六级匹配翻译练习(改革后)

六级匹配翻译练习(改革后) (一) How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint Presentations A) Microsoft PowerPoint has dramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive PowerPoint presentations. The Text B) Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut a good rule of thumb is to cut paragraphs down to sentences, unnecessary words— sentences into phrases, and phrases into key words.Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide, use the AutoFit feature to split it between two slides. Click within the placeholder to display the AutoFit Options button (its symbol is two horizontal lines with arrows above and below), then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu. C) Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text body should not be smaller than 24.Use only two font styles per slide—one for the title and the other for the text. Choose two fonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and Impact are good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for the text body. D) Embed the fonts in your presentation, if you are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in the computer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts: (1) On the File menu, click Save As. (2) On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed TrueType Fonts check box, and then select Embed characters in use only. E) Use colors sparingly; two to three at most. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well with the background. F) Capitalizing the first letter of each word is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using all capital letters means you are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. Clicking Shift+F3 toggles the text case between ALL CAPS, lower case, and Initial Capital styles. G) Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation.Don’t center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have a good reason not to. Run “spell check” on your show when finished. The Background H) Keep the background consistent. Simple, light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. If the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select a dark-colored background and use any light color for text. Minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects, “flying words” and multiple transitions. Don’t use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read. The Clips I) Animations are best used subtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google Images. While searching for images, do not use long search phrases as is usually done while searching the web-use specific words. J) When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a .jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. Use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships. The Presentation K) If you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. When you’re done, PowerPoint automatically closes and you return to the desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu. L) Look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, don’t move it too fast. For example, if circling a number on the slide, do it slowly. Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen (use “B” on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation. M) You can use the shortcut command [Ctrl]P to access the Pen tool during a slide show. Click with your mouse and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase everything you’ve drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press [Esc] once. Miscellaneous N) Master Slide Set-Up: The “master slide” will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. You can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the “master slide” level. First, go to the “View” menu. Pull down the “Master” menu. Select the “slide master” menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs. 1. The ways in which academic and business presentations are made have been changed by Microsoft PowerPoint. 2. When making the PowerPoint, the wording of the text should not be complicated. 3. In each slide, the font styles for the title and the text should contrast with each other. 4. A more formal situation is capitalizing the first letter of the first word. 5. Centering bulleted lists or text can not help to read. 6. Sound effects should be used as less frequently as possible. 7. When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes. 8. When making the presentation, you should look at the audience as possible as you can. 9. Pressing the E key can help you to erase everything you've drawn. 10. In order to meet your presentation needs, you can make changes at the “slide master” level. (二) Daylight Saving Time (DST) How and When Did Daylight Saving Time Start? [A] Benjamin Franklin—of “early to bed and early to rise” fame—was apparently the first person to suggest the concept of daylight savings. While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Paris, Franklin wrote of being awakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that the sun would rise far earlier than he usually did. Imagine the resources that might be saved if he and others rose before noon and burned less midnight oil, Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper. [B] It wasn’t until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the U.S. a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918—for the states that chose to observe it. [C ] During World War II the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory^ 强制的)for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9, 1942, and September 30, 1945, the government took it a step further. During this period daylight saving time was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Many years later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was enacted, mandating a controversial month-long extension of daylight saving time, starting in 2007. Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Suck? [D ] In recent years several studies have suggested that daylight saving time doesn’t actually save energy—and might even result in a net loss. Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of the University of Washington, co-authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight saving time for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not. The researchers found that the practice reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark mornings—wiping out the evening gains. That’s because the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening is a hotter hour. “So if people get home an hour earlier in a warmer house, they turn on their air conditioning,” the University of Washington’s Wolff said. [ E] But other studies do show energy gains. In an October 2008 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2005 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S. Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy. Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt (太瓦)hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight saving time reduces annual U.S. electricity consumption by 0.03 percent and overall energy consumption by 0.02 percent. While those percentages seem small, they could represent significant savings because of the nation’s enormous total energy use. [F] What*s more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others. California, for instance, appears to benefit most from daylight saving time—perhaps because its relatively mild weather encourages people to stay outdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings of one percent daily in the state. [G] But Wolff, one of many scholars who contributed to the federal report, suggested that the numbers were subject to statistical variability (变化)and shouldn’t be taken as hard facts. And daylight savings, energy gains in the U.S. largely depend on your location in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, Wolff said. “The North might be a slight winner, because the North doesn’t have as much air conditioning,” he said. “But the South is a definite loser in terms of energy consumption. The South has more energy consumption under daylight saving.” Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful? [ H] For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boosts health by encouraging active lifestyles—a claim Wolff and colleagues are currently putting to the test. “In a nationwide American time-use study, we’re clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension in the spring, television watching is substantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, or going to the park are substantially increased,” Wolff said. “That’s remarkable, because of course the total amount of daylight in a given day is the same. ” [I] But others warn of ill effects. Till Roenneberg, a university professor in Munich (慕尼,黑),Germany, said his studies show that our circadian (生理节奏的)body clocks—set by light and darkness—never adjust to gaining an “extra” hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time. [J ] One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically (长期地)overtired, he said, is that they suffer from “social jet lag. ” In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periods don"t accord with their actual sleep schedules. Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said. “Light doesn’t do the same things to the body in the morning and the evening. More light in the morning would advance the body clock, and that would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock. ” [K] Other research hints at even more serious health risks. A 2008 study concluded that, at least in Sweden, heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. “The most likely explanation to our findings is disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms,” One expert told National Geographic News via email. Daylight Savings! Lovers and Haters [L] With verdicts (定论)on the benefits, or costs, of daylight savings so split, it may be no surprise that the yearly time changes inspire polarized reactions. In the U.K., for instance, the Lighter Later movement—part of 10:10, a group advocating cutting carbon emissions—argues for a sort of extreme daylight savings. First, they say, move standard time forward an hour, then keep observing daylight saving time as usual—adding two hours of evening daylight to what we currently consider standard time. The folks behind Standardtime .com, on the other hand, want to abolish daylight saving time altogether, calling energy-efficiency claims “unproven. ” [M] National telephone surveys by Rasmussen Reports from spring 2010 and fall 2009 deliver the same answer. Most people just “don’t think the time change is worth the hassle (麻烦洽勺事).” Forty-seven percent agreed with that statement, while only 40 percent disagreed. But Seize the Daylight author David Prerau said his research on daylight saving time suggests most people are fond of it. “I think if you ask most people if they enjoy having an extra hour of daylight in the evening eight months a year, the response would be pretty positive.” 46. Daylight savings，energy gains might be various due to different climates. 47. Disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms may be the best explanation to higher heart attack risks in the days after the spring time change. 48. A research indicated that DST might not save energy by increasing energy use in the dark mornings, though it reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening. 49. Germany took the lead to save wartime resources by adopting the time changes and reducing artificial lighting. 50. A university professor studied the effect of daylight saving time and sounded the alarm of its negative effects. 51. Social jet lag can partly account for people’s chronic fatigue syndrome in developed countries. 52. The figure of a study in the U.S. suggested that DST could save a lot of energy nationally. 53. Supporters of daylight savings have long considered daylight saving time does good to people’s health. 54. A group advocating cutting carbon emissions launches the Lighter Later movement to back a kind of extreme daylight savings. 55. A scholar contributing to a federal report suggested that the amount of saved energy had something to do with geographic position. 中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口约占世界总人口的22%。在过去相当长的 时期里，由于诸多原因， 贫困一直困扰着中国。20世纪80年代中期，中国农 村绝大多数地区凭借自身的发展优势，经济得到快速增长， 但少数地区由于经 济、社会、历史、自然等方面的制约，发展相对滞后。中国政府在致力于经济和 社会全面发 展的进程中，在全国范围内实施了以解决贫困人口温饱问题为主要 目标的有、有组织的大规模扶贫开 发，极大地缓解了贫困现象。 (三) Beauty and Body Image in the Media [A] Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women—and their body parts—sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Women’s magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they’ll have it all—the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career. [B] Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. And it’s no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure they’re all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Women’s Health in its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with. [C] The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight). On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls. [D ] The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control—including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药)abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Women’s Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar. Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled “Appearance Culture in 9- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70 percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way. Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight.” [ E] Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea (慢性腹泻)and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll. Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder. [F ] Researchers report that women’s magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than men’s magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of women’s magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman’s bodily appearance—by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a woman’s worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?，，)，and 80 percent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter. [G] There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck (才氐 制，反抗)the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. In Madrid, one of the world’s biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life women’s bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement. [ H] Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled “A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Women’s Magazines” found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of colour, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream women’s magazines from 1999 to 2004. [I] The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells “ordinary” women that they are always in need of adjustment—and that the female body is an object to be perfected. Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real women’s bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is that many women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industry’s standards. Women learn to compare themselves to other women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability “effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to change that climate.” 46. A report in Teen magazine showed that 50% to 70% girls with normal weight think that they need to lose weight. 47. On the whole, for 6 years white women had been occupying much more space in mainstream women’s magazines since 1999. 48. Some negative effects such as depression and unhealthy eating habits in females are related to their being exposed to images of thin and young female bodies. 49. The mass media has helped boost the cosmetic and the diet industries. 50. It is reported that there is at least one message about the methods for women to change their bodily appearance on more than three-quarters of the covers of women’s magazines. 51. Some film and television actresses even faint on the scene due to eating too little. 52. Too much concern with appearance makes it impossible to change such abnormal trend. 53. Researchers found that a real woman with Barbie-doll proportions would eventually die from malnutrition. 54. The Quebec magazine Coup (e Pouce resists the trend by consistently including full-sized women in their fashion pages for several years. 5 5. According to some analysts, the fundamental reason of imposing standards of beauty on women is economic profits. 北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的 魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅 是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通 常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以， 胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡 同被新的高楼大 厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。 (四) Five Problems Financial Reform Doesn’t Fix [A] The legislation concerning financial reform focuses on helping regulators detect and defuse (减少 的危险性)the next crisis. But it doesn’t address many of the underlying conditions that can cause problems. [B ] The legislation gives regulators the power to oversee shadow banks and take failing firms apart? convenes a council of superregulators to watch the megafirms that pose a risk to the full financial system, and much else. [C] But the bill does more to help regulators detect the next financial crisis than to actually stop it from happening. In that way, it’s like the difference between improving public health and improving medicine: The bill focuses on helping the doctors who figure out when you’re sick and how to get you better rather than on the conditions (sewer systems and air quality and hygiene standards and so on) that contribute to whether you get sick in the first place. [D] That is to say, many of the weaknesses and imbalances that led to the financial crisis will survive our regulatory response, and it’s important to keep that in mind. So here are five we still have to watch out for: 1. The Global Glut (供过于求)of Savings [E] “One of the leading indicators of a financial crisis is when you have a sustained surge in money flowing into the country which makes borrowing cheaper and easier,” says Harvard economist Kenneth Rogoff. Our crisis was no