科技英语综合教程练习答案

科技英语综合教程练习答案 Keys: 第一章 科技英语阅读 第一节科技英语主要特点 I. 1. The first three sentences in Passage One are all constructed with passive voice while the first three sentences in Passage Two are constructed with active voice. Therefore, the language in Passage One sounds more formal and objective than that of Passage Two. 2. The words spoken by Sheila in Passage Two are informal. Examples: "There's Ravi at the home of that American doctor." (Contracted form); "A wonderful guy." (Incomplete sentence); "Ravi looks sweet, doesn 't he?" (Question tag). 3. In the second paragraph of Passage One, "it" refers to "to use insecticide regularly, on a very large scale." 4. In the second paragraph of Passage Two, "through" means "finish" or "complete." 5. Passage One is written for academic purpose and Passage Two mainly for entertainment. II. Passage One A blast of hot air is sent into the bottom of the furnace to make the coke burn fiercely. It is blown into the furnace through pipes. These pipes are instal aroundled the circumferenc of the eblast furnace eight feet above the bottom. While the coke is burning and iron is meltin, gas is formedg at the top of the chamber. This is led off from the top of the furnace to be used. It contains carbon monoxide, which is combus. tiblePart of this gas is used for making the air blast hot. It is led off into stoves. Passage Two All elements are composed of discre units calledte atoms, which are the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of the element. Atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and electrically neutral neutrons. Protons and neutrons, which have approximatel the same mass, are clusteyred in the nucleus in the center of the atom. Electrons, which are tiny in comparison to the other units, orbit the nucleus at high speed. Atoms that have an equal number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. Those that have gained or lost electrons, and therefore are positively or negatively charged, are called ions. 第二节 科技、半科技英语专业术语 I. 1. D (自动驾驶仪) 2. F (生物钟) 3. I (热核的) 4. G (地热的) 5. B (微波) 6. J (放射疗法) 7. E (光周期) 8. A (超导体) 9. H (远距离操纵器) 10. C (超显微/滤过性病毒) II. 1. 一位从事航空医学研究的医生 2. 防止计算机犯罪的措施 3. 一种新型除霜器 4. 一个用光电池驱动的玩具 5. 一辆装有自动报警器的汽车 6. 隔音材料 7. 一种广泛使用的杀虫剂(农药) 8. 用放射性碳做的试验 9. 电信业的发展 10. 一台通用机床 III. 1. in-(Inorganic) 2. radio- (radioactive) 3. hydro- (Hydrotherapy) 4. -free (caffeine-free) 5. infra- (infrared) / ultra- (ultrared) 6. mono- (monorail) 7. aero- (Aerodynamics) 8. -fold (33-fold) 9. geo- (geocentric) 10. -proof (weatherproof) 11. bio- (biotechnology) 12. anti- (antibiotic) IV. 发电站 2. 矿物燃料 3. 太阳黑子 4. 航天探测器 5. 滚珠轴承 6. 涡轮 7. 航天飞机 8. 树木的年轮 9. 离心调速器 10. 心肌功能 V. 1. flow 2. laws 3. law 4. conserved 5. transferred 6. transformed 7. bond 8. thermodynamics graded 12. work 9. work 10. law 11. de13. law 14. state 15. disorder 16. energy 17. law 18. biological 19. metabolically 20. cell VI. 1. 很明显，许多家用电器的加热和照明作用都依靠电阻。 2. 气体如果不封闭在刚性的容器内就会膨胀，受热的气球便可说明这一现象。 3. 在化学变化中，粒子结构发生变化，生成新的物质。 4. 19世纪，电力设备以及由此兴起的工业得到迅速发展，而当时人们对电的性质还不完 全了解。 5. 应注意保证脉冲信号本身不出现不规则现象和中断现象。 6. 可以有把握地说，除了琥珀之外，许多其他物质通过摩擦也能带电。 第三节 科技英语中的复合词与专有名词 1. H (耐热的，抗热的，不传热的) 2. E (带宽) 3. J (流线型的) 4. B (基岩) 5. G (耗电量大的) 6. A (太空行走) 7. I (用水制冷的) 8. D (液态的) 9. F (用防火材料保护的，阻燃的) 10. C (网络) II. 1. stress shock, stress-related diseases 2. solid-state semiconductor devices 3. energy-efficient appliances 4. topsoil 5. steam engine 6. soil organisms 7. windborne dust 8. the chain reaction 9. Fuelwood shortages 10. heat- and scratch-resistant surfaces III. 1. nylon 2. volt 3. pasteurization 4. Morse code 5. Bunsen burner 6. mackintosh 7. Doppler effect 8. Xerox 9. newton 10. ampere 第四节 科技英语中的复数形式与缩略语 I. 1. bacteria 2. spectra / spectrums 3. radius 4. Fungi 5. nucleus 6. formula 7. phenomenon 8. Algae/Algas9. larvae /larvas 10. stratum II. 1. F (computer disc read-only memory) . J (ear, nose, and throat) 2 3. A (ribonucleic acid) 4. H (unidentified flying object) 5. C (microwave landing system) 6. B (video-display terminal) 7. I (personal computer) 8. E (ultraviolet) 9. G (computer-aided manufacturing) 10. D (artificial intelligence) III. 1. 上述定理和定律不但对直流电路而言是正确的，对交流电路而言也同样是正确的。 2. 美国通常的家用电压是110-220伏，因为人们发现更高的电压会造成致命的事故。 3. 4500型平版印刷机(人们给该机器取的名字)能过生产1英寸厚的18英寸彩色液晶显示 屏。 4. 该发生器每小时产生蒸汽20万磅。 5. 电离层的结构是变化的，这就意味着，高频无线电通信的频率极限也是变化的。 第五节 科技英语的主要句型 I. 1. The first program would require a minimum of 108 weeks, while the second 72 weeks. 2. Heated to 100?C, water will start boiling. 3. The nutrient solution will support growth even if highly dilute. 4. Two or three hundred of these wires, each about 0.19 inches in diameter, are clamped together to form a single strand. 5. The three groups of tranquilizers are marketed in the United States, but not commonly used in Britain. II. 1. Common salt is soluble in water. 2. Benzene has a boiling point of 80.4?C under normal pressure. 3. This plastics material has greater rigidity. 4. The beam has an I-shaped cross-section. 5. This specimen has a length of 3-26 cm. 6. The storage vessel has a capacity of 10,000 liters. 7. A brief description is given of the use and development trends of telecommunication. 8. Some scientists have suggested an immediate ban on the use of fluorocarbons. III. 1. In planning a road, extensive preliminary surveys must be carried out to determine the precise line of the road. 2. In such cases, precautions have to be taken to avoid damage to the mechanism. 3. First, the tents must be spaced at 25-foot intervals to prevent flame spread. 4. The solution is weakened by the addition of more water. . Electricity can be transmitted by means of wires. 5 6. The microscope enables small objects to be observed. 7. These methods of joining metal are normally adopted for strong permanent joints. 8. The existence of the biological clock was first recognized in the early 18th century. 9. The way this danger has been assessed and the action taken reflects a growing awareness of the problem. 10. After the soil has been excavated to the appropriate depth and filled, it is compacted by a roller until it is firm. 第六节科技英语篇章阅读方法 Subject: 篇章阅读答案 Keys: III Text Organization part I : a multibillion-dollar craft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) part II: David Gump and Gary Hudson; an entrepreneur with fresh ideas part III: innovative technology part IV: viability of a new method for air-launching spacec raft part V: win money from NASA and private invest ors IV Multiple Choice 1-5 CBADC 6-10 CDCAA 第二章 科技英语翻译 I 词的翻译 1 根据词的搭配选择词义 Solid:h), b), g), d), i), f), j), a), c), k), m), l), e) 2 根据专业确定词义 System: (1) human ocular system 视觉系统 (医学) (2) rocket system 多级火箭(航天) (3) pilling system 打桩工程(土木工程) (4) wiring system 电路图(电路) (5) transmission system 发送站 (无线电) (6) trunk system 长途电话网 (邮电) (7) stress system 应力状态 (力学) (8) phone-vision system 电视电话 (通讯) (9) system of government 政体(政治) (10) strip system 带伐作业( 林业) (11) optical system 光具组 (光学) (12) parallel system 平行式布置(设计) 3 根据词类或语境确定词义 (1) round 锭子同时绕两个垂直的轴旋转。 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。 (2) condition 数学操作或逻辑操作必须符合某种条件。 交互编程环境现在能用于一些商用编程语言。 (3) find 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 (4) work 推拉物体不见得就会做功。 这些手表的零件都是国内制造的，性能良好。 II 句子的翻译 1. 假说是科学家从观察中得出的一种特定的论断。 2. 大部分钱是靠出售他培育出的一种马铃薯新品种的秘诀而挣得的。 3. 如果开关接通，电流就流过线路。 4. 由于分子运动而引起的力能使分子分离。 5. 很显然，数控是指机床采用数字来操纵。 6. 电流的变化与电动势成正比，与电阻成反比。 7. 无线电波与光波相似，只不过无线电波的波长要长一些。 8. 自动化机器虽然有很多优点，但他们只能做人们吩咐它们要做的事情。 9. 这些新技术的采用为我们提供了可靠性高、性能良好、成本低廉、耗电量小等优点。 10. 即便在同一施工场地，由于地基的性质有很大差异，土地的承载力也不相同。 11. 不是每次碰撞都能发生化学反应，因为许多分子不具有反应所需要的能量。 12. 绝缘体接上电源后，电不会像通过导体那样通过绝缘体。 III 长句的翻译 1 正是由于集成电路的研制成功，才有可能把电子器件做得越来越小。 2 在发达国家的工厂和车间里，用机器人来充当助手越来越普及，它是经设计并制造出 来的机器手，可以独立从事各种工业活动。 3 试图利用计算机来复制人脑活动方式的数学家们发现，即使运用最先进的电子设备， 他们也要建造一台重1万公斤的计算机才行。 4 结果表明，在相当长的时间内，全球平均气温都是相当稳定的，可极小的温度变化却 意味着环境的巨大改变。 5 但是，最近发表在科学杂志的一对研究报告并没有验证生物燃料的这种作用。并且， 事实上，相对于要被取而代之的化石燃料来说，生物燃料对气候产生的危害是有过之 而无不及。 6 尽管备受关注的是研发金属，陶瓷，聚合物与复合材料材质的改善， 但有能力生产， 制造可以满足特定需求的材料现在也在渐渐变成现实。 7 信息高速公路是一种电子通讯网络，这一网络把所有的人互相联系起来，并可提供任 意一种人们想得到的电子通讯方式。 8 如果把管子装成这个样子，使最热的水上升，而最冷的水流下来后返回锅炉里去，那 么，锅炉中的热水系统不用水泵就能循环，道理就在于此。 