大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)

---来源搜集，文内均可编辑---来源搜集，文内均可编辑PAGE5---来源搜集，文内均可编辑Unit1Sportsmanship:Itistheabilitytopractiseasportaccordingtoitsrules,whilealsoshowinggenerositytoone’sopponentandgoodtemperindefeat.2.Traditionally,anEnglishmanisthoughttobereserved,unemotional,courteous,shyofstrangers,suspiciousofchange,andslowtoacceptnewideas.3.Itistheabilitytopractiseasportaccordingtoitsrules,whilealsoshowinggenerositytoone’sopponentandgoodtemperindefeat.Moreover,sportsmanshipasanideaisappliedtolifeingeneral.Thepioneeringspirit:ExceptforthebroughtfromAfrica,immigrantscametoAmericavoluntarily,earlyinsearchofgreaterprosperityandfreedom.Rags-to-riches:Itisstoryaboutapoorboywho,becausehewashardworking,honest,andlucky,grewuptobecomerichandrespected.Americandream:Thebeliefthatanyindividual,nomatterhowpoor,canachieveweatherandfamethroughdiligenceandvirtue.1.Traditionally,individualism,independenceandcollaboration,practice,tolerance,meltingpotandracialdiscriminationarethecharacterofAmericans.3.TheAmericanDreamisthebeliefthatanyindividual,nomatterhowpoor,canachievewealthandfamethroughdiligenceandvirtue.Unit2KeyconceptsFiverelationshipsFiverelationships:ruler-minister,father-son,husband-wife,elder-youngerbrotherandfriend-friend.HumanismHumanismmeansthatmannotonlyhadtherighttoenjoythebeautyoftheirlife,butalsohadtheabilitytoperfectthemselvesandperformwonders.IndividualismAnindividualismcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesadindividualsandtoemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.CollectivismAcollectivismcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.ComprehensionquestionsAccordingtoConfucianism,whatarethefivecardinalrelationshipsinChinesesocietyandwhatshouldtheserelationshipsbe?Thatisthewell-knownfiverelationships:ruler-minister,father-son,husband-wife,elder-youngerbrotherandfriend-friend.Thiswasexplainedas"Thereshouldbeaffectionbetweenmanandwife,stratificationbetweenoldandyoung,andgoodfaithbetweenfriends."Whatisthedifferencebetweencollectivismandindividualism?Firstly,westernstendtobelievethatpeopleshouldrelyonthemselvesasmuchaspossible-andtheyusuallyexpectotherpeopletodothesame.Sotheydon'tthinktheyhavetheobligationtohelpfamilymembersandfriendsduringemergencysituations.Incontrast,peopleincollectivistculturesgenerallyfeelthattheyhavearighttohelpothermembersoftheirgroups.Secondly,westernsgenerallyfeelthattherightsofindividualsshouldnotbesubordinatedtotheneedsofalargergroup,oratleastthatindividualsshouldhavetherighttodecideforthemselveswhethertosacrificetheirpersonalbenefitforthesakeofthegroup.Incontrast,peopleincollectivistculturesaregenerallymorewillingtoaccepttheideathatindividualsshouldsacrificeforthebenefitofthegroup.Thirdly,westernerstendtobelievethatindividualsshouldmakedecisionsforthemselves,andthatindividualsshouldtakecreditandresponsibilityforwhattheyhavepersonallydone.Incontrast,peopleincollectivistculturestendtofeelmorethattheyarerepresentativesoftheirgroup,andtoacceptmoreresponsibilityfortheothermembersoftheirgroupstoo.Afinaldifferenceliesinthewaypeopleindifferentculturesviewtheideaof"individualism".Westernerstendtoviewindividualismasagoodthing.Incontrast,theChinesetermfor"individualism",oftenhasasomewhatnegativeconnotation,andissometimesusedasasynonymfor"selfishness."Unit3Nuclearfamily:includeahusband,awifeandtheirchildrenExtendedfamily:adultcouplesareexpectedtoformtheirownhouseholdwitheitheroftheirbiologicalfamilies.2.Becausetheydesireacloseandintensebondwiththeirpartners，theyexpectsomuchfrommarriagethatsomanygetdivorcedImpermanence:thepropertyofnotexistingforindefinitelylongdurations.Stable:resistanttochangeofpositionorconditionConnectionvs.contract:relationship4.