different: Between 1987 and 1999, our current account deficit—the measure of how much money is coming in versus going out—fluctuated between 1 and 2 percent of gross domestic product. By 2006, it had hit 6 percent. [F] The sharp rise was driven by emerging economies with lots of growth and few investment opportunities—think China—funneling their money to developed economies with less growth and lots of investment opportunities. But we’ve gotten out of the crisis without fixing it. China is still growing fast, exporting faster, and sending the money over to US. 2. Household Debt—and Why We Need It [G] The fact that money is available to borrow doesn’t explain why Americans borrowed so much of it. Household debt as a percentage of GDP went from a bit less than 60 percent at the beginning of the 1990s to a bit less than 100 percent in 2006. “This is where I come to income inequality,” says Raghuram Rajan, an economist at the University of Chicago. “A large part of the population saw relatively stagnant incomes over the 1980s and 1990s. Credit was so welcome because it kept people who were falling behind reasonably happy. You were keeping up, even if your income wasn’t.” [H] Incomes, of course, are even more stagnant now that unemployment is at 9 percent. And that pain isn，t being shared equally: inequality has actually risen since before the recession, as joblessness is proving sticky among the poor, but recovery has been swift for the rich. Household borrowing is still more than 90 percent of GDP, and the conditions that drove it up there are, if anything, worse. 3. The “Shadow Banking” Market [I] The financial crisis started out similarly severe, but it wasn’t, at first, a crisis of consumers. It was a crisis of banks. It never became a crisis of consumers because consumer deposits are insured. But large investors— pension funds, banks, corporations, and others—aren’t insured. But when they hear that their collateral (F付属担 保品)is dropping in value, they demand their money back. And when everyone does that at once, it’s like an old-fashioned bank run: The banks can，t pay everyone off at once, so they unload all their assets to get capital, the assets become worthless because everyone is trying to unload them, and the banks collapse. [J] “This is an inherent problem of privately created money,” says Gary Gorton, an economist at Princeton University, “It is vulnerable to these kinds of runs.” This year, we’re bringing this shadow banking system under the control of regulators and giving them all sorts of information on it and power over it, but we’re not doing anything like deposit insurance, where we simply make the deposits safe so runs become an anachronism. 4. Rich Banks [K] In the 1980s, the financial sector’s share of total corporate profits ranged from about 10 to 20 percent. By 2004, it was about 35 percent. Simon Johnson, an economist at MIT, recalls a conversation he had with a fund manager. “The guy said to me, ‘ Simon, it’s so little money! You can sway senators for $10 million!? ’ ” Johnson laughs ruefully (后, 悔地).“These guys [big investors ] don%t even think in millions. They think in billions.” [L ] What you get for that money is favors. The last financial crisis fades from memory and the public begins to focus on other things. Then the finance guys begin nudging (游说).They hold some fundraisers for politicians, make some friends, explain how the regulations they’re under are onerous and unfair. And slowly, surely, those regulations come undone. This financial crisis will stick in our minds for a while, but not forever. And after briefly dropping to less than 15 percent of corporate profits, the financial sector has rebounded to more than 30 percent. They’ll have plenty of money with which to help their friends forget this whole nasty affair. 5. Lax (不严格的)Regulators [M] The most troubling prospect is the chance that this bill, if we’d passed it in 2000, wouldn’t even have prevented this financial crisis. That’s not to undersell it: It would’ve given regulators more information with which to predict the crisis. But they had enough information, and they ignored it. They get caught up in boom times just like everyone else. A bubble, almost by definition, affects the regulators with the power to pop it. [N] In 2005, with housing prices running far, far ahead of the historical trend, Bernanke said a housing bubble was “ a pretty unlikely possibility ”. In 2007, he said Fed officials “ do not expect significant spillovers from the subprime market to the rest of the economy.” Alan Greenspan, looking back at the financial crisis, admitted in April that regulators “have had a woeful record of chronic failure. History tells us they cannot identify the timing of a crisis, or anticipate exactly where it will be located or how large the losses and spillovers will be.” 46. In the 1980s and 1990s people experienced no substantial increase in terms of income, which brought about the popularity of credit. 47. Financial crisis is a crisis of banks in that shadow banking may cause banks to fail. 48. The finance guys make friends with politicians in the hope of making some burdensome and unfair regulations cancelled. 49. The legislation concerning financial reform offers regulators the power of supervising shadow banks and disintegrating companies on the verge of bankruptcy. 50. In terms of the effect of unemployment, it is more deeply felt by the poor than by the rich. 51. Even if there was enough information to predict there would be financial crisis, the regulators still chose to ignore it. 52. Emerging economies with insufficient investment opportunities have invested much money in developed countries. 53. Regulators with power tended to fail again and again concerning forecasting a financial crisis. 54. A fund manager or large investor is considered absurdly rich by an economist from MIT. 55. Large investors, deposits can be made safer if shadow banking system is under the control of regulators. 要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解。中国地方戏种类很多，其 中京剧是一个具有代表 性的剧种。作为一个独立的剧种，京剧的诞生大约是在 1840年至I860年。京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础 上形成的。京剧有明 确的角色分工;在念白上用北京方言;在音乐上以胡琴为主要伴奏乐器。由于京 剧是在融 合各种地方戏之精华的基础上形成的，所以它不仅为北京的观众所钟 爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱。 (五) Why Are Airlines Withholding Seats? Behind the screen indeed [D] An awful plot goes on behind airline and travel booking screens, and much of it is strictly off-limits to consumers. What we do know is that for decades now airlines have become masters of what the industry calls yield management, offering millions of combinations of fares based on advance purchase patterns and other booking trends, so nearly everyone pays a different price based on when they buy. But now that paying extra for your seat selection has become common practice, securing your reservation is just half the battle. [E] Some industry experts have connected the dots. “They’re trying to get people to buy premium seats,” says George Hobica, USATODAY.com’s Fly Guy columnist and the founder of Airfarewatchdog.com. “They want to increase revenue. And we’re getting more complaints about it. ” He notes that it “really annoys” passengers who want to sit together, particularly when traveling with small children. [F] He’s echoed by Kevin Mitchell, chairman of the Business Travel Coalition(联盟):“With yield management, consumers are aware and they know that airlines are constantly changing prices on seats. But if this is true, it is unethical—they’re grossly misleading us. The thing that I find so offensive is conveying to me that I have no options, but if I wait a week or two then I do have options. ” [G ] According to the airlines, the reason for ancillary (附力口 的)revenue is unbundling (分类计价)ticket prices, so passengers who desire a given service—say checking a bag or ordering a soft drink—pay for it, while those who don’t are spared the cost. But as Mitchell notes, “There’s another twist to this. The airlines are saying fees are for ‘optional services.’ Well, seats aren’t optional!” [H ] Of course, securing a good seat isn’t an issue if you’re in first class or you’re an elite member of a frequent flyer program. But what about the rest of us? As I’ve pointed out repeatedly in recent columns, we’re faced with record-high load factors, the highest for the U.S. airline industry since World War II. But even with the average percentage of occupied seats for domestic flights at 82.7%, it’s still an average—some flights will be fuller but others will not, particularly weeks in advance. Yet searching for seats keeps getting harder and harder. Seats for sale [I ] Hobica cites the major airlines as the prime culprits (起因)， but he also notes even low-cost carriers can make securing seats difficult. On the flip side, he credits JetBlue and Virgin America for providing customers with clear policies. And then there is British Airways, which allows passengers in economy and business classes to select seats only 24 hours in advance. I asked an airline representative if seeing fewer free seats is a trend, and the response was: “That’s going to vary because there are so many variables. ” [J] I decided to check on seat availability at Delta.com. I inquired about economy-class availability for two seats on a busy route—Atlanta to Chicago—and conducted an apples-to-apples search for the same morning departure seven days in advance, and again 14 days in advance. For the flight one week out, a total of only eight seats were available, one preferred and seven standard, but only one set of two seats together. For the flight two weeks out, a total of 29 seats were available, consisting of 20 preferred and only nine standard, and still with only one set together. Remarkable how even twice the booking time still produced so few “free” seats, separately or together, yet there were plenty of seats that could be bought for the right price. [K] I contacted Delta and a spokesman said the price for preferred economy varies “depending on a number of different factors,” so customers need to compare the costs on a flight-by-flight basis. The preferred seats are reserved primarily for Medallion (大勋章)members, and become available without additional charge 24 hours prior to departure. When asked if Delta has received complaints about a dearth of free seats, he stated, “Overall, our seat program has been received very well. ” [L] But my findings dovetailed (吻合)with recent complaints filed with Airfarewatchdog: (1) When (my husband) tried to get a seat assignment on the first flight there was just one “complimentary (免费的)seat” (near the back in the middle) available... the other available seats had to be purchased for $69. On the connecting flight there were no “complimentary seats” at all! Is this legal? He bought and paid for a ticket on these flights and now he is supposed to “buy” a seat! (2) (After) paying for the flight, a message popped up and said that I could only get a seat assignment when I checked in. In order to get a confirmed seat, I had to pay $129 extra! Unless I pay, without a confirmed seat, I am the first one to be bumped from the flight if they are overbooked. How do they get away with this? (3) Does checking in online at the 24-hour mark before the flight give me a number in line or let me select seats then? Or do we all rush the gate with our boarding passes (and no seat assignment) in order to get the seat assignment? How to respond? [M] So what can you do? It’s a tough proposition. Usually I would offer strategies for countering such airline initiatives, but in this case the options are limited. That’s why some believe the U.S. Department of Transportation should investigate these practices. As Mitchell says, “The airlines are holding all the cards with this one. There is a sore need for transparency on this. When people are confused, they make bad decisions. ” [N] That said, consider the following: (1) When budgeting your airfares, make sure you consider not just baggage fees but the added cost of seat selection—for all travelers and in both directions. (2) If possible, book early, when there should be more seats available, and check in early too. Why the qualifier “should”? Because if availability is artificially manipulated, it’s hard to be certain. (3) Book airlines that offer more transparent seat- selection policies. Of course, this is not an issue with Southwest and other carriers that offer “open seating” policies. (4) Finally, the last resort is what Hobica calls “horse trading”: negotiating seat swaps with other passengers. But this has become a risky and undesirable option with flights so full, overhead bins (行李仓)so crammed and fellow passengers who may have paid for premium seats in advance. 46. Behind the airline and travel booking screens, a terrible plot is being carried out, much of which is rigorously kept confidential from passengers. 47. The airlines’ excuse for additional fees is unbundling ticket prices, so those who want the given service like baggage check and soft drink ordering will have to pay. 48. Whether some carriers withhold seats on purpose for earning consumers，premium is a question deserving to be cleared up. 49. Mitchell holds that there is an urgent need for transparency on carriers# seat assignments. 50. While Hobica ascribes the main responsibilities to the major airlines, he also mentions that the low-cost carriers are making securing seats difficult. 51. Some believe that, in order to solve the problem of airlines， withholding seats, some actions should be taken by the U.S. Department of Transportation. 52. When people budget their airfares, they should consider both the baggage fees and the added cost of seat selection. 53. Kevin Mitchell considers the so-called yield management of the industry unethical and misleading. 54. What the spokesman of Delta says suggests that the preferred economy-class tickets are available 24 hours in advance of the plane’s departure. 55. The last strategy to counter the airline’s initiatives is to exchange seats with other passengers by negotiating with them. 中欧经济贸易合作取得了可喜的成果。欧盟巳经成为中国的重要经贸伙伴，是 中国最大的技术供应方、 第三大贸易伙伴和第五大实际投资方。2001年，中欧 贸易达到766亿美元，比上一年增长11%，尤其是中国从 欧盟的进口增长了 15.8%。我非常赞赏欧中贸协(Europe-China Business Association)与比中经 贸理事会 (Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council)为发展中欧关 系所做出的努力。中欧经济贸易合作具有广 阔的前景。中欧经济具有很强的互 补性，在贸易、投资、科技等领域具有很大的合作潜力。 (六) How Marketers Target Kids [ A] Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents# buying decisions and they are the adult consumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising to children has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000. [B ] Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids. Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids: Pester(纠缠)Power [C ] Today’s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. “Pester power” refers to children’s ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be. [D] According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories—“persistence” and “importance”. Persistence nagging (a plea, that is repeated over and over again) is not as effective as the more sophisticated “importance nagging”. This latter method appeals to parents’ desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids. The Marriage of Psychology and Marketing [E] To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children’s developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children’s behaviour, fantasy lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people. The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U.S. mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psychological Association (APA) urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue. Building Brand Name Loyalty [G] Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of “brand” marketing in her 2000 book No Logo. According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of corporation—Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few—which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labour, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen. [H] Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos. While fast food, toy and clothing companies have been cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act. Buzz or Street Marketing [I] The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter (杂乱)in young people’s lives. Many companies are using “buzz marketing” —a new twist on the tried-and-true “word of mouth” method. The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it. Buzz, or “street marketing”, as it’s also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive (难找的)teen market by using trendsetters to give them products “cool” status. [J] Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young “Net promoters” use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users. Commercialization in Education [ K] School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world—but not anymore. Budget shortfalls (亏空，差额)are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials. [L] Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products. A school setting delivers a captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system. Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including: 1) sponsored educational materials; 2) supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility; 3) advertising posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds; 4) contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal; 5) sponsoring school events. The Internet [M ] The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It’s part of youth culture. This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet as a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated. Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising. Marketing Adult Entertainment to Kids [N] Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is actively marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children. [O ] The FTC studied 44 films rated “Restricted”, and discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to children under 17. Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature rated video games are advertised in youth magazines; and toys based on “Restricted” movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four. 46. Guilt can affect parents" spending decisions because they don’t have enough time for their kids. 47. The Center for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties could be formed as early as age two. 48. School boards allow corporations to access to students because they need money and educational materials badly. 