9 多种因素促使人们更加关注(垃圾的处理)/这种兴趣的产生有很多因素，包括对垃圾越 来越多，垃圾填埋场地越来越少，焚烧垃圾造成的空气污染越来越严重的担心;及对环 境保护的必要性已形成的共识等。 10 无论是用作轿车和公汽的能源，还是发电作其他的什么用途，燃料电池都是无需燃烧 就可将氢转化成电能。 11. 每个化学元素在周期表中都有一定的原子数和位置，可以据此来推测其特性:如何同 别的元素相互作用，能形成什么样的化合物，以及它的物理属性。 12. 固体加热到足够温度时，它所含的电子就会有一部分离开固体表面而飞到周围的空间 中去;这种现象称为热电子放射;通常，电子管就利用这种现象产生自由电子。 第三章 科技英语写作 第一节 Our latest attempt at molding performance protectors has led to some positive results. We spent several hours in Dept.15 trying different machine settings and techniques. Several good parts were molded using two different sheet thicknesses. Here is a summary of the findings. First, we tried the thick sheet material. At 240?F, this thickness worked well. Next, we tried the thinner sheet material. The thinner material is less forgiving, but after a few adjustments we were making good parts. Still, the thin material caused the most handling problems. 第二节 1(引言部分 1.Actions of Antibiotics,(不够具体) Performances of Moderators in Reactors，(不够具体) A Comprehensive Survey on the Etiological Factors of Stomach Cancer in China，(删除a comprehensive survey) Studies on the Fluctuation of Noise and Regression Analysis(删除studies on the) A Comparison of Radio Waves with Water Waves，(不够具体) 2. Application of Statistical Methods to Diagnose Causes of Poor Air-Quality Model Performance (统计方法在诊断空气质量模型性质差的原因方面的应用) Investigation on Heat-Electricity Cogeneration with Nuclear Heating Reactors (核供热反应堆热电联产实验研究) Light Radiation from Pulsed Discharges in Water (水中高压脉冲发电的光辐射研究) 2( 摘要部分 一、 1(The current calibration methods of the projectile-velocity measurement system are introduced, and the problem and the unreasonableness of these methods are analyzed. Based on the principle of the mathematical statistics, the calibration method is investigated that measures the projectile-velocity at the same time by the multi-group zone-block device is unbiased, uniform and efficient and uses the average of the measured value as the true value of the projectile-velocity at the point. The method advantages are analyzed too. The calibration system of the projectile-velocity measurement system based on the laser screen targets is established. The experiment and the data process prove that the method is not only feasible, but also provides an effective calibration method for quantificationally giving the uncertainty of measuring the projectile-velocity quantitatively. 2. A novel water soluble fluorescent monomer, 4-(N’-methyl-1-piperazinyl) –N-methyl-1, 8-naphthalimide allyl chloride quaternary ammonium salt (FM) is synthesized from 4-bromo-1, 8-naphthalic anhydride and methylamine. Its structure is characterized by IR, H NMR and MS. The acrylic acid / hydroxypropyl acryate copolymer containing fluorescent group (FM-AA-HPA) is prepared by copolymerization of FM, acrylic acid (AA) and hydroxypropyl acryate (HPA). The effects of FM-AA-HPA on fluorescence and scale inhibition are researched. The results show that the wavelength of the excited and the emitted spectrum of FM-AA-HPA are 399 nm and 531 nm respectively, and the shapes are symmetric as mirror images. The relationship of fluorescent intensity and concentration of FM-AA-HPA is linear. The correlation coefficient (R) is 0.997 8 and the limit of detection is 0.95 mg.L-1. By the static method, the scale inhibition ratio of Ca3 (PO4)2 is 85.4% when the copolymer concentration is 20 mg.L-1; the scale inhibition ratio of CaCO3 is 70.9% when the copolymer concentration is 15 mg.L-1; the scale inhibition ratio of CaSO4 is 86.5% when the copolymer concentration is 15 mg.L-1; the ability of stabing Zn2+ ion is good. The results from SEM show that the copolymer has high performance of scale inhibition on lattice distortion of CaCO3. [2010, 34(1):151-156] 3. According to the electromagnetic propagation rule and the calculation methods of equivalent surface impedance, a new microwave absorber based on resonant high-impedance surface is proposed and designed. The theoretic analysis in the frequency range of 2.95 to 4.15 GHz. But in this frequency range, it is a perfect absorber while the resonant surface is loaded with an ultra-thin electric loss-sheet with impedance matching to the free space. The bandwidth with the reflection coefficient of -10 dB or less is about 700 MHz, and the maximum absorption peak is at 3.55 GHz. The simulated results agree well with the analysis results. The design of the absorber is not only simple in structure, but also has characteristics of ultra-thin (1.5 mm thickness), ultra-light and wider bandwidth. 4. Since Wiener proposed the Cyvernetics, feedback has always been the most fundamental concept and methodology for control theory and engineering. This paper summarizes the development of the existing feedback control and the emergency interconnections control. It is pointed that the mechanism of the closed-loop feedback can be regarded to be a design to realize the desired performance by changing the interconnections of the systems via feedback gains. However, in many practical systems, especially, in large-scale systems, some of the interconnections may be regulated directly. Usually, the interconnections can be divided into two parts: fixed part and regulatable part. The regualtable part can be assigned directly in an open-loop way while the closed-loop feedback control is implemented in a coordinate way. A novel control way is thus proposed: it is consists of an open-loop interconnections assigning and a classical closed-loop feedback control. The analysis shows that this technique not only describes a large class of emergency control strategy but also extends the limitation of feedback control. With this strategy, almost all existing closed-loop feedback control theories and their corresponding methodology can be extended to a new sphere. 5. In order to improve GPS signal’s acquisition, tracking performance in high dynamic environment. Through the sequential logic, loop parameters, and high dynamic changes under the Doppler frequency shift analysis, using wide bandwidth and high-order tracking loop, a loop to carrier acquisition, tracking is designed based on DSP + FPGA. By signal’s Fourier transform, FPGA is used to complete fast carrier first capture and second precise acquisition, while DSP is used to realize an automatic adjusted second-order FLL-assisted third-order Costas-PLL which makes the loop have the anti-high dynamic performance and still have a high tracking accuracy. Simulation results show that: the design can achieve GPS carrier’s fast acquisition and accurate tracking in high dynamic environment. [2010, 34(1): 75-79] 6. By the measures of the theory of complex functions, the dynamic propagation problems concer ning mode III asymmetrical interface crack under the action of moving variable loads are studie d. The universal expressions of analytical solutions are readily attained by the technique of self-similar functions and corresponding differential and integral operation. The problem discus sed here can be easily translated into Riemann-Hibert problem by this approach, and the analyt ical solutions of the stress, displacement and dynamic stress intensity factor under the crack surfaces subjected to moving variable loads are respectively attained. Their closed solutions are obtained by means of Muskhelishvili’s method. The solutions of the discretionally complex problems can be gained by those solutions and superposition theorem. 7. In order to study the distribution of the electron densities in the laser-induced-plasma (LIP), the image-processing methods are utilized to pre-process the interference fringes of laser-induce d-plasma. The interograms of the LIP is obtained by Mach-Zehnder interferometer in experiment. The interference fringes of the LIP is pretreated by filtering and sharpening. In order to get the thinning-image of the interference fringes of the LIP, binary and thinning are used to treat the denoised interferograms of the LIP. The inverse Abel transform is operated on the shift of the thinned interference fringes, and the radial distribution of electron density of the LIP is obtain ed. 