomestudentsbydoingmoretoconnectthemwithsuccessfulgraduates.Also,programsteachingskillslikenetwork-buildingshouldbecomepartofhowcollegespreparestudentsfortherealworld.Butsomepeoplewouldarguethatcollegeisnottheonlypathtosuccess.NicholasWymanisheadoftheInstituteforWorkplaceSkillsandInnovation.Hiscompanyhelpsorganizationsandeducatorswithjobtrainingforemployees.Wymanarguesthattherearestillmanywell-payingjobsthatdonotrequireacollegedegree.Thisincludesjobsinmanufacturingandotherhighlytechnicalfields.“Thereisnoguaranteeofajob,”Wymansaid.“Collegeisdefinitelyapathwayforsomepeople,andthereisnoquestionthatitisverysuccessfulformanypeople.Butforsomepeople,therearealternatives.”ManyU.S.highschoolsonceofferedclassesinhowtorepairautomobilesandothermachines.Butprogramslikethesehavebecomelessandlesscommonovertheyears.WymansaysthisisbecausemanyAmericansdonotwanttheirchildrenworkinginpositionsinvolvingphysicallabor.Hesuggestsparentsshouldsupportstudents'interestsinthesefieldstokeepmanufacturingjobsfromleavingthecountry.And,withthecostofcollegerising,Wymansaysyoungpeoplemayfindthesuccesstheyarelookingforatamuchlowerprice.I'mPeteMusto.PeteMustoreportedthisstoryforVOALearningEnglish.GeorgeGrowwastheeditor.Wewanttohearfromyou.Howimportantdoyouthinkacollegeeducationistoaperson'ssuccessWritetousintheCommentsSectionoronourFacebookpage._______________________________________________________________WordsinThisStorydegree–n.anofficialdocumentandtitlethatisgiventosomeonewhohassuccessfullycompletedaseriesofclassesatacollegeoruniversitybackground(s)–n.theexperiences,knowledgeandeducationinaperson'spastselective–adj.carefultochooseonlythebestpeopleorthingsdoctoral–adj.oforrelatingtothehighestdegreethatisgivenbyauniversitygraduating–v.earningadegreeordiplomafromaschool,college,oruniversitysocietal–adj.oforrelatingtopeopleinlivingtogetherinorganizedcommunitieswithsharedlaws,traditions,andvaluesperspective–n.awayofthinkingaboutandunderstandingsomethingcontribute–v.tohelptocausesomethingtohappenmobility–n.theabilityortendencytomovefromonepositionorsituationtoanotherusuallybetteroneoutcome(s)–n.somethingthathappensasaresultofanactivityorprocessadvantage–n.something,suchasagoodpositionorcondition,thathelpstomakesomeoneorsomethingbetterormorelikelytosucceedthanothersjournal–n.apublicationthatreportsonthingsofspecialinteresttoaparticulargroupofpeopleinternship–n.apositionasastudentorrecentgraduatewhoworksforaperiodoftimeatajobinordertogetexperience,oftenwithoutpayclass–n.thewaypeopleinasocietyaredividedintodifferentsocialandeconomicgroupsconcept–n.anideaofwhatsomethingisorhowitworksnetwork–n.agroupofpeopleororganizationsthatarecloselyconnectedandthatworkwitheachotheralternative(s)-n.somethingthatcanbechoseninsteadofsomethingelse