49. The FTC report highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. 50. For this generation of young people, the Internet is a daily and routine part of their lives. 51. According to Kidfluence, “persistence nagging” is less effective than the more sophisticated “importance nagging”. 52. According to a report released by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries usually market violent entertainment to young children. 53. Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Internet because the interactive environment can spread messages effectively. 54. A group of U.S. mental health professionals think that it is unethical to use child psychologists to help marketers target kids. 55. According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program, children will receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal. 中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华 夏做出了巨大的贡献。如今， 中医和西医(western medicine)在中国的医疗保 健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式 和丰富的典籍材 料，备受世界瞩目。中国的中医事业由国家中医药管理局(State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology)负责。现在国家巳经出台了管理中医的政策、法令和 法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和 开发。在定义上，中医是指导中国传 统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草药(herbalogy)、针 灸 (acupuncture )、推拿(massage)和气功(Qigong)。 (七) Into the Unknown The world has never seen population ageing before. Can it cope? [A] Until the early 1990s nobody much thought about whole populations getting older. The UN had the foresight to convene a “world assembly on ageing” back in 1982, but that came and went. By 1994 the World Bank had noticed that something big was happening. In a report entitled “Averting the Old Age Crisis” , it argued that pension arrangements in most countries were unsustainable. [B] For the next ten years a succession of books, mainly by Americans, sounded the alarm. They had titles like Young Old, Gray Dawn and The Coming Generational Storm, and their message was blunt: health-care systems were heading for the rocks, pensioners were taking young people to the cleaners, and soon there would be intergenerational warfare. [C] Since then the debate has become less emotional, not least because a lot more is known about the subject. Books, conferences and research papers have multiplied. International organisations such as the OECD and the EU issue regular reports. Population ageing is on every agenda, from G8 economic conferences to NATO summits. The World Economic Forum plans to consider the future of pensions and health care at its prestigious Davos conference early next year. The media, including this newspaper, are giving the subject extensive coverage. [D ] Whether all that attention has translated into sufficient action is another question. Governments in rich countries now accept that their pension and health-care promises will soon become unaffordable, and many of them have embarked on reforms, but so far only timidly. That is not surprising: politicians with an eye on the next election will hardly rush to introduce unpopular measures that may not bear fruit for years, perhaps decades. [E ] The outline of the changes needed is clear. To avoid fisca(财 政的)meltdown, public pensions and health-care provision will have to be reined back severely and taxes may have to go up. By far the most effective method to restrain pension spending is to give people the opportunity to work longer, because it increases tax revenues and reduces spending on pensions at the same time. It may even keep them alive longer. John Rother, the AARP’s head of policy and strategy, points to studies showing that other things being equal, people who remain at work have lower death rates than their retired peers. [F] Younger people today mostly accept that they will have to work for longer and that their pensions will be less generous. Employers still need to be persuaded that older workers are worth holding on to. That may be because they have had plenty of younger ones to choose from, partly thanks to the post-war baby-boom and partly because over the past few decades many more women have entered the labour force, increasing employers’ choice. But the reservoir of women able and willing to take up paid work is running low, and the baby-boomers are going grey. [G] In many countries immigrants have been filling such gaps in the labour force as have already emerged (and remember that the real shortage is still around ten years off). Immigration in the developed world is the highest it has ever been, and it is making a useful difference. In still-fertile America it currently accounts for about 40% of total population growth, and in fast-ageing western Europe for about 90%. [H] On the face of it, it seems the perfect solution. Many developing countries have lots of young people in need of jobs; many rich countries need helping hands that will boost tax revenues and keep up economic growth. But over the next few decades labour forces in rich countries are set to shrink so much that inflows of immigrants would have to increase enormously to compensate: to at least twice their current size in western Europe’s most youthful countries, and three times in the older ones. Japan would need a large multiple of the few immigrants it has at present. Public opinion polls show that people in most rich countries already think that immigration is too high. Further big increases would be politically unfeasible. [I] To tackle the problem of ageing populations at its root, “old” countries would have to rejuvenate(使年轻) themselves by having more of their own children. A number of them have tried, some more successfully than others. But it is not a simple matter of offering financial incentives or providing more child care. Modern urban life in rich countries is not well adapted to large families. Women find it hard to combine family and career. They often compromise by having just one child. [J] And if fertility in ageing countries does not pick up? It will not be the end of the world, at least not for quite a while yet, but the world will slowly become a different place. Older societies may be less innovative and more strongly disinclined to take risks than younger ones. By 2025 at the latest, about half the voters in America and most of those in western European countries will be over 50—and older people turn out to vote in much greater number than younger ones. Academic studies have found no evidence so far that older voters have used their power at the ballot box to push for policies that specifically benefit them, though if in future there are many more of them they might start doing so. [K] Nor is there any sign of the intergenerational warfare predicted in the 1990s. After all, older people themselves mostly have families. In a recent study of parents and grown-up children in 11 European countries, Karsten Hank of Mannheim University found that 85% of them lived within 25km of each other and the majority of them were in touch at least once a week. [L] Even so, the shift in the centre of gravity to older age groups is bound to have a profound effect on societies, not just economically and politically but in all sorts of other ways too. Richard Jackson and Neil Howe of America’s CSIS, in a thoughtful book called The Graying of the Great Powers, argue that, among other things, the ageing of the developed countries will have a number of serious security implications. [M] For example, the shortage of young adults is likely to make countries more reluctant to commit the few they have to military service. In the decades to 2050, America will find itself playing an ever-increasing role in the developed world’s defence effort. Because America’s population will still be growing when that of most other developed countries is shrinking, America will be the only developed country that still matters geopoliticallyi 地 缘政治上). Ask me in 2020 [ N] There is little that can be done to stop population ageing, so the world will have to live with it. But some of the consequences can be alleviated. Many experts now believe that given the right policies, the effects, though grave, need not be catastrophic. Most countries have recognised the need to do something and are beginning to act. [ O] But even then there is no guarantee that their efforts will work. What is happening now is historically unprecedented. Ronald Lee, director of the Centre on the Economics and Demography of Ageing at the University of California, Berkeley, puts it briefly and clearly: “We don’t really know what population ageing will be like, because nobody has done it yet. ” 46. Employers should realise it is important to keep older workers in the workforce. 47. A recent study found that most old people in some European countries had regular weekly contact with their adult children. 48. Few governments in rich countries have launched bold reforms to tackle the problem of population ageing. 49. In a report published some 20 years ago, the sustainability of old age pension systems in most countries was called into doubt. 50. Countries that have a shortage of young adults will be less willing to send them to war. 51. One-child families are more common in ageing societies due to the stress of urban life and the difficulties of balancing family and career. 