①Chinesearelikelytoreactmoretotheotherpersonasawholeandwillavoidformingfriendshipswiththosevaluesandbehaviorsareinsomewaydeemedundesirable.②InChinaafriendisacceptedcompletelyornotatall③ChinesefriendsgiveeachothermuchmoreconcretehelpandassistancethanWesternfriendsdo.①Americanhavecasual,friendlyrelationshipswithmanypeople,butdeeper,closerfriendshipswithonlyafew.②Americanfriendshipstendtobeverycompartmentalized.③Americanfriendshipsismostlyamatterofprovidingemotionalsupportandspendingtimetogether.Unit5Nutritionandbalance:alookatthenutritionalinformation,likethenumberofcaloriespreserving,gramsoffat,sodium,cholesterol,fiberandsugarcontentwillmakeyoumoreknowledgeableinselectingfoodstoreduceyournutritionalhealthrisk.Pragmatism:inthewesterns’eyes,foodoreatingisjustawaytokeephealthy,havinglittletodowithartistry.Norwilltheybeparticularaboutthetasteoffoodtoomuch.Unit6Creativity:theabilitytocreateSelf-reliance:isaprincipalvalueofchildrearinginmiddle-classAmerican.Originality：1.HowdotheChineseteachtheirchildren？A:ChineseteachtheirchildrenbyholdingtheirhandsHowdoAmericansdo？A:Ontheirownandeventodiscovernewproblemforwhichcreativesolutionsarewanted.Canyoufindthetheoriessupportingthetwodifferentteachingmethod？A:Evolutionaryandrevolutionary2.Canyoutellanyotherdifferencesbetweenthetwoeducationalsystems?A:Thecontrastbetweenthetwoculturescanalsobeseeninthefearswebothharbor.Chineseteachersarefearfulthatifskillsarenotacquiredearly,theymayneverbeacquired;thereis,ontheotherhand,nocomparablehurrytopromotecreativity.Americaneducatorsfearthatunlesscreativityhasbeenacquiredearly,itmayneveremerge;ontheotherhand,skillscanbepickeduplater.Unit7KeyconceptsMonochronictimeMonochronictimeisanapproachthatfavorslinearstructureandfocusononeeventorinteractionatatime.PolychronictimeApolychronictimesystemisasystemwhereseveralthingscanbedoneatonce,andamorefluidapproachistakentoschedulingtime.UnlikeAmericansandmostnorthernandwesternEuropeancultures,LatinAmericanandArabicculturesusethepolychromicoftime.LinearstructureInmonochromictime,linearstructuremeanspeoplefocusononeeventorinteractionatatime.ScheduleorientedPeopleinpolychronictimeculturestreattimeasalesstangiblemediumsothattheycaninteractwithmorethanonepersonordomorethanonethingatatime.PeopleorientedPolychronicindividualsareorientedtowardpeople,humanrelationships,andthefamily,whichisthecoreoftheirexistence.Familytakesprecedenceovereverythingelse,closefriendscomenext..ComprehensionquestionsWhatismonochroniccultureWhatispolychroniccultureMonochronicculturestypicallyemphasizedoingonethingatatimeduringaspecifiedtime-period,workingonasingletaskuntilitisfinished.Polychronicculturesareinvolvedwithmanythingsatonce,usuallywithvaryinglevelsofattentionpaidtoeach.Whatarethedifferentattitudesmonchronicpeopleandpolychronicpeopleholdtowardtime?Monochronicpeopleseetimeasbeingdividedintofixedelements(seconds,minutes,hours,etc.)Sequentialblocksthatcanbeorganized,quantified,andscheduled.WhatarethestrengthsandweaknessesofM-timesystemandP-timesystem?Oncethetimeisset,itisrarelychanged,andpeopletakeitseriously.M-timeculturesisonewhoviolatestheruleofpunctualityshallbepunishedseriously.Mattersinapolychronicplansforthefuture:evenimportantplansmaybechangedrightuptheminuteofexecution.Unit9KeyconceptsHigh-contextcultureHighcontextculturesrelyonthecontext,eithertheactualphysicalenvironmentofcommunicationoraninternalizedsocialcontextorboth,orconveyalargepartorevenallofamessage’smeaning.Low-contextcultureLowcontextculture,inwhichcontextisnotassumedtobeunderstood,messagesareexplicit,direct,andcompletelyencodedinwords,andmeaningisentrustedalmostentirelytowords.ImplicitnessThemessagewhichsomeoneexpressediselliptical,indirect,andallusive.ExplicitnessThemessagewhichsomeoneexpressedisdirect,andcompletelyencodedinwords,andmeaningisentrustedalmostentirelytowords..VerbalizingVerbalizing-thatis,toputthingsinwords,whetherwrittenororal.ComprehensivequestionsWhatisHigh-contextcultureWhatisLow-contextcultureHighcontextculturesrelyonthecontext,eithertheactualphysicalenvironmentofcommunicationoraninternalizedsocialcontextorboth,orconveyalargepartorevenallofamessage’smeaning.Lowcontextculture,inwhichcontextisnotassumedtobeunderstood,messagesareexplicit,direct,andcompletelyencodedinwords,andmeaningisentrustedalmostentirelytowords.ImplicitnessWhatdoessilencemeaninhigh-contextculturesWhatisthefunctionofsilenceinhigh-contextculturesItmeansentirelyaccepted.Intheindividuallevel,silencecanbeviewedasastateofbeingallowingyoutoexperiencethehighesttruthandbliss;ontheinterpersonallevel,silencecanbeusedtopromoteharmony,cooperation,andothercollectivisticvalues;onthelevelofsocialmovements,silencecanbeprotest.WhydoessilencemeandifferentlyindifferentculturesDifferentintheusesofsilencecanbebestexaminedinhigh-contextandlow-contextcultures.High-contextculturesarerelational,collectivist,intuitive,andcontemplative.Low-contextculturesarelogical,linear,individualistic,andaction-oriented.KeyconceptsCultureshockCultureshockhappenstopeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Itis,firstandforemostanemotionalphenomenon;thencomescognitivedisorientationandidentitydissonance.ComprehensionquestionsWhatarethefivestagesoftheculturaladjustmentprocessDoeseveryonehavethesameexperienceThefivestagesoftheculturaladjustmentprocess:Honeymoonperiod:Initiallymanypeoplearefascinatedandexcitedbyeverythingofthenewculture.Cultureshock:Theindividualsareimmersedinnewsproblems:housing,transportation,employment,shopping,andlanguage.Initialadjustment:Everyoneactivitiessuchashousingandshoppingarenolongermajorproblems.Thevisitorsmaynotyetbefluentinthespokenlanguage,buttheycanexpresstheirbasicideasandfeelings.Mentalisolations:Individualsawayfromtheirfamilyandgoodfriendsforalongtimemayfeellonely.Acceptanceandintegration:Aroutine(eg;work,business,orschool)hasbeenestablished.Thenewcomerhasbecomeaccustomedtothehabits,customs,foods,andcharacteristicsofthepeopleinthenewculture.Individualsexperiencethestagesofadjustmentindifferentways.Somepeopleneverexperiencea“honeymoon”periodbecausethecircumstancesoftheircomingtoanewcountrymayhavebeentoopainful.Inaddition,certainstageslastlongerforsomethanforothers,dependingonsuchfactorsasthenewcomer’spersonality,age,languageandculturalcompetence,supportfromfamilyandfriends,financialsituation,jobstatus,andmotivationsforbeinginthenewcountry.