二、 1. a. Aimed at the system consisting of square plansifter and flexible suspender attached to square plansifter，the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic modeling and the finite element simulation are employed to study it. The nonlinear dynamic equation of square plansifter is established based on the Lagrange equation, and the kinematic circle law is derived from stabilization condition. By using MSC.Patran/Nastran, the finite element model of square plansifter is created and the transient response analysis is applied. The theoretic model and the results of finite element simulation are verified by experimental date. The dynamic model and finite element simulation method presented in this paper possess an important reference value and guidance to intensity checkout and structure optimization of square plansifter. b. In order to obtain the accurate and efficient simulation algorithm for describing the rotation of the fuze ball rotor, two kinds of the fuze ball rotor are numerically simulated with the mathematical model of quaternion as examples. Runge-Kutta method and Gear method are adopted.The results show that comparing with the nonlinear mathematical model of Euler angles ,the model of quaternion of fuze ball rotor is able to avoid the singularity when the nutation angle approaches 0?or 180?.The arithmetical solution can be obtained by Runge-Kutta method instead of using the Gear method which is complicated and more time-consumed for calculation. 2. a. 4-Bromo-1,8-Naphthalic anhydride and methylamine. Its structure was characterized by IR, 1H NMR and MS. The acrylic acid / hydroxypropyl acryate copolymer containing fluorescent group (FM-AA-HPA) was prepared by copolymerization of FM, acrylic acid (AA) and hydroxypropyl acryate (HPA). The effects of FM-AA-HPA on fluorescence and scale inhibition were researched. The results showed that the wavelength of the excited and the emitted spectrum of FM-AA-HPA were 399nm and 531nm,respectively,and the shapes were symmetric as mirror images. The relationship of fluorescent intensity and concentration of FM-AA-HPA was linear, and the correlation coefficient (R) was 0.9978，the limit of detection was 0.95mg?L-1. By static method, the scale inhibition ratio of Ca3(PO4)2 was 85.4% when the copolymer concentration was 20 mg?L-1; scale inhibition ratio of CaCO3 was 70.9% when the copolymer concentration was 15 mg?L-1; scale inhibition ratio of CaSO4 was 86.5% when the copolymer concentration was 15 mg?L-1;the ability of stabing Zn2+ ion was good. The results by SEM showed that the copolymer had high performance of scale inhibition on lattice distortion of CaCO3. b. In order to obtain the thermodynamic data of the synthesis of ethyl carbonate (EMC) from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC), the standard molar enthalpies of formation, Gibbs free energy and molar heart capacity under constant pressure are calculated by the method of Benson group contributions. The enthalpy change, free energy change, equilibrium constant and equilibrium conversion rate of the reaction are calculated and discussed according to the principles of chemical thermodynamics under 300 -1000 K. The results show that the free energy change in the synthesis of EMC by transesterification of DMC with DEC is negative and the reaction is thermodynamically feasible. The free energy change decreases with the increase with the increase in the temperature, and higher temperature is in favor of the reaction. The equilibrium constant of the reaction is only 33.20 even at 1000 K and the spontaneous degree of the reaction is low. 3. a. In this paper, the accumulative error analysis of the incremental localization approach (ILA) is conducted by Monte Carlo simulation and the effects of the errors on localization accuracy are revealed. Then an improved ILA is proposed to reduce the accumulative errors. The basic idea behind the proposed algorithm is to reduce the error propagation by using the constraints on the distances between the unknown nodes and the best accurate nodes in previous known nodes. The simulation results show that the improved ILA can significantly reduce the accumulative errors of the ILA, and thus enhance the localization accuracy. b. In the measurement of the period of torsion pendulum using the photoelectricity timing method, it is demonstrated that only the first sampling interval is the most similar to the real period of torsion pendulum whether caught in rising edges or in falling edges of amplitude, as long as position error exists. However, measurement error can’t be reduced through multi-average. A method of real-time computing damping ratio using the ratio of adjacent area of period is presented, and the feasibility of this method is demonstrated by theoretical analysis. The experimental results show that the standard deviation of moment of inertia with the method introduced in this paper decreases an order of magnitude than that with photoelectricity timing method. 4( a. There are many discrete-time problems in engineering community, but the existing theory only give us the method in continuous-time systems. Considering the one-unit discrete time repairable systems, this paper proposes a state transition model based on failure rate and repair rate. Then the reliability performances such as reliability, availability of the system and the mean failure times are obtained. A textbook example is given to illustrate the proposed model. b. There are many discrete-time problems in Engineering community, but the existing theory only give us the method in continuous-time systems. Considering the one-unit discrete time repairable systems, this paper proposes a state transition model based on failure rate and repair rate. Then the reliability performances such as reliability, availability of the system and the mean failure times are obtained. Several textbook examples are given to illustrate the proposed model. 5. a(To consider the effect of the earth on the calculation of ultra range trajectory more accurately, an elliptic earth trajectory model adopting accurate normal gravity is established. The calculation method for the rocket impact point and flight height is discussed. An accurate normal gravity calculation method is deducted and an elliptic earth trajectory model is obtained. The error of range calculation by adopting a plain earth model is calculated and analyzed. The result shows that, in terms of the long range trajectory, the range calculation error by the ellipsoid earth surface trajectory model is smaller than that by the plain earth surface trajectory model. b. In order to break through the restriction of tunnel length on the application of tailrace tunnel ventilation technology and extend the technology application scope, a series air-handling system of spraying the tailrace tunnel ventilation with low-temperature water is presented. The mathematical models of the counter and concurrent flow spray systems are established and the analytical solutions are derived. The influences of ventilation rate, spray coefficient, water jet pressure and the location of spray device on the operation performances of the series air-handling system are analyzed. The results indicate that it is useful to improve the heat and moisture treatment of the series air-handling system by using the priority air-handling mode of tailrace tunnel ventilation and increasing the spray coefficient, and the ventilation rate and water het pressure have the less influence on the operating performance of the series air-handling system. 