52. A series of books, mostly authored by Americans, warned of conflicts between the older and younger generations. 53. Compared with younger ones, older societies tend to be less innovative and take fewer risks. 54. The best solution to the pension crisis is to postpone the retirement age. 55. Immigration as a means to boost the shrinking labour force may meet with resistance in some rich countries. 中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵 节(the Lantern Festival)，即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢 度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家 家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联 (couplets)，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他 的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。 (一) 1.A A段讲到了微软的PowerPoint对学术及商业陈述形式的改变，可以直接定位到文章的首段。 2.B 根据题干中的信息词wording of the text定位到第一个小标题下的第一段。 3.C 根据题干中的信息词the font styles for the title and the text定位到C段。 4.F 根据题干中的信息词more formal situation和capitalizing定位到第一个小标题下的F段。 5.G 根据题干中的信息词Centering bulleted lists or text定位到第一个小标题下的G段。 6.H 根据题干中的信息词Sound effects定位到第二个小标题下的H段，Minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects。 7.J 根据题干中的信息词importing和two megabytes定位到第三个小标题下的J段。 8.L 根据题干中的信息词look at the audience定位到第四个小标题下的L段。 9.M 根据题干中的信息词Pressing the E key定位到第四个小标题下的M段。 10.N 根据题干中的信息词make changes at the “slide master” level定位到文章的最后一段可得答案。 (二) 46. [F]。题干意为，夏令时带来的能源收益可能会因为不同的气候而有差异。注意抓住题干中的关键词 daylight savings" energy gains, various和different climates。文章段落中，提到能源节约量与天气有关的内容 在[F]段出现，该段前两句提到，一些地区的节能量明显比其他地区要大。例如，加利福尼亚州似乎是从夏 令时中获益最大的——可能是因为那里的气候相对溫和，鼓励人们在户外待到更晚。由此可知，题干对原 文进行了概括和同义改写，故答案为[F]。 47. [K]。题干意为，睡眠障碍和生物节律紊乱可能是春季时间变化后心脏病发病率上升的最佳解释。注意抓 住题干中的关键词 disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms, explanation和higher heart attack risks。 文章段落中，提及睡眠障碍和生物节律紊乱以及心脏病发病率上升的内容在[K]段出现，该段第二句提 到，2008年的一项研究总结道，至少在瑞典，在春季时间变化后不久，心脏病发病率就上升了„„接着第 三句引用了一位专家的话:“根据我们的调查结果，最合理的解释是睡眠障碍及生物节奏紊乱。”由此可 知，题干是对原文的同义改写，故答案为[K]。 48. [D]。题干意为，一项研究表明，尽管实行夏令时能减少夜间照明及电量消耗，但却因为增加了晨间的用 电量而可能无法节约能源。注意抓住题干中的关键词increasing energy use in the dark mornings和reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening。文章段落中，提到了增加晨间的用电量和减少夜间照明及 电量消耗的是[D]段，该段第三句提Sij,研究人员发现这种做法减少了夜间照明及电量消耗，但是却增加 了晨间的用电量，因为现在早晨很昏暗——这就抵消了夜间节约的能源。由此可知，题干对原文进行了同 义改写，故答案为[D]。 49. [B]。题干意为，德国率先通过采取时间变化和减少人工照明来节约战时资源。注意抓住题干中的关键词 Germany, the time change s和artificial lighting。文章段落中，有关德国的内容在[B ]段出现，该段第二句提 到，德国是第一个采取时间变化以减少人工照明从而为战事节约煤炭资源的国家。由此可知，题干是对原 文的同义转述，故答案为[B]。 50. [I]。题干意为，一位大学教授研究了夏令时的作用并警示人们其带来的消极影响。注意抓住题干中的关键 词a university professor和sounded the alarm of its negative effects。文章段落中，提及夏令时会带来负面影响 的内容在[I]段出现，该段首句指出，但是其他人却警告人们夏令时所带来的负面影响。德国慕尼黑一所大 学的教授蒂尔•伦内伯格说，他的研究显示，我们的生物钟是根据白天和黑夜确定的，永远都适应不了夏 令时期间白天快结束时所多出的那“额外”一小时的日光。由此可知，题干是对原文的概述，故答案为[I]。 51. [J]。题干意为，社会时差是发达国家的人们患长期疲劳综合征的部分原因。注意抓住题干中的关键词 social jet lag和chronic fatigue syndrome。文章段落中，提到社会时差和人们长期疲劳的内容在[J]段出现， 该段第一句提到，发达国家中的很多人长期感觉过度劳累，原因之一就是，他们遭受“社会时差”的折磨。 由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[J]。 52. [E]。题干意为，美国一项研究的数据表明实行夏令时能在全国范围内 节约很多能源。注意抓住题干中的 关键词figure, save a lot of energy和 nationally。文章段落中，提到整个国家节能总量大的内容在[E]段出现， 该段 最后两句提到，这个数字意味着，夏令时使美国年耗电量降低了0.03%，也使整 体能耗减少了0.02%。 尽管这些百分比看起来很小，但是，由于国家总能耗量 很庞大，它们所代表的节能量还是很大的。由此可 知，题干是对原文的同义改 写，故答案为[E]。 53. [H]。题干意为，夏令时的支持者长期以来认为夏令时对人们的健康有 好处。注意抓住题干中的关键词 supporters of daylight savings和do good to people’s health。文章段落中，提及夏令时支持者以及夏令时与人 类健康的 关系的内容在[H]段出现，该段第一句提到，几十年来，夏令时的倡导者一直宣 称，不管夏令时 能否节约能源，它都有利于健康，因为它倡导的是积极的生活 方式。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转 述，故答案为[H]。 54. [L]。题干意为，倡导降低碳排放量的一个组织发起了“晚亮灯运动” 以支持一种极端的日光节约时制。注 意抓住题干中的关键词 a group advocating cutting carbon emissions, Lighter Later movement 和 a kind of extreme daylight savings。文章段落中，提及“晚亮灯运动”的内容在[L]段 出现，该段第二句提到，在英国， “晚亮灯运动”——作为10:10(倡导降低碳 排放量的一个组织)开展的运动的一部分——提倡一种极端的日 光节约时制。 由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[L]。 55. [G]。题干意为，协助撰写联邦报告的一位学者表示，能源的节约量与 所处的地理位置有关。注意抓住题 干中的关键词a scholar contributing to a federal report和geographic position。文章段落中，提及能源节约量和 地 理位置的关系的内容在[G]段出现，该段第二句提到，沃尔夫表示，夏令时给美 国带来的能源收益主要 取决于某个地区与梅森一狄克森线的相对位置。由此可 知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[G]。 China is the largest developing country in the world and its population accounts for about 22 percent of the world’s total. For a long period of its history, China has been plagued by poverty for various reasons. In the mid-1980s, the economy of an overwhelming majority of the rural areas in China grew dramatically by virtue of their own advantages, but a small number of areas still lagged behind because of the constraints of their economic, social, historical, and natural conditions. The Chinese government, while working on all-round economic and social development, has nationwide implemented a large-scale program for development-oriented poverty relief in a planned and organized way. With the main objective of helping poverty-stricken people solve the food and clothing problems, this program has gone a long way toward alleviating poverty. 难点精析 1.发展中国家:英语中对应的表达为developing country，该句结构简单， 直译即可。 : :2.人口约占世界总人口的„„:此句紧接上文，和前面一个分句共享一个主语China，为了指代清楚并且避免重复，此处的“人口”可译为its population。表达“(数量、比例上)占”有一个常用的词组account for。 “世界总人 口”如果直译的话是the world’s total population或者the total population of the world，但是由于该分句的主语中已经出现了一次population,故此处可将total活用作名词，意为“总数”。 3.在过去相当长的时期里:该分句如果直译的话可译为for a long time in the past，但是根据语境，此处“相当长的时期”指的是“中国历史中的一个很长的时期”，又由于该分句所在句的主语随后紧接着出现，因: 而可以意译为for a long period of its history。 ～ 4.由于诸多原因:此处较为简单，可以有多种译法。“由于”可以用because of, due to, out of来表达，也可以用一个简洁的单词for。“诸多”的表达方式也有很多，如many, various, a lot of, lots of等。因而该分句可简洁地译为for various reasons。 : :5.贫困一直困扰着„„:表达“被贫困所困扰”较为常用的译法是be plagued by，由于此处表达的是过去已经发生并且其影响持续到现在的一种状态，因而注意时态要采用现在完成时。此处可译为„has been lagued by poverty。 6. 20世纪80年代中期„„发展相对滞后:该句较长，翻译时要注意平衡句子的结构。“经济发展较快”中的: ;“经济”指的是“中国农村绝大多数地区的经济”，在翻译时可以照此调整一下句子的语序。“滞后”常用lag behind 来表达。 7.中国政府在致力于„„缓解了贫困现象:该句内容较多，翻译时可以根据语义将该长句拆分成两个独立的句子，即:“中国政府在致力于经济和社会全面发展的进程中，在全国范围内实施了有计划、有组织的大规模扶贫开发。扶贫开发以解决贫困人口的溫饱问题为主要目标，极大地缓解了贫困现象。” “致力于”可以用短语work on来表达。“扶贫开发”实际上是一个项目，因而可灵活译为a program for development-oriented poverty relief。 (三) Section B 46. [D]题干意为，《青少年》杂志上的一项报道称，有50%到70%体重正常的女孩认为自己需要减肥。注意抓 住题干中的关键词magazine、50% to 70%和normal weight。文章段落中，《青少年》杂志以及百分比 50%到70%的内容在[D]段出现，该段倒数第二句提到，《青少年》杂志报道称，在6~12岁的女孩当中，有 35%的人至少进行过一次减肥，有50%~70%体重正常的女孩认为自己超重。由此可知，题干是对该句部分 内容的同义转述，故答案为[D]。题干中的need to lose weight与原文中的is overweight对应。 47. [H]。题干意为，总体而言，1999年以来白人女性连续六年占据了主流女性杂志的多数篇幅。注意抓住题 干中的关键词for 6 years、white women和occupying much more space。文章段落中，提及白人女性在主流女 性杂志所占比例的内容在[H]段出现，该段最后一句提到，该研究发现，虽然1999~2004年间杂志中出现 的有色人种的女性形象在数量上有所增加，但是从整体来看， 白人女性还是占据了主流女性杂志的多数 篇幅。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[H]。题干中的occupying much more space对应原文 中的 overrepresented。 48. [C]。题干意为，女性身上存在的一些诸如抑郁和不健康的饮食习惯的负面影响与接触年轻苗条的女性形 象有关。注意抓住题干中的关键词 depression and unhealthy eating habits、being exposed to和thin and young bodies。文章段落中，[C]段提到了抑郁、不健康的饮食习惯以及接触年轻苗条的女性形象的内容，该段最 后一句提到，另一方面，研究表明，接触这种年轻苗条、妆容美丽的女性形象与女性的抑郁、缺乏自信和 不健康的饮食习惯有关。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[C]。题干中的are related to对应 原文中的 is linked to，being exposed to对应原文中的 exposure to。 49. [B]。题干意为，大众媒体帮助促进了化妆品和减肥产品行业的发展。注意抓住题干中的关键词boosted和 the cosmetic and the diet industries。文章段落中，只有[B]段提到了化妆品和减肥产品行业的发展，该段最 后一句提到，通过呈现一个难以达到和保持的理想身材，化妆品和减肥产品行业必然能够得到发展并获 得利润，而其呈现方式就是通过大众媒体。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[B]。 50. [F]。题干意为，报道称超过四分之三的女性杂志封面至少包含了一条关于如何改变女性身材的方法。注 意抓住题干中的关键词at least one message和more than three-quarters。文章段落中，提到女性杂志封面提供 如何改变女性身材的的内容在[F]段出现，该段首句提到，研究人员公布说，女性杂志上宣传减肥的广告 和文章所占的比重比男性杂志高10.5倍，超过四分之三的女性杂志封面至少包含了一条关于如何改变女 性身材的信息——诸如节食、运动或是整容手术。由此可知，题干对该句后半句内容做了概括，故答案为 [F ]。题干中的 methods for women to change their bodily appearance 是对原文中 how to change a woman’s bodily appearance—by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery洽勺相无才括。 51. [A]。题干意为，甚至有些影视女演员因为吃得太少而在拍摄现场昏倒。注意抓住题干中的关键词film and television actresses和faint。文章段落中，[A]段提到了女演员以及晕倒的内容，该段第三句提到，有些 女演员甚至因为吃得太少而在拍摄现场昏倒。由此可见，题干对原文做了同义改写，故答案为[A]。题干中 的 due to eating too little和原文中的 from lack of food对应。 52. [I]。题干意为，对外表的过度关注使得改变这种不正常的风气变得不可能。注意抓住题干中的关键词too much concern和change such abnormal trend。文章段落中，提及对外表的过度关注的内容在[I]段出现，该段 最后一句提到，这种对于美丽和性感的关注“事实上摧毁了任何可能有助于改变这种风气的意识和行动”。 由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[I]。题干中的too much concern on appearance对应原文中 的 focus on beauty and desirability。 53. [E]。题干意为，研究人员发现如果一个女人的身材比例和芭比娃娃一样，那么她最终会死于营养不良。 注意抓住题干中的关键词Barbie-doll proportions和die from malnutrition。文章段落中，只有[E]段提到了芭 比娃娃，该段第三句提到，如果一个女人的身材真是那样(有着芭比娃娃的身材比 例)的话，她将会患上慢 性腹泻并最终死于营养不良。由此可知，题干对原文 做了同义改写，故答案为[E]。 54. [G]。题干意为，几年来魁北克杂志坚持在其时尚页面上刊登正常身材 的女性形象，以抵制 这种潮流。注意抓住题干中的关键词The Quebec magazine Coup de 和consistently including fUll-sized women。文章段落中，提及魁 北克杂志Coup de )ou(e坚持刊登正常身材的女性形象的内容在[G]段出现， 该 段前两句提到，杂志业有人正在努力抵制这种潮流。几年来魁北克杂志Coup de )ou(e坚持在其时尚页面 上刊登正常身材的女性形象。由此可知，题干是对 原文的同义转述，故答案为[G]。题干中的resists对应原 文中的buck(抵制， 反抗)。 55. [B]。题干意为，根据一些分析家的观点，将美丽的强加到女性身 上的根本原因是经济利益。注意抓 住题干中的关键词fundamental reason、 standards of beauty和economic profits。文章段落中，论及将美丽的标 准 强加到女性身上的根本原因的内容在[B]段出现，该段前两句提到，为什么会把 美丽的标准强加到女性 身上，而大多数女性生来就比模特要胖要成熟,一些分 析家认为，根源在于经济利益。由此可知，题干是对 原文的同义转述，故答案 为[B]。题干中的fundamental reason和原文中的roots对应。 In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved. 难点精析 1.带来了无穷的魅力:翻译为bring endless charm to。 2.汉语习惯于用并列的散句或短语来表达一个语境，而英文习惯上用整句表 述，句内不太重要的信息会用介词短语或从句来补充说明，如本段中“胡同内有 一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20口人住”是 : 两个并列关系的 汉语短句，翻译成英文时可将第二句用with介词结构表达出来，起补充说明的 作用。 