6. a. The transient received-force response and the penetration depth of the Kevlar composites impregnated with shear thickening fluid (STF) are studied by a self-made drop-hammer tester. The energy-absorbing mechanism of the STF-Kevlar composites during penetration is analyzed. The experimental results show that the peak value of the stab resistance and penetration force of the impregnated Kevlar fabrics rises to about 400 N and the first level stress response time decreases to 3.5 ms while the penetration depth reduces less. The composites impregnated with middle concentration dispersion prepared with 120 nm SiO2 nano particles show the good stab resistance increases to 2.7 times of pure Kevlar fabrics, and their penetration depth reduces by ten percent. b. The polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based fibers are carbonized at temperature of 600-900?. Chemical composition and microstructure of the fibers are characterized using elemental analyzer, wide-angle X-ray diffractometer and laser Raman spectrometer. Mechanical and electrical properties of the fibers are examined. The results indicate that with the increase of the carbonization temperature, the mass fraction of carbon increases; nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen are partially removed from the fibers; linear density and elongation at break of the fibers decrease, volume density and tensile strength of the fibers increase; electrical resistivity of the fibers decreases drastically due to the increasing volume fraction of turbostratic graphite structure formed in carbonization process; low-temperature carbonization fiber/resin composite coatings with admirable antistatic property can be prepared. 7. a. In order to prove the existence of weak solution for the complex Monge-Ampère equation in the pseudoconvex domain, the sub-solution is constructed by the properties of the domain. According to the theorem that the sub-solution can imply the solution, the existence of weak solution in some special pseudoconvex domain is obtained. The results show that the sub-solution is based on the properties of the domain. b. The temperature fields and thermal stress fields of the integrate circuit boards with single ship and multiple ships are simulated using formula for thermic insulants and composite materials by 3D FEM (finite element method). The numerical results indicate that there are great tangential thermal stresses between ships and integration circuit boards, which may do peeled damage to the boards. Different layouts of chips on board are also investigated, which makes an impact on temperature fields and thermal stress fields. Both maximum values of temperature and stresses can be decreased effectively when the chips are distributed reasonably. 3( 正文部分 1.上面两例讨论的主题都是疾病对人的寿命的影响。在第一例中可以清楚地看出所讨论的内容只不过是对主题句的重复，而且在主题句中对主要部分也就是主题部分应该有个限制。 从第二句到段落结束给人的感觉是几乎每个句子都可以拉出来单独作为一段文字的主题句， 所以说第一例内容缺乏一致性，而且文字中间没有任何联系，也缺乏连贯性。在第二例中， 作者在主题句中就明确地限定了该段文字扩展的方向，然后在扩展句中对为什么人的寿命得以延长进行了详尽的论述，所扩展的范围包括饮水、牛奶、食品、工程技术、公共卫生，等等。在段落的最后一句实际是对全文一个概括性总结，整个段落所描述的内容完整地解答了主题句中提出的扩展内容要求。 第四章 机械类英语阅读文选 Text 1 I. 1-7: F T F T T F F II. 1. That branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time and forces is called mechanics. 2. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor. 3. Dynamics deals with systems which change with time. 4. Geometry and mechanics. By the separation of Geometry from Mechanics, the determination of the motion from dynamical principles will be made much easier than if the two parts were undertaken conjointly. These two aspects of dynamics were later recognized as Kinematics and kinetics, and deal with motion and the forces producing it, respectively. 5. Kinematics is the study of motion. More particularly, kinematics is the study of position, displacement, rotation, speed, velocity, and acceleration. The study, say, of planetary or orbital motion is also a problem in kinematics. 6. Euler based his separation of dynamics into kinematics and kinetics on the assumption that they should deal with rigid bodies. It is this very important assumption that allows the two to be treated separately. 7. Although all real machine parts are flexible to some degree, machines are usually designed from relatively rigid materials, keeping part deflections to a minimum. Therefore, it is common practice to assume that deflections are negligible and parts are rigid. III. a. derive = d. obtain b. rotate = a. turn c. deflect = j. bend, turn from a straight course or fixed direction d. exert = b. use e. perceptible = c. noticeable f. magnitude = i. greatness of size g. neglect = f. pay no attention h. in equilibrium = g. balanced i. stationary = h. not moving j. velocity = e. speed IV. convert motion familiar various Furthermore suitable combine technique Text 2 I. 1. In dimensioning a drawing, nominal size is the numbers placed in the dimension lines that represent dimensions that are only approximate and do not represent any degrees of accuracy unless so stated by the designer. 2. In engineering practice, a permissible deviation from the nominal size is termed as tolerance. 3. If the dimension of the shaft is lower than the dimension of the hole, then there will be clearance. Such a fit is termed clearance fit. 4. If the dimension of the shaft is more than that of the hole, then it is termed interference fit. 5. Dimensions given close tolerances means that the part must fit properly with some other parts. 6. Allowance is the minimum clearance space intended between mating parts and represents the condition of the tightest permissible fit. 7. Unilateral tolerance means that any variation is made in only one direction from the nominal or basic dimension. 8. The tolerance would be bilateral if it varies both over and under the nominal dimension. II. measurement straight volumes irregular foundation necessary instruments accuracy III. quantity symbol Abbreviation Unit Length l meter m kilogram Mass m kg second Time t sec Energy e joule J Newton Force F N Power P Watt W Charge coulomb Q C Curren tampere I or i A Voltage V or v volt V Resistance Ω R ohm Capacitance C farad F Inductance L henry H Temperature Kelvin T K IV. 1. 紧公差的尺寸表示该零件必须与其他零件恰当配合。两者所示公差必须要与设计允差、制造工艺的能力以及获取最大利润的最小生产与转配成本一致。 2. 容差有时与公差相混淆，两者的意义是完全不同的。容差是在两配合零件间允许的最小间隙，表示配合允许的最紧的状态。 3. 单向公差允许容差与配合类型不变化的情况下改变公差。而对双向公差来说，如果不改变两个配合零件中的一个或两个的公称尺寸，改变公差是不可能的。 Passage Three I. 1. Standard machine tools are usually grouped in six basic classes: lathes, drilling machines, shapers, planers, milling machines, and grinding machines. 2. Grinding. Grinding is one of the most accurate of all the basic machining methods. A grinder differs from other machines in that it uses a tool made of emery, carborumdum, or similar materials. The wheel, made up of many tiny cutting points, cuts with the entire surface area that comes in contact with the material being ground. Grinders cut with a grinding action, removing material in the form of tiny particles. II. 车床 lathe/turning machine 钻床 driller/drilling machine 镗床 borer/boring machine 磨床 grinder/grinding machine 齿轮加工机床 gear cutting machine 螺纹加工机床 threading machine 铣床 miller/milling machine 刨插床 planer/shaper 拉床 broacher/broaching machine 电加工机床 electric machine 切割机床 cutting machine III. size blueprints removing figures indicate modification belongs stands improved IV. 1. 每一种机床都根据这样的原理来工作:对刀具或者工件施以运动并使两者相接触。然而，每种机床在所采用的运动方式或所应用的方法上，又各不相同。 2. 旋转的刀具垂直于工件的表面进行连续的切削。多刃刀具旋转与直线进给两种运动合成后，就可以在工件上加工出满足要求的孔。 3. 砂轮的表面是由许多极小的微刃(砂粒)组成，操作者通过移动工件与砂轮表面接触。 Text 4 I. T T F F T T F F F T II. 数控，数字控制 numerical control 计算机辅助工程 computer-aided engineering 管理信息系统 management information systems 图形终端 graphic terminal 数据库 data base 交互式图形学 interactive graphics 动画制作 animation 转动惯量 moment of inertia 有限元 finite element 实体模型，实物的原尺寸模型 mock-up 工艺图，布线图 artwork 机器人学 robotics 几何模型 geometric model 穿孔卡片 punched card 电路卡 circuit card III. concerned perform separate Ultimately defined consist systems interface IV. 1. 和普通使用的数字数据连接起来，并随着电子技术的不断发展而充实起来，数字控制和数字计算机的发展成熟允许两者综合起来，就可以将我们带到向往已久的自动化工厂的门口。 2. 在CAD/CAM中，要求解决的是三维机械设计和制造问题。通过键盘和光笔或其他类似铅笔的装置和计算机交互作用，设计人员在显示屏幕上规定点和线，就可以很快构成屏幕显示的图或模型，这是计算机数据库中所存储的图像的真实再现。 3. 用完成的模型确定了部件的几何形状后，设计人员可以让计算机计算物理性能，如重量、体积、表面积、转动惯量和重心。有限元方法可用于确定应力、挠度和其他结构特性。在这类分析之后，显示屏就会显示彩色编码的应力图、部件承受给定载荷时的挠度形状或者显示动画方式的模型以展示结构如何在工作中振动和变形。 第四章 化学类英语阅读文选 第四章 电光、自动化类英语阅读文选 Text 1 I. 将下列短语译为英文。 (1) data acquisition and supervisory control (2) fast switching thyristor (FST) (3) current to voltage convertor (I/V) (4) automation of electric power systems (5) safety control switch (6) Silicon rectifier (7) feeder automation (FA) (8) Intelligent Power Module(IPM) (9) power system harmonics (10) voltage transformer II. 将下列短语翻译为中文。 (1) 电路测试技术 (2) 电源控制系统 (3) 电流互感器 (4) 配电管理系统 (5) 可控硅开关 (6) 压敏电阻器 (7) 压控振荡器 (8) 硅对称开关 (9) 正序阻抗 (10) 电力电子电路 III. 将下列句子翻译成英文。 (1) Electricity is the major energy used in industry. (2) Heating the semi-conductor, its conductivity can be increased. (3) The radar signal transmitted to the moon would be sent back because the moon is solid. (4) Without electric pressure in a semiconductor, the electron flow would not take place in it. (5) The current may be calculated if we know the voltage and the resistance. IV. 将下列句子翻译为中文。 (1) 构成电力系统的发电机、电线以及其它设备，其布置取决于该地区负载增长的方式， 并且时常还会重新布置。 (2) 要达到达个目的，我们可在断路器B和D上装设方向继电器，该方向继电器的连接应保 证，只有当通过它们的电流方向为离开负载母线时才起动。 (3) 存在于绝缘材料体内任何一个小的孔洞，都将导致该处所含气体的电离化，其产物不 利于绝缘。 (4) 由于风固有的间歇性，此类系统必须含有能源存储装置，比如电池，或者其供电负荷 能耐受不可预知的能源中断。 (5) 有必要在大型太阳辐射收集板上安装半导体，以拦截最大量的太阳能。 Text 2 I. 将下列短语译为英文。 (1) luminous sensitivity / photosensitivity (2) critical fusion frequency (CFF) (3) gamma correction (4) parabolical mirror/ paraboloidal mirror/ parabolic reflector (5) diffraction grating (6) paraxial ray trace equations (7) optical path difference (OPD) (8) visual sensitivity/ visual acuity (9) wavefront aberration (10) color saturation/ color gamut II. 将下列短语翻译为中文。 (1) 有效焦距 (2) 色焦距变换 (3) 高斯求积 (4) 轴向色[象]差/光轴色像差 (5) 对比灵敏度/对比敏感度/反差灵敏度 (6) 内部反射/内反射 (7) 曲率半径 (8) 点分布函数/点扩散函数/点散播函数 (9) 衍射参数 (10) 感光灵敏度/感光性 III. 将下列句子翻译成英文。 (1) Wires to connect components are not needed in an integrated circuit. (2) The force that pulls everything to the ground is called gravity. (3) A condenser is a device to store electricity/ electrical energe. (4) Action and reaction are opposite. (5) Electic current heats the object as it flows through it. IV. 将下列句子翻译为中文。 (1) 光所产生的色感只取决于产生光的波长。 (2) 测出激光束往返于月球和地球所需要的时间，科学家们就能精确地求出两者之间的距离。 (3) 这种新技术的基础是电子在仅有几个毫微米厚的半导体材料层中的奇特性能。 (4) 在这个过程中，很多变量会变化，使得输出温度偏离期望值。 (5) 就测量的精度和速度而论，似乎还没有其它的技术能与激光相比。 Text 3 I. 将下列短语译为英文。 Logical Link Control( LLC ) Media Access Control(MAC) Carrier synchronization Carrier Sense Multiple Access Pulse Width Modulation communication subnet one-way communication parallel highway human-computer communication asynchronous transfer mode virtual LAN broadcast storm application specific integrated circuit II. 将下列短语翻译为中文。 (1) 应用层 (2) 脉冲宽度调制 (3) 数字识别 (4) 光通信系统 (5) 同相检波器 (6) 谐波[调和]分析 (7) 数据综合处理 (8) 转码误差 (9) 特性曲线 (10) 通信终端 III. 将下列句子翻译成英文。 (1) Heat effect, magnetic effect and chemical effect are the three most important effects of electric current. (2) Many comets encircle the sun at the same time. (3) Not only can the electricity generate magnetism, but also the magnetism can generate electricity. (4) Steel is a good conductor of eccentricity, so do most of metals. (5) The lower the frequency is , the stronger the refraction of the wave would be. IV. 将下列句子翻译为中文。 (1) 只经过一步就达到优化的情况是罕见的，为了得到满意的结果通常绕围绕“分析-误差-调节”的循环进行多次的反复。 (2) 如今，TCP/IP无限局域网在室内应用中越来越普及，例如在证券交易大厅内，移动用户要求能与网络进行高速数据接入并希望有语音通话功能以进行电话交谈。 (3) 在20世纪早期， 人们发现光能是原子放出电子，而其当光从原子释放出一个电子时，电子包含的能量大大超过由电磁波理论得到的原子所接收的能量。 (4) 公众电话网目前受到压力，要在容量和所提供的功能方面有一个巨大的扩展，而应当记住，这一电话网大部分是建立在已过时的技术基础上的。 Text 4 I. 将下列短语译为英文。 output matrix lag compensation modem amplitude modulation control systems with dissipation information system for process control waveform factor industrial automation computer aided analysis sampling control pattern recognition asynchronous transmission II. 将下列短语翻译为中文。 直接模拟存储技术 峰形系数 输出误差 多变量控制系统 需求规格说明 现代控制理论 人机协调 复合控制 分散随机控制 动态误差系数 相位调制 固有频率 III. 将下列句子翻译成英文。 (1)As we know, the magnetic pole of the same character is repulsive , the opposite pole attracts each other (2)In another word, any conductor, such as lead, would produce some kind of resistance to electric current. (3)magnetic line of force is invisible for it is not a kind of substance, but a force. (4)Electron shows some characteristic of substance, which is inertia. IV. 将下列句子翻译为中文。 (1) 锁相环包含三部分:鉴相器，环路滤波器，以及频率受外加电压控制的压控振荡器。 鉴相器将周期性输入信号与压控振荡器的相位相比较，其输出是两个输入信号相位差 的度量。差电压然后由环路滤波器过滤并送到压控振荡器。 (2) 每一次的输入信号周期，振荡器输出不多不少正好也是一个信号周期。锁相环的一个 显著的应用就是自动频率控制。通过这种方法可以实现理想的频率控制，而传统的自 动频率控制技术不可避免地存在某些频率误差。 (3) 应用现代数字传输技术可以在一个6MHZ带宽的频道内以每秒17到20兆比特的数率传送 视频数据。因为HDTV信号所包含的信息量为NTSC制电视信号的6倍以上。这意味着需 要将HDTV的运动图像序列至少压缩50倍。 第四章 动力类类英语阅读文选 Text 1 I. Reading Comprehension 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B II. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form when necessary. 1. withstand 2. modify 3. eliminated 4. enhance 5. convert 6. install 7. implement 8. monitor 9. interconnect 10. adjacent to 屋顶方格与地面方格不视为临接。 III. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text. 1. the entire Master System 2. a cabinet or panel of terminals for the instrumentation and control wires 3. the EMS database size and the amount of information communicated to the EMS system 4. interfacing these devices directly into the RTU 5. microwave IV. Translation 1. 应用微处理机的多路数据采集与数据处理系统 2. 光学互连技术在航空航天中的应用 3. 传统的离线标定难以适应在线监测的要求。 4. EMF与网元设备及服务器之间接口的设计与实现。 5. 随着调频广播的发展，现有调频天线系统扩容与天线安装空间有限的矛盾,成了制约尤 其是大中型城市调频广播发展的突出问题。 6. In recent years, radio and television have advanced rapidly in Xinjiang. Currently, there are 41 radio transmission and relay stations, and 826 television transmission and relay stations. Radio reaches 91.3% of the whole district and 90.93% of population have access to television. 7. Some utilities deploy hierarchical control systems to monitor and control. 8. It is a bottomless money pit for IS departments to upgrade bloated applications (and the hardware needed to run them) for the boast features are hardly used. 9. Normally, a four bit binary counter would increment up to 1111 (decimal15) before returning to 0. 10. Dagangshan hydroelectric power station is one of the main large-scale hydroelectric projects build on Dadu River. The acreage of controlling watershed around dam site reaches to 426.27×10 km, which is 81% of the whole watershed. The average flux for many years is 1000m3/s and the normal water level is 1130m as planned. Text 2 I. Reading Comprehension 1. A 2. C 3.C 4. B II. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form when necessary. 1. replenish 2. utilize 3. intermittent (他们看见了灯塔发出一闪一灭的光。) 4. alter (事易时移。/情况不同，事态也会不同。) 5. soar 6. supplement 7. drastically 8. conventional (他总是喜欢说老生常谈的那几句话) 9. renewable 10. disrupt, disrupting (如果你们妨碍了他的雄心和热情，你们就是在妨碍他走向成功。) III. True or False 1. F. The cost of renewable energy has decreased greatly so it can compete with traditional sources of energy. 2. T 3. T 4. F. When large-scale renewable energy projects are developed, the may influence the environment. 5. F. Increasing the use of renewable energy can help protect people from dramatic price swings. IV. Translation 1. 水域生态系统;草原生态系统;模式生态系统 2. 农业是集约化进行生物质生产的过程，生物质工程(能及材料)应是生态农业工程的 重要组分，并通过它与循环经济全面对接。 3. 大黄堡湿地具有湿地生态系统的典型性与脆弱性、自然景观的独特性、生境类型的复 杂性、生态系统演替的自然性和生态地位的特殊性等特点,是天津市唯一的具有良好湿 地植被的天然湿地生态系统,同时也是东亚候鸟南北迁飞路线上一个停歇地和中转站。 4. 全面地研究我国风力发电成本、研究影响风力发电成本的因素、找到降低风力发电成本 的途径，对促进我国风电事业的发展、改进我国能源结构、治理我国环境污染具有重 要的现实意义。 5. The government is vigorously advancing the Renewable Energy Development 6. The Type of Low-Medium Temperature Geothermal System of Convection Type--The Genesis Analysis of Tangshan Geothermal System in Nanjing 7. The harmful pollutants released into the air by coal-fired electricity generation, such as sulphur, also dampen the greenhouse effect. 8. Modern sciences of botany provided new technology for sustainable agricultural development, ecological environment restoration, green energy exploitation and so on, which had great importance to construct harmonious society and improve the relationship between human and nature. 9. Along with the ecological and energy-saving trend of construction development, solar energy applies light-heat conversion technique to realize the integrated air conditioning system of water heating and refrigerating. It centralizes large area of solar heat collectors to heat water, providing families and units with consistent water supply. In winter, it uses the solar heated water to realize floor heating or fan heating and in summer, the heated water is used to refrigerate by the high-efficiency hot water refrigerating set. Besides, the system is equipped with assisting resources to form an integrated air conditioning system, which is efficient, safe, environmental, energy-saving and economic. By it, people can enjoy a natural and healthy life at home. 10. Important measures like accelerating the regulation to abandoned land, replenishing the arable area, adhering to the strictest arable land protection system and implementing sustainable use of land are of great significance to the restoration and improvement of the ecological environment, development of recycling economy, building a conservation-minded society and the promotion of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of economy and society. Text 3 I. True or False 1. T 2. F. Besides the accelerating economy, another major factor is China’s immense population growth rate. 3. F. The official refuted such allegations. 4. T F. China is the largest consumer and producer of coal in the world. II. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form when necessary. 1. traverse 2. be poised (危险似乎笼罩着我们。) 3. dominant (占优势的候选人名义上被任命为总统。) 4. immense 5. revise 6. booming 7. surged 8. irrefutable, refute (好书难以辩驳,而坏书驳倒自已。) 9. plague (梦魔被认为折磨睡觉的人的魔鬼或灵魂) 10. stipulate (我们保证在规定的期限内装船。) III. Translation 1. 中国电力部门的飞速发展步伐与全国经济的繁荣息息相关:2006年和2007年记载的国民 生产总值增长超过了11%;尽管处于全球危机形势下，与上年同期数字相比，2009年冬 季的GDP增长了10.7%。 2. 另一个原因是中国期望诸如风之类的可再生能源可以到2020年满足15%的能源需求， 但可再生能源的传输网无法跟上如此快速的发展。 3. 采用水资源综合短缺度最小为目标函数，对降水、地表水、地下水、客水等多种水源 统筹考虑，对工业、农业、生活、生态环境等不同用水需求用权重区别对待，实现区 域水资源合理配置。 4. 燃煤电厂利用炉烟中和处理冲灰水的理论与实践 5. Every energy source has positive and negative effects and should be weighed in an overall way. 6. Plagued by transportation issues, typhoons, and pit closures, the sector frequently has to deal with an unreliable coal supply. 7. China has primarily relied on domestic energy resources to develop its economy, and the rate of self-sufficiency has been much higher than that in most developed countries. 8. Many gas-turbine and steam-turbine Combined-Cycle Power Plant(CCPP)have currently being constructed in China, and acceptance test of units in CCPP is one of important work in the engineering construction. 9. Scientists are accelerating their research in atomic power generation and speed up the building of atomic power plants. 10. The newly-increased annual production capacity in 1998 through capital construction projects included: 3.51 million tons of coal mining, 16.9 million kilowatts of power generation by large and medium-sized generators, 47.26 million kilovolt-amperes of power transformer equipment (including 7.79 million kilovolt-amperes of updated power grid in urban and rural areas), 13.78 million tons of oil extraction, and 2.4 billion cubic meters of natural gas. The year 1998 also saw the operation of 900 kilometers of new trunk railways, 596 kilometers of double-track railways, 995 kilometers of electrified railways, 1,478 kilometers of newly constructed express highways, 14.0 million tons of cargo-handling capacity of coastal harbors, 30,000 kilometers of long distance optical-fiber cable and 10,000 kilometers of newly constructed microwave digital telecommunication lines. Text 4 I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text. 1. effective management 2. hazard assessment, inspections, safety and health training, and evaluation of the existing safety and health management system 3. self assessment, inspection programs 4. self inspection 5. checklists are current and being used II. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form when necessary. 1. compensation 2. verify 3. regulatory (这对于我们思考如何完善我国独立监管组织具有重要实践意义。) 4. hazard 5. reoccurrence (跟踪调查表明复发率仅为5%。) 6. periodically (海生哺乳动物必须不断地浮现出海面呼吸) 7. deficiency (损失是一种差额或不足。) 8. compliance (勉强应允不如坦诚拒绝。--雨果) 9. evaluation 10. fatality (致死率) III. Translation 1. 有效的管理必须处理所有工作时的危险，包括由于工作地点和工作时的环境变化导致 的潜在危险，不管这是否受到政府或舆论的管制。 2. 确保检查准确有效的办法之一是让合格的电子公司的安全员来进行检查。另一个可选 择的办法是签订契约，雇佣一名第三方的检察员。 3. 文章根据一例电网功率因数降低导致失电事故的实例，论述了电机特点及功率在电气 设备运行中的作用及影响，指出提高功率因数的意义和解决的方法以确保电站的安全 运行。 4. 城镇医药卫生体制改革，是从我国的国情出发，遵循社会主义市场经济原则，与职工医 疗保险制度改革相配套，力争在二三年内，初步建立起我国新的城镇医药卫生管理体 制和服务体系。 5. Effective management of worker safety and health protection can result in a low incidence and severity of employee injuries and fatalities. 6. Effective management can improve employee morale and productivity as well as significantl y reduce workers’ compensation costs of work-related injuries. 7. Compliance with regulations will ensure that employees are maintaining electrical systems and equipment in reliable and safe working conditions. 8. OSHA is determined to use its limited resources effectively to stimulate management commitment and employee participation in comprehensive workplace safety and health programs. 9. AccordingtoOSHA,―qualified‖ persons for this facility are employees that function in the instrument and electrical crafts of the maintenance department. ―Unqualified‖persons are those employees who, in their routine work duties, may encounter a relatively high risk of injury due to electrical hazards. 10. The slope failure and landslide hazard will possess the same properties within a range with the same engineering geological conditions. For landslide hazard assessment of a mountainous area, the study of past landslide is very important for evaluating landslide hazard around the past landslide site. 第四章数学类英语阅读文选 Text 1 Mathematics, Equation and Ratio 1. 把下列各组的单词、词组与短语译成英语，并按它们的相关性联想记忆: (1) the branches of mathematics, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, trigonometry, higher mathematics, elementary mathematics, higher algebra, mathematical analysis, function theory, differential equation. (2) proposition, axiom, postulation, definition, theorem, lemma, inference, deduction. (3) form, number, figure, numerical value, graph, formula, sign, notation, chart. 2. concept, equal, true, untrue, equality, identity, equation of condition, term, set, function, constant, equation, linear equation, quadratic equation (1) mathematical operation, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, proof, deduction, logical deduction. (2) to measure land, indicated operation, to obtain conclusion, to occupy the centric place. 3. 汉译英: (1) Mathematicscomesfromman’ssocial practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. (2) No scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics (3) Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. (4) Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i.e., geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. 5) The equation is different from the arithmetic identity in that it involves letters in it. ( (6) An equation which is true only for certain values of a letter in it, or for certain sets of related values of two or more of its letters, is an equation of condition. (7) Equations are of very great use, which can be used to solve many applied problems. (8) To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root (the value of the unknown quantity) is obtained. 4. 英译汉 (1)代数由算术运算规则演变而来。算术研究开始于数的加减乘除，如: 4+7, 37×682, 49,22, 40 ? 8. 在代数中我们引入了符号和‎‎字母，如用a, b, c, d, x, y, z来表示任意数，而不是具体的数。我们经常考虑以下一般性情况: a+b,cd, x–y,x?a. (2)代数语言有两个方面的作用。一方面，我们可以用它来缩写或简化长而复杂的命题。另一方面，它是归纳许多具体命题的一种简便方法。 (3)许多表达式涉及两次或两次以上的运算。群组符号告诉我们哪个运算应先进行。常见的群组符号有圆括号( ), 方括号brackets. [ ],以及分数分划线—。例如，在2(3+4)这个表达式中，我们先算加法，再算乘法: 2(3+4) =2(7)=14. 5.根据课文内容，在下列句子的横线处填上适当的词或短语，把句子补充完整。 (1) geometry (2) algebra (3) constants (4) variable quantities (5) higher mathematics (6) propositions (7) identities (8) indicated operations (9) root (10) term 6.(略) Text 2 Function Concept and Function Idea 1. 