3.充满友善和人情味:翻译为full of friendliness and genuine humanity。 4.随着社会和经济的飞速发展:翻译为with rapid social and economic development，也是with介词短语的应 用，在句中作伴随状语。 (四) Section B 46. [G]。题干意为，20世纪80年代和90年代的人没有经历过收入的实质 性增长，这使信贷受到欢迎。注意抓住 题干中的关键时间词1980s and 1990s, income和credit。这些关键词在[G]段出现，该段第四句提到，20世纪 80年代 和90年代的大部分人收入相对滞后。原文中的stagnant与题干中的no substantial increase为同义转 述;接着第五句提到，信贷非常受欢迎，因为它使那些落在后面的人感受到了一定的快乐，原文中的was so welcome和题干中的popularity为同义转述。 47. [I]。题干意为，金融危机是银行的危机，因为影子银行有可能导致银行倒闭。注意抓住题干中的关键词a crisis of banks和fail。文章段落中，提到影子银行的内容在[I]和[J]段出现，其中[I]段第二句即提到金融危 机是银行的危机，与题干前半部分对应;接着后文讲述了金融危机会导致银行倒闭，以此来解释第二句。 本段最后一个单词collapse与题干中的fail对应。 48. [L]。题干意为，金融家与政客结交朋友的目的是希望一些繁重不公的规则能够被取消。注意抓住题干中 的关键词make friends with politicians 和burdensome and unfair regulations。文章段落中，谈及与政客交朋友 的内容在[L]段出现，本段第四句提到，金融家为政客们组织资金筹措者，和政客们结交朋友，抱怨他们 所要遵守的规则是多么的繁重和不公。接着后面一句说，慢慢地，这些规则一定会被取消。由此可知，金融 家与政客结交朋友的目的是希望获得政客的支持，来取消一些繁重不公的规则。题干中的burdensome对应 原文中的 onerous。 49. [B]。题干意为，有关金融改革的立法赋予监管机构监管影子银行和解体濒临破产的公司的权力。注意抓 住题干中的关键词 the legislation concerning financial reform, shadow banks和companies on the verge of bankruptcy。文章段落中，谈及有关金融改革的立法对影子银行和濒临破产的公司的影响的内容在[B]段 出现，本段指出，该法案赋予监管机构监管影子银行和解体濒临破产公司的权力。由此可知，题干是对原 文的同义转述，故答案为[B]。 50. [H]。题干意为，关于失业的影响，穷人比富人感触更深。注意抓住题干中的关键词unemployment, the poor 和the rich。文章段落中，谈及失业以及失业对人们的影响的内容在[H]段出现，本段指出，失业的痛苦对 人们的影响并不均等:事实上，在经济衰退以前，这种不平等就已经加剧，这是因为失业者中穷人居多， 而经济复苏对富人来说所需时间很短。由此可知，穷人对失业的感触比富人深，题干是对原文的同义转 述，故答案为[H]。 51. [M]。题干意为，尽管监管者掌握了足够的信息来预测这场金融危机，但是他们仍然选择忽视这些信息。 注意抓住题干中的关键词enough information, financial crisis和ignore。文章段落中，提到监管机构忽视预测 金融危机的信息的内容在[M]段出现，本段第三句提到，监管者已经有了足够的信息，却忽视了这些信 息。题干中的enough information和ignore都是原文原词的复现。 52. [F]。题干意为，没有足够投资机会的新兴经济体已经在发达国家投资了很多钱。注意抓住题干中的关键 词emerging economies和developed countries。文章段落中，提到新兴经济体的内容在[F]段出现，本段第一 句提到，增长迅猛且投资机会少的新兴经济体促使这一数字急剧上升，比如中国，它们将大量的资金投资 于增长速度慢但投资机会多的发达国家。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述。故答案为[F]。 53. [N]。题干意为，监管机构在预测金融危机时往往接连失败。注意抓住题干中的关键词fail和forecasting。文 章段落中，提及监管机构能否很好地预测金融危机的内容在[N]段出现，本段倒数第二句引用艾伦•格林 斯潘的话， 指出监管机构“长期以来表现得很糟糕”，接着最后一句作了具体阐释:它们无法确定危机发生 的时间，也不能准确预测危机发生的地点以及损失和后果的严重性。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转 述。原文倒数第二句中的chronic failure对应题干中的fail again and again;最后一句中的anticipate对应题干 中的 forecasting。 54. [K]。题干意为，一位来自麻省理工学院的经济学家认为基金管理人或大投资者富有得离谱。注意抓住题 干中的关键词fund manager和economist from MIT。文章段落中，提及麻省理工学院的经济学家西蒙•约翰 逊的段落为[K]段，在本段中西蒙•约翰逊回忆起他与一位基金管理人的谈话，并笑称:“这些家伙(大投 资者们)想事情的时候可不是以百万为单位的，而是以十亿为单位。”可见，他认为基金管理人是非常有钱 的，题干与原文意思一致，故答案为[K]。 55. [J]。题干意为，如果能将影子银行系统置于监管机构的控制之下，则可以提升大投资者的存款的安全性。 注意抓住题干中的关键词deposits和safer。文章段落中，提及使存款更加安全的内容在[J]段出现，本段最 后一句指出，我们将影子银行系统置于监管机构的控制之下„„仅仅是在保证存款安全。这里所说的存款 安全即指大投资者的存款安全。题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[J]。 Section B 46. [G]。题干意为，20世纪80年代和90年代的人没有经历过收入的实质性增长，这使信贷受到欢迎。注意抓住 题干中的关键时间词1980s and 1990s, income和credit。这些关键词在[G]段出现，该段第四句提到，20世纪 80年代和90年代的大部分人收入相对滞后。原文中的stagnant与题干中的no substantial increase为同义转 述;接着第五句提到，信贷非常受欢迎，因为它使那些落在后面的人感受到了一定的快乐，原文中的was so welcome和题干中的popularity为同义转述。 47. [I]。题干意为，金融危机是银行的危机，因为影子银行有可能导致银行倒闭。注意抓住题干中的关键词a crisis of banks和fail。文章段落中，提到影子银行的内容在[I]和[J]段出现，其中[I]段第二句即提到金融危 机是银行的危机，与题干前半部分对应;接着后文讲述了金融危机会导致银行倒闭，以此来解释第二句。 本段最后一个单词collapse与题干中的fail对应。 48. [L]。题干意为，金融家与政客结交朋友的目的是希望一些繁重不公的规则能够被取消。注意抓住题干中 的关键词make friends with politicians 和burdensome and unfair regulations。文章段落中，谈及与政客交朋友 的内容在[L]段出现，本段第四句提到，金融家为政客们组织资金筹措者，和政客们结交朋友，抱怨他们 所要遵守的规则是多么的繁重和不公。接着后面一句说，慢慢地，这些规则一定会被取消。由此可知，金融 家与政客结交朋友的目的是希望获得政客的支持，来取消一些繁重不公的规则。题干中的burdensome对应 原文中的 onerous。 49. [B]。题干意为，有关金融改革的立法赋予监管机构监管影子银行和解体濒临破产的公司的权力。注意抓 住题干中的关键词 the legislation concerning financial reform, shadow banks和companies on the verge of bankruptcy。文章段落中，谈及有关金融改革的立法对影子银行和濒临破产的公司的影响的内容在[B]段 出现，本段指出，该法案赋予监管机构监管影子银行和解体濒临破产公司的权力。由此可知，题干是对原 文的同义转述，故答案为[B]。 50. [H]。题干意为，关于失业的影响，穷人比富人感触更深。注意抓住题干中的关键词unemployment, the poor 和the rich。文章段落中，谈及失业以及失业对人们的影响的内容在[H]段出现，本段指出，失业的痛苦对 人们的影响并不均等:事实上，在经济衰退以前，这种不平等就已经加剧，这是因为失业者中穷人居多， 而经济复苏对富人来说所需时间很短。由此可知，穷人对失业的感触比富人深，题干是对原文的同义转 述，故答案为[H]。 51. [M]。题干意为，尽管监管者掌握了足够的信息来预测这场金融危机，但是他们仍然选择忽视这些信息。 注意抓住题干中的关键词enough information, financial crisis和ignore。文章段落中，提到监管机构忽视预测 金融危机的信息的内容在[M]段出现，本段第三句提到，监管者已经有了足够的信息，却忽视了这些信 息。题干中的enough information和ignore都是原文原词的复现。 52. [F]。题干意为，没有足够投资机会的新兴经济体已经在发达国家投资了很多钱。注意抓住题干中的关键 词emerging economies和developed countries。文章段落中，提到新兴经济体的内容在[F]段出现，本段第一 句提到，增长迅猛且投资机会少的新兴经济体促使这一数字急剧上升，比如中国，它们将大量的资金投资 于增长速度慢但投资机会多的发达国家。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述。故答案为[F]。 53. [N]。题干意为，监管机构在预测金融危机时往往接连失败。注意抓住题干中的关键词fail和forecasting。文 章段落中，提及监管机构能否很好地预测金融危机的内容在[N]段出现，本段倒数第二句引用艾伦•格林 斯潘的话，指出监管机构“长期以来表现得很糟糕”，接着最后一句作了具体阐释:它们无法确定危机发生 的时间，也不能准确预测危机发生的地点以及损失和后果的严重性。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转 述。原文倒数第二句中的chronic failure对应题干中的fail again and again;最后一句中的anticipate对应题干 中的 forecasting。 54. [K]。题干意为，一位来自麻省理工学院的经济学家认为基金管理人或大投资者富有得离谱。注意抓住题 干中的关键词fund manager和economist from MIT。文章段落中，提及麻省理工学院的经济学家西蒙•约翰 逊的段落为[K]段，在本段中西蒙•约翰逊回忆起他与一位基金管理人的谈话，并笑称:“这些家伙(大投 资者们)想事情的时候可不是以百万为单位的，而是以十亿为单位。”可见，他认为基金管理人是非常有钱 的，题干与原文意思一致，故答案为[K]。 55. [J]。题干意为，如果能将影子银行系统置于监管机构的控制之下，则可以提升大投资者的存款的安全性。 注意抓住题干中的关键词deposits和safer。文章段落中，提及使存款更加安全的内容在[J]段出现，本段最 后一句指出，我们将影子银行系统置于监管机构的控制之下„„仅仅是在保证存款安全。这里所说的存款 安全即指大投资者的存款安全。题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[J]。 To understand the Chinese culture, you have to know something about the Chinese opera culture. In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one. As an independent opera form, Peking Opera was approximately born between 1840 and I860. Peking opera originated from absorbing the essentials of other local operas. In Peking Opera there is a clear division of roles; the spoken parts are in Beijing dialect; and huqin, is the main accompaniment instrument. Since Peking Opera has combined the cream of various local operas, it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country. 难点精析 1.要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解:该句没有给出明确的主语，因而在翻译时要注意:增译主语you。“中国的戏曲文化”可译为the Chinese opera culture。 2.中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表性的剧种:该句在翻译时可以采用非限定性定语从句结构。该句可译为:In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one.注意此处为了避免在前后分句中重复使用名词opera而在后半句中使用了名词性替 代词 one。 3.京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础上形成的:“在„„的基础上形成”如果直接译为be formed on the I basis of...会稍显生硬，因而可以灵活译 为originate from...。“地方戏”可以直译为local opera。 4.念白:“念白”指的是中国戏曲中人物的独白或者两者的对话，因而此处在翻译时可将其灵活译为the I spoken parts。 5.胡琴:这一特有名词在英文中并没有直接对应的词汇或表达，因而可以采用汉语拼音表示。 6.它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱:“不仅 也 ”常用not only„but also„来表达。此处句中的“钟爱”和“喜爱”同义，在翻译后半部分内容时可以将与前半部分重复的内容省略，故该部分内容可译为:it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country。 (五) Section B 46. [D]。题干意为，在航空公司和旅行社的订票系统中，一项可怕的阴谋正在实施，而其中的隐情则严格对 乘客保密。注意抓住题干中的关键词 airline and travel booking screens, a terrible plot, rigorously和confidential。 文章段落中，论及航空公司和旅行社订票阴谋的内容在[D]段出现，该段第一句就提到订票系统幕后的情 况很可怕，消费者大多毫不知情。由此可见，题干对原文做了同义改写，故答案为[D]。题干中的aterribleplot和 is rigorously kept confidential for分别与原文中的an awful plot和is strictly off-limits to相对应。 47. [G]。题干意为，航空公司把实行机票分类计价作为额外收费的借口，所以那些想要诸如检查行李或点软 饮料等特定服务的乘客就必须承担相应费 用。注意抓住题干中的关键词unbundling ticket prices和the given service。原文段落中，论及机票分类计价和要求特定服务的内容在[G]段出现，该段第一句就提到航空公 司称，之所以收取附加费是实行机票分类计价的缘故，这样一 来，如果乘客想要某种特定的服务——比 如，托运包裹或者点一杯软饮料——就要为此付费，而那些不需要此类服务的乘客则无需付费。由此可 见，题干是对原文的同义改写，故答案为[G]。 48. [C]。题干意为，部分运营商是否故意保留座位以赚取消费者附加费这个问题值得弄清楚。注意抓住题干 中的关键词carriers, premium和question。原文段落中，论及运营商们是否故意收取附加费的问题在[C]段出 现，该段中作者提到，这是一个值得研究的问题，而且其情况到底如何也很引人关注，实际上就是在说这 个问题值得弄清楚。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义改写，故答案为[C]。题干中的withhold和on purpose分 别对应原文中的 holding back和intentionally。 49. [M]。题干意为，米切尔认为运营商们在分配座位这一问题上亟须公开、透明。注意抓住题干中的关键词 Mitchell, need和transparency。原文段落中，提到Mitchell且论及分配座位透明度的内容在[M]段出现，该段 第五句引用Mitchell的原话，指出这一问题亟待公开、透明。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义改写，故答案 为[M]。题干中的urgent need对应原文中的sore need，carriers! seat assignment代指原文中的this。 50. [I]。题干意为，尽管霍比卡把主要责任归咎于各大航空公司，他也提到，低成本的运营商们同样使得座位 的获得变得困难。注意抓住题干中的关键词Hobica, the main responsibilities，the major airlines和the low-cost carriers。原文段落中，提及Hobica和低成本的运营商使获得座位变得困难的内容在[I]段出现，该段第一句 话提到，霍比卡认为各大航空公司是造成这种状况的罪魁祸首，低成本的运营商也起到了推波助澜的作 用。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义改写，故答案为[I]。题干中的ascribes...to...和main responsibilities分别 对应原文中的cites„as„和prime culprits。 51. [M]题干意为，一些人认为，为了解决航空公司保留座位的问题，美国交通运输部应该采取一些措施。注 意抓住题干中的关键词the U.S. Department of Transportation。文章段落中，论及美国交通运输部的内容在 [M]段出现，该段第三、四句话提到，通常作者会就如何应对航空公司的这类政策给出一些策略，但是在 这种情况下，可选择的策略非常有限。这就是为什么一些人认为美国交通运输部应该对此类做法进行调查 的原因。由此可见，人们认为交通运输部应该有所行动，故答案为[M]。 52. [N]。题干意为，人们在为买机票制定预算的时候，应该把行李的费用和附加的选择座位的费用都考虑在 内。注意抓住题干中的关键词budget, airfares, baggage fees和the added cost of seat selection。文章段落中，论 及制定机票预算的内容在[N]段出现，该段第(1)点提到，预算票价的时候，确保自己不仅将行李费用考 虑在内，还要考虑为选择座位而支付的额外费用。由此可见，题干对原文进行了同义改写，故答案为[N]。 53. [F]。题干意为，凯文•米切尔认为所谓的收益管理是不道德且具有误导性的。注意抓住题干中的关键词 Kevin Mitchell, yield management, unethical 和misleading。文章段落中，提到Kevin Mitchell和航空业收益管 理的内容在[F]段出现，该段引用米切尔的原话中提到，对于收益管理，消费者心里有数，他们知道航空公司经常改变座位的价格。但是如果情况果真如此的话，航空公司的做法确实是不道德的 他们在严重地误导人们。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[F]。 54. [K]。题干意为，达美航空公司人的话表明，经济舱优等座在飞机 起飞前24小时内可获得。注意题干中 的关键词 the spokesman of Delta, the preferred economy-class tickets, available和the plane’s departure。 文章段 落中，论及达美航空公司发言人的内容在[K]段出现，该段第二句提到， 优等座主要是为奖章成员预留的， 在飞机起飞前24小时内无需支付额外费用就 可获得。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[K]。 55. [N]题干意为，应对航空公司这类行为的最后策略是和其他乘客商量调 换座位。