把下列各组的单词、词组与短语译成英语，并按它们的相关性联想记忆: (1) function, domain, range, identity function, absolute-value function, real-valued function, real variable (2) cube, volume, edge-length, prime, totality. (3) Hooke’slaw, stretch, displacement, spring constant, proportional. (4) schematic representation, plot, image, output, input. (5) Leibniz’sideaoffunction, much too limited in its scope, the image of x under f, to place restrictionon… 2. 汉译英: (1) Letters of the English and Greek alphabets are often used to denote functions. (2) If f is a given function and if x is an object of its domain, the notation f( x) is used to designate that object in the range which is associated to x by the function f. (3) The straight line makes equal angles with the coordinates axis. (4) The function idea may be illustrated schematically in many ways. (5) It is easy to prove that absolute-value function satisfies the triangle inequality. (6) For a given real number x>0,the function g(x) designates the number of primes less than or equal to x. (7) A function is a correspondence, which may not be designated by a simple algebraic formula. (8) The function idea places no restriction on the nature of the objects in the domain and in the range. 3. 英译汉: (1)我们可以根据有序数对的概念对函数给出如下新定义:函数是一个有序数对的集合，对于每一个第一坐标仅存在一个第二坐标。函数的定义域是所有第一坐标的集合，函数的值域是所有第二坐标的集合。 (2)设X和Y为两个集合，假设f:X-Y是一个函数。如果g:Y-X是另一个函数，且具有如下属性: y=f(x) 当且仅当 x=g(y) 则我们称g为 f的反函数。我们注意到x=g(y)是我们在解用，xy表示的方程y=f(x)时得到的。然而，一般情况下，方程y=f(x)也许根本没解，亦或有多个解。因此，对于f:X?Y的反函数，在Y集合里的每一个，y方程y=f(x)在集合X里有一个唯一的解x。 (3)如果一个定义在可测空间X上的复函数f的值域只包含有限点，则称该函数为简单函数。其中值域在[0,?)的有限子集的简单函数是非负简单函数。值得注意的是，通常一个简单函数的值不包含?。如果a, a,…an是简单函数f的不同值，且如果我们定12 义A ={ x :f(x) = a}，则 ii n f,,,,iAi,1i ,A其中是集合上的特征函数。 Aii 4.根据课文内容，在下列句子的横线处填上适当的词或短语，把句子补充完 整。 (1) proportional (2) Hooke' s law (3) volume (4) integer (5) real number (6) scope (7) domain (8) real numbers (9) real function (10) identify function 5. (略) Text 3 Introduction to Differential Equations 1.把下列各组的单词、词组与短语译成英语，并按它们的相关性联想记忆: (1) differential equation, ordinary differential equation, partial differential equation, initial-value problem, initial condition, integral, primitive function. (2) logarithmic function, exponential function, rational function, trigonometric function, inverse trigonometric function, polynomial, differential function. (3) mechanics, astronomy, mathematical physicists. (4) to integrate the function, to obtain approximate evaluation, to have infinitely many solutions, to remove the derivative, to add any constant. 2. 汉译英: (1) The differential equation has infinitely many solutions, one for each value of C. y the order of an equation is meant the order of the highest derivative which appears. (2) B (3) We could try to compute the position of a moving particle from a knowledge of its velocity or acceleration. (4) If the unknown function of a differential equation is a function of many variables, it is call a partial differential function. (5) The study of differential equations has been directly inspired by mechanics, astronomy, and mathematical physics. (6) In many problems it is necessary to select from the collection of all solutions one having a prescribed value at some point. 2 (7) The quadratic equation +1 =0x has no solution in the real-number system because there is no real number whose square is -1. (8) Many automatic high-speed computing machines are often designed to obtain approximate evaluations of integrals. 3. 英译汉: (1)边界条件 一个菌落种群数量P随着时间t的增长速率和t时刻的种群数量成正比，即 dP ,kPdt 其中k为常数。容易验证，该微分方程的通解可表示为 kt P(t),ce 200其中c为任意常数。假设需要计算在k=2，时间t=100时的种群数量，则P( t )= ce。 为了进一步讨论，我们需要对任意常数c赋一个特定的值。为此，我们需要进一步的信息。满足这些信息的条件通常称为这些问题的边界条件。 (2)复数的历史背景 2因为没有实数的平方为-1，所以二次方程x+1 =0在实数域范围内无解。从而引入了一类称为复数的新型数，为该方程提供了解。在这简短的章节中，我们将讨论复数，展示它们在解代数方程中的重要作用，以及它们对于微分和积分方程的影响。 2早在16世纪，为了为二次方+1 =0程x提供解，人们引入了符号。这个符号后来被,1 记作字母i，被称作虚数，它可以像普通实数那样进行代数计算，除了它的平方为-1。因此， 2222=(x–i) (x+i)，且例如，不管的意义和合理性，二次多项式+1x可被分解为+1 =xx–i 2x,,i方程x+1 =0的解可表示为。诸如2+3i的表达式被称为复数，在按现今将其满意地描述出来前，它们在纯粹形式上已经用了将近300年。 19世纪初，Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855)和William Swan Hamilton (1805–1865)独立地并且几乎同时提出了把复数看成具有某种属性的有序实数对的思想。今天，这一思想被广泛接受，将在下一节中讨论。 4. 根据课文内容，在下列句子的横线处填上适当的词或短语，把句子补充完整。 (1) ordinary, partial (2) partial differential equation (3) mathematical physics (4) geometry, mechanics (5) higher derivatives (6) solution (7) arbitrary constant (8) additive constant (9) prescribed value (10) initial condition 5. (略) Text 4 Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics 1.把下列各组的单词、词组与短语译成英语，并按它们的相关性联想记忆: (1) probability, probability theory, probability space, probability zero, finitely additive measure, set, event, certain event, impossible event, equally likely, mutually exclusive, experiment, observation, outcome, Boolean algebra. (2) statistics, mathematical statistics, sample, sampling unit, population, unit; inference, variability, discernerble. (3) feature, destructive, rigid law. (4) conceivable, unrealistic, monumental, feasible, exhaustive, transient. (5) coin tossing, to provide relief for an allergy, to highlight a distinction, to take a sample from the population, the target of an investigation, closely similar conditions, a probability space associated with an experiment。 2.汉译英: (1) Because of the way probability is used in practice, it is convenient to imagine that each probability space is associated with a real or conceptual experiment. (2) We say that P( A) is the probability that the event A occurs when the experiment is performed. (3) The event A is called more likely than B if P( A) >P (B) , and at least as likely as B if P( A)?P( B) . (4) The certain event S must be assigned probability 1 by the very definition of probability, but there may be other subsets as well that are assigned probability 1. (5) The preceding discussions highlight a distinction between the two data sets. (6) A statistical population is the set of measurements corresponding to the entire collection of units about which information is sought (7) The population represents the target of an investigation. We learn about the population by taking a sample from the population. 3.英译汉: (1)概率的加法公式为: P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A?B) ? P(A?B)是事件A或B发生的概率，而P(A?B)AB其中则是事件和事件同时发生的概 率。 当两个事件在同一时间内不能同时发生时，则称这两个事件是相互排斥的。如果E表示一个事件，则E没有发生的事件称为E的互补事件，并且记作E'。很明显，E和E'事件相互排斥的。由于一个事件要么发生，要么不发生，所以它们的概率和为1。 (2)给定一个未归类的数据x1，x, …,x的集合，且记它们的平均值为x，则它们的平2n 差可定义为: 均 xx|,|, mean deviation= n 其中n数据的个数。 (3)我们用希腊字母来表示总体的算术平均值，用希腊字母表示总体的标准差。,, 在正态分布中几乎所有的总体都位于距离该正态分布算术平均值两侧4个标准差(,)变量值的范围内。事实上， 到的区间包含了0.9999 or 99.99%的(4,),,4,,，4, 总体。 4. 根据课文内容，在下列句子的横线处填上适当的词或短语，把句子补充完整。 (1) outcome, sample (2) events (3) probability space (4) finitely additive measure (5) equally likely (6) sample (7) population (8) sampling unit (9) inferences (10) measurements 5.(略) 第四章材料类英语阅读文选 Text 1 I. Give brief answers to the following questions. 1. What are the industrial applications of materials science? Industrial applications of materials science include materials design, cost-benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials, processing techniques and analytical techniques, etc. 2. For the steels, what directly affects the hardness and tensile strength of the steel? For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is directly related to the amount of carbon present. 3. What are the composite materials? The composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases. II. Match the items listed in the following two columns. ion 离子 polyethylene 聚乙烯 electrolytic extraction 电解提取 nickel 镍 nylon 尼龙 titanium 钛 dispersant 分散剂 polyester 聚酯纤维，涤纶 III(Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is directly related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and toughness. 对于钢而言，含碳量直接影响钢的硬度和拉伸强度，随含碳量的增加，塑性和韧性降低。 2. It should be noted here that the dividing line between the various types of plastics is not based on material but rather on their properties and application. 这里应该指出,不同类型的塑料的分界线并非基于材料,而是基于其性能及应用。 3. Often the presence, absence or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will have a great impact on the final properties of the materials produced. 