注意题干中的关键词the last strategy, exchange seats和 negotiating。文章段落中，论及与其他乘客商量调换座位的内容在[N]段出现， 该段第(4)点提到，最后一个应对策略，即霍比卡所说的“讨价还价”，是和其 他乘客商量一下调换座位。由此可见，题干是对原文的同义改写，故答案为[N]。 题干中的the last strategy和exchange seats with other passengers by negotiating with them 分另']对应原文中的 the last resort 和 negotiating seat swaps with other passengers。 China-EU economic and trade cooperation has yielded heartening fruits. The EU has now become an important economic and trade partner of China, working as the largest technology supplier, the third largest trading partner and the fifth largest actual investor in China. Bilateral trade reached 76.6 billion dollars in 2001, achieving an 11% increase compared to the previous year. In particular, China’s imports from the EU grew by 15.8%. I highly appreciate the efforts by the Europe-China Business Association and the Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council for developing China-EU ties. China-EU trade and economic cooperation is endowed with a promising future. The two economies are strongly complimentary to each other and hence enjoy huge potential for cooperation in trade, investment, science and technology areas. 难点精析 1.中欧经济贸易合作取得了可喜的成果:EU=European Union，表示欧盟; “取得了”可译为has got，但稍显生硬，yield fruit意为“结果，取得成果”， 用在此处更为恰当;“可喜的”可译为heartening，还可译为^ promising。 2.第三大贸易伙伴和第五大实际投资方:“最大”用thelargest来表示， “第几大”则可译为the+序数词+largest，因此此处“第三大”译为 thethirdlargest; “第五大”译为the fi他largest。“贸易伙伴”译为 tradingpartner; “实际投资方”译为actual investor。 3. 766亿美元:应译为76.6 billion dollars。billion意为“10亿”， 而不是“1 亿”。 4.增长了15.8%:可译为grew by 15.8%,还可译为increased by 15.8%。 increase的反义词为decrease，二者用 法相同，后接具体的百分比时，要与介 词by连用。 5.发展中欧关系:“关系”还可译为relationship，但tie表示的“关系” 比relationship的情感色彩更强烈一些， ; 意为“紧密关系”，此处原文中 虽没有提及“紧密”，但很显然是要发展中欧的紧密关系，故译成tie更贴合文意。 6.具有很强的互补性:可译为are strongly complimentary to each other, complimentary意为“互补的”。 7.具有很大的合作潜力:“具有”此处译为enjoy显得生动，带有较强的感情色彩。potential后应与介词for 搭配。 (六) Section B 46. [B]题干意为，内疚感会影响父母做出消费决定，因为他们没有足够的时间陪孩子。注意抓住题干中的关 键词guilt和parents’ spending decisions。文章段落中，论及内疚感 和影响父母购买决定的内容在[B]段出现，该 段第二句提到，内疚感能够影响父母做出的消费决定，忙碌的父母希望用购买的东西来弥补自己没有足够 的时间陪孩子。由此可知，题干对原文进行了同义改写，故答案为[B]。题干中的affect与原文中的play a role in对应。 47. [H]。题干意为，新美国梦中心指出，孩子早在两岁的时候就可以形成品牌忠诚度。注意抓住题干中的关键词 the Center for a New American Dream, brand loyalties 和 age two。文章段落中，提到新美国梦中心的内容在[H] 段出现，该段第三句提到，根据新美国梦中心所说，早在两岁的时候就可以建立品牌忠诚度，而等到开始上 学的时候，大多数孩子都可以认识几百个品牌标识。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[H]。 48. [K]。题干意为，教育委员会允许企业接近学生是因为他们急需资金和教学。注意抓住题干中的关键 词school boards。文章段落中，提到教育委员会的内容在[K]段出现，该段第二句中提到，预算亏空迫使教 育委员会允许企业进入校园，以此换取学校急需的资金、计算机和教学材料。题干对原文内容做了概述， 故答案为[K]。 49. [O]。题干意为，联邦贸易委员会的报告强调了一个事实，即以成人娱乐中各个角色为原型的玩具经常被 推销给年幼的孩子。注意抓住题干中的关键词FTC report和highlighted the fact。文章段落中，提到联邦贸易 委员会(FTC)有[N]和[0]两段，但结合题干中的highlighted the fact可知相关内容在[0]段，该段第三句提 到，联邦贸易委员会的报告还强调了 一个事实，即基于成人娱乐中角色的玩具经常被推销给年幼的孩子， 题干与原文意思一致，故答案为[0]。 50. [M]。题干意为，对于这一代年轻人来说，互联网是他们日常生活的一部分。注意抓住题干中的关键词this generation of young people和Internet。文章段落中，提到这一代年轻人和互联网关系的内容在[M]段，该段 第三句提到，互联网伴随着这一代年轻人长大，互联网是他们日常生活的一部分。由此可知，题干是对原 文内容的同义转述，故答案为[M]。 51. [D]。题干意为，根据《儿童影响力》这本所说，“坚持纠缠”不如更圆滑的“重要性纠缠”有效。注意抓住题 干中的关键词～persistence nagging, effective和importance nagging。文章段落中，提到《儿童影响 力》这本书是在[D]段，该段第二句提到，“坚持纠缠”就是一再地恳求)不如更圆 滑的“重要性纠缠”有效。 由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[D]。 题干中的less effective than与原文中的not as effective as对应。 52. [N]。题干意为，依据美国联邦贸易委员会的一份报告，电影、音乐和 电子游戏业经常向年幼的儿童推销暴 力娱乐。注意抓住题干中的关键词a report released by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission和movie, music and video games industries。文章段落中，提到美国联邦贸易委员会的报告和电影 等行业的内容在[N]段，该段第 二句中提到，美国联邦贸易委员会2000年发表 的一份报告中披露了电影、音乐和电子游戏业是如何习惯性 地向年幼的儿童推 销暴力娱乐的，由此可知，题干对原文内容进行了同义改写，故答案为[N]。 53. [J]。题干意为，口碑营销很适合互联网，因为其互动的环境可以让信 息有效传播。注意抓住题干中的关键 词buzz marketing和well-suited to the Internet。文章段落中，论及口碑营销和互联网关系的内容在[J ]段出 现，该 段提到，口碑营销很适合互联网，网上的年轻“网络推销员”利用聊天室和博客 在毫无戒备心的用户 中传播有关音乐、服饰和其他产品的信息。由此可知，题 干对原文进行了同义转述，故答案为[J]。 54. [F]。题干意为，一个美国心理健康专家小组认为，利用儿童心理专家 来帮助市场营销人员定位儿童需求 是不道德的。注意抓住题干中的关键词U.S. mental health professionals，unethical和psychologists。文章段落 中， 提到美国心理健康专家小组的内容在[F]段出现，该段第一句提到，一个美国心 理健康专家小组发表 了一封给美国心理学会(APA)的公开信，要求他们宣布那种 让儿童心理学家帮助市场营销人员定位儿童 需求的做法是不道德的。题干与原 文相符，故答案为[F]。 55. [L]。题干意为，根据必胜客的读书奖励计划，完成每月阅读目标的孩 子可以获得免费比萨券。注意抓住题 干中的关键词Pizza Hut和monthly reading goal。文章段落中，提到必胜客及免费比萨的内容出现在[L]段， 该段列举的第四点内容中提到，必胜客的读书奖励计划即完成每月阅读目标 的儿童可以获得免费比萨券。 由此可知，题干是对原文内容的同义转述，故答 案为[L]。 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Today both TCM and western medicine are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic approach, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot of attention from the international community. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. National strategies, laws and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry. TCM is defined as a medical science governing the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It includes Chinese medication, herbalogy, acupuncture, massage and Qigong. 难点精析: 1.不可分割的一部分:可译为an integral part。 2.为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贲献:可译为has made great contributions to the prosperity of China，其中“华夏”: 即“中国”或“中华”，可直接译为China; “振兴”此处翻译成了名词形式prosperity,还可译为revitalization;“做出了 巨大的贡献”可译为 has made great contributions。 3.并驾齐驱:此处指两者(中医和西医)都得以应用，可简单地翻译为both are being used。 4.独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料:三个并列的名词短语，可分别译为unique : I diagnostic methods, systematic approach和abundant historical literature and materials; “典籍材料”可理解为历史文献资料，翻译为historical literature and materials。 5.引导并促进这一新兴产业的研究和开发:“引导”译为guide; “促进”可译为promote，还可译为facilitate或further; “新兴产业，，可译为promising industry,还可译为new industry或emerging industry。 6.中医疗法:译为Chinese medication。 (七) Section B 46. [F]。题干意为，雇主们应该意识到留住老龄员工很重要。注意抓住题干中的关键词employers和older workers。文章段落中，谈及雇主和老龄员工关系的内容在[F]段出现，该段第二句提到，我们仍需说服雇 主们继续雇用老龄员工是值得的。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[F]。 47. [K]。题干意为，最近的一项研究发现，在一些欧洲国家，大多数的老年人每周都会联系他们的成年子女。 注意抓住题干中的关键词a recent study, European countries和adult children。文章段落中，有关欧洲国家老人 及其成年子女的研究的内容在[K]段出现，该段第三句提到，在最近的一项关于11个欧洲国家的父母及其 成年子女的研究中，„„他们中的大多数至少每周都会联系一次。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述， 故答案为[K ]。题干中的 adult children对应原文中的 grown-up children，题干中的 had regular weekly contact 对应原文中的 were in touch at least once a week，同时还用 some European countries 替代 了 原文中的 11 European countries。 48. [D]。题干意为，很少有发达国家的政府开展大胆的改革去解决人口老龄化的问题。注意抓住题干中的关 键词governments in rich countries和reforms。文章段落中，谈及发达国家政府和改革的内容在[D]段出现， 该段第二句提到，发达国家的政府已经承认自己很快就会无法负担其退休金，无法兑现医疗保障承诺，许 多国家也已开始着手改革，但迄今为止都是畏首畏尾的改革。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答 案为[D]。 49. [A]。题干意为，大概20年前发表的一份报告中指出，大多数国家的养老金系统的可持续性受到质疑。注 意抓住题干中的关键词20 years ago, a report和old age pension。文章段落中，谈及质疑养老金报告的内容在 文章第一段出现，该段最后两句中提到，到1994年，„„它在一份题为“避免老龄 化危机”的报告中指出， 大多数国家的养老金计划无法维持下去。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[A]。此处需要注 意的是题干提到了20 years ago，数字是浏览信息时需要注意的重要信息，此处为时间概念，快速浏览涉及 时间的段落，可较快地做出解答。 50. [M]。题干意为，缺少年轻人的国家比较不愿意将年轻人送往战场。注意抓住题干中的关键词a shortage of young adults和war。文章段落中，谈及缺少年轻人的内容在[M]段出现，该段首句提到，缺少年轻人可能会 使国家不愿意将仅有的年轻人送去服兵役。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[M]。题干中 的less willing和原文中reluctant相对应。 51. [I]。题干意为，由于城市生活的压力和平衡家庭与工作的困难，独生子女家庭在老龄化社会中变得更为 普遍。注意抓住题干中的关键词one-child families, urban life和family and career。文章段落中，谈及独生子女 家庭、城市生活以及家庭和工作的内容在[I]段出现，该段最后三句提到，发达国家的现代都市生活并不 适合大家庭。女性发现她们很难平衡家庭和工作的关系。她们往往采用折中的方法，即只生一个孩子。由 此可知，题干是对原文内容的概括，属于同义转述的范畴，故答案为[I]。 52. [B]。题干意为，主要由美国人撰写的一系列图书对老一辈和年轻一代将发生冲突提出了警告。注意抓住 题干中的关键词a series of books, mostly authored by Americans和warned。文章段落中，谈及美国人的著作 的内容在[B]段出现，该段第一句提到，主要由美国人撰写的一系列图书给全世界敲响了警钟。文章之后 接着说明了这些著作所阐述的问题:在退休金问题上新老两代人的冲突。由此可见，题干对原文做了同义 改写，故答案为[B]。题干中的warned和原文中的sounded the alarm对应。 53. [J]。题干意为，与年轻的社会相比，老龄化社会倾向于缺乏创新精神，较少去冒险。注意抓住题干中的关 键词compared, innovative和risks。文章段落中，对两代人在创新精神和冒险方面做对比的内容在[J]段出 现，该段第三句提到，与年轻的社会相比，老龄化社会可能会缺乏创新精神，也不愿意冒险。由此可知，答 案为[J]。题干中的take fewer risks对应原文中的disinclined to take risks。 54. [E]。题干意为，解决养老金危机的最好方法是推迟退休年龄。注意抓住题干中的关键词solution, pension crisis和retirement age。文章段落中，谈及解决养老金危机方法的内容在[E]段出现，该段第三句提到，到目 前为止，抑制养老金支出最有效的方法是延长人们的工作年限„„，由此可知，题干是对原文的同义改 写，即“延长工作年限”改写为“推迟退休年龄”，故答案为[E]。题干中的the best solution对应原文中的the most effective method。 55. [H]。题干意为，在一些发达国家，把移民当做改善劳动力短缺状况的一种手段可能会遭遇抵制。注意抓住 题干中的关键词immigration, shrinking labour force和resistance。文章段落中，谈及移民和劳动力短缺的有 [G]段和[H]段，但谈到抵制移民问题的仅有[H]段，该段最后两句提出，民意调查显示，多数富裕国家的 人认为移民的数量已经够多了，进一步的增长在政治上是行不通的。由此可知，题干是对原文的进一步推 断，故答案为[H]。此处需要注意，因原文段落之间具有连续性，对同一话题的阐述可能涉及两个或多个段 落，所以在做题时一定要把题干的信息看全，排除干扰段落，从而确定最终答案。 Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday. In China, it is also known as the Spring Festival. New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Year’s Eve, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month. Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place. However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck. And doors will be decorated with red couplets with themes of health, wealth and good luck. Other activities include lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends. 难点精析 1.庆祝活动:译为celebrations即可，考生要注意，不要看到“庆祝活动” 就想在celebration的后面加上: • activities。 2. 有很大差异:译为„vary widely,此句还可以翻译为„are rather different。 3.驱厄运、迎好运:译为sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck，此处的“驱”如果考生无法译出: : sweep away，也可以用简单的get rid of来表达。 4.大扫除:译为thoroughly clean the house。 5.放鞭炮、发红包:译为 lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes。放鞭炮还可以用 set off ' I firecrackers或 fire firecrackers 来表达。