往往，微量元素及化合物存在与否或其量的变化都将对材料的最终性能产生巨大的影响。 IV. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 材料科学与物理学交叉衍生出研究材料物理性质得分支学科——材料物理。比之凝聚态物理，材料物理通常更侧重于宏观和应用。 The overlap between physics and materials science has led to the offshoot field of materials physics, which is concerned with the physical properties of materials. The approach is generally more macroscopic and applied than in condensed matter physics. 2. 对金属合金的研究是材料科学的一个重要组成部分。在现在所有的合金中，铁合金(钢、不锈钢、铸铁、工具钢、合金钢)在数量和经济价值方面具有最大的份额。 The study of metal alloys is a significant part of materials science. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. 3. 聚碳酸酯通常认为是工程塑料(其他例子包括聚醚醚酮,ABS树脂)。工程塑料因优越的强度和其它特性而得到重视。与普通塑料不同,工程塑料一般不用于生产一次性用具。 Polycarbonate would be normally considered an engineering plastic (other examples include PEEK, ABS). Engineering plastics are valued for their superior strengths and other special material properties. They are usually not used for disposable applications, unlike commodity plastics. Text 2 I(Answer the following questions briefly according to the text. 1. What are the two principal types of properties of metals? The two principal types of properties of metals are physical and mechanical. Physical properties are those fixed properties that are determined naturally and cannot be changed, such as weight, mass, color, and specific gravity. Mecahnical properties, on the other hand, are those properties of metal that can be changed or modified to meet a particular need, such as strength, hardness, wear resistance, toughness, plasticity, and ductility. 2. What are the four types of strength a machinist should be familiar with? Four types, or forms, of strength a machinist should know are: tensile strength, shear strength, compressive strength, and altimate strength. 3. What are the two primary used by industry? The two primary hardness tests used by industry are the Brinell and Rockwell hardness tests. II. Choose the best answer to each item. 1. b 2. a 3. d III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. Mechanical properties, on the other hand, are those properties of metal that can be changed or modified to meet a particular need, such as strength, hardness, wear resistance, toughness, plasticity, and ductility. 另一方面，材料的力学性能可以改变，以满足某一要求，如强度、硬度、耐磨性、韧性、弹性和延展性。 2. Malleability is the ability of a metal to be flattened, hammered, or rolled without fracture. Malleability is also the plasticity shown by a metal under a compressive load. 可锻性是材料在锻造或轧制时不发生破坏的性能。可锻性也是金属受到压缩载荷时表现出来的一种塑性。 3. Although machinability and weldability are not true mechanical properties, they are measures ofametal’sability to be machined or welded easily. 虽然切削加工性能和焊接性能不是真正的力学性能，但是它们是衡量金属进行机械加工和焊接难易度的指标。 IV. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 脆性是指材料在载荷作用下不产生明显变形而直接发生破坏的特性。 Brittleness is the property of a metal that causes it to fracture rather than deform when loads are applied. Brittleness is the opposite of plasticity. 2. 强度是材料在载荷作用下抵抗塑性变形的能力。我们必须了解的四种类型或形式的强度分别为抗拉强度、抗剪强度、抗压强度和极限强度。表示这些相关强度的单位为磅力每平方英寸，即是使宽度、厚度均为1 英寸的样本片产生破裂、形变或断裂所需的磅力。 Strength is a property of metal that allows it to resist permanent change in shape when loads are applied. Four types, or forms, of strength you should know are: tensile strength, shear strength, compressive strength, and altimate strength. The value used to express these relative strengths is pounds per square inch, or psi, which is the force in pounds required to frature, deform, or break a sample piece that is 1 in. wide and 1 in. thick. 3. 延展性是拉伸或拉拨时不受破坏的能力。延展性也可描述为金属材料在拉伸载荷或张力的作用下表现出来的塑性。 Ductility is the ability of a metal to be stretched, or drawn, without fracture. Ductility can also be described as the plasticity shown by a metal under a pulling, or tensional, load. Text 3 I. Give brief answers to the following questions. 1. What is welding? Welding is fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. 2. What is the most common type of arc welding? One of the most common types of arc welding is shielded metal arc welding(SMAW), which is also known as manual metal arc welding(MMA) or stick welding. 3. Why is SMAW well suited to shop jobs and field work, Because SMAW is versatile and can be performed with relatively inexpensive equipment. 4. Why is GMAW not particularly suitable for outdoor work? The equipment required to perform the GMAW process is more complex and expensive than that required for SMAW, and requires a more complex setup procedure. Therefore, GMAW is less portable and versatile, and due to the use of a separate shielding gas, is not particularly suitable for outdoor work. II. Match the items listed in the following two columns. arc welding 电弧焊 resistance welding 电阻焊 forge welding 锻焊 submerged arc welding 埋弧焊 stud arc welding 螺栓电弧焊 oxyfule welding 气焊 flux cored arc welding 药芯焊丝电弧焊 laser beam welding 激光焊 III(Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to from a pool molten material (the weld puddle) that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. 焊接一般是通过熔解工件和加入一些填充材料，形成一堆熔融材料，冷却后就成了牢固的接头。焊接时常使用热能产生的压力，也可以无需外力来得到焊接件。 2. Following the wars, several modern welding techniques were developed, including manual methods like shielded metal arc welding, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic processes such as gas metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, flux-cored arc welding and electroslag welding. 战争之后，一些现代焊接工艺技术得到了发展，包括一些手工方法，例如焊条电弧焊，它是目前最流行的焊接方法之一，还有半自动和自动工艺的溶化极气体保护电弧焊、埋弧焊、药芯焊丝电弧焊和电渣焊。 3. Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAM), or tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding (also sometimes erroneously referred to as heliarc welding ), is a manual welding process that uses a nonconsumable tungsten dlectrode, an inert or semi-inert gas mixture, and a separate filler material. 钨极气体保护电弧焊(GTAW),或称钨惰性气体焊(TIG)(有时也被错误地称为氦弧焊),是一种手工焊接工艺,它使用不可熔化式的钨电极,惰性气体或者是半混合惰 性气体混合物及一种单独的填充材料。 IV. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 虽然焊接通常是工业生产流程，有可能在不同的环境下进行，例如户外环境、水下环境或是太空环境。即使不考虑环境，焊接也是很危险的，因此，防护措施必须要有，避免灼伤、电击眼睛损伤、有毒气体、过度暴露在紫外光下。 While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, under water and in outer space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, eye damage, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light. 2. 钨极气体保护电弧焊适用于几乎所有可焊接的金属,但一般用于不锈钢和轻金属。它经常用于高质量的焊件特别重要的场合,例如自行车、飞机以及海军上应用较多。 GTAW can be used on nearly all weldable metals, though it is most often applied to stainless steel and light metals. It is often used when quality welds are extremely important, such as in bicycle, aicraft and naval applications. 3. 熔化极气体保护电弧焊，也被称为金属惰性气体焊，简称MIG焊接，这是一种半 自动或自动的焊接方法，它的电极利用连续送丝，使用惰性气体和半混合惰性气体来防止焊件被污染。 , is Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as metal inert gas or MIG welding a semi-automatic or automatic process that uses a continuous wire feed as an electrode and an inert or semi-inert gas mixture to protect the weld from contamination. Text 4 I(1. annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, case hardening 2. Heat treatment 3. the critical temperature or critical range 4. reduce the internal stresses 5. packing in dry carbon compound, submerging in liquid salts, or exposing the part to a gas vapor II( 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. d 6. c 7.d III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. Annealing is a process used to soften metals that is generally performed on hardened parts that, for some reason, must be machined. 退火是用来软化金属的热处理工艺，一般对需要进行机械加工的硬化工件采用退火处理。 2. In the annealing process the metal is heated to a specific temperature or temperature range, referred to the critical temperature or critical range, and allowed to soak until thoroughly heated. 退火时，将金属材料加热到一定的温度或温度区间，即临界温度或临界温度区间，并保 温一段时间直到材料完全均匀受热。 3. Tempering the part in this manner allows the metal not only to reach the desired hardness but relieves much of the internal stress. 用这种方法对工作进行回火不仅使材料达到所需的硬度，而且也消除了内应力。 IV. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. 热处理是通过对金属进行加热和冷却控制，以使其性能得到显著改变的工艺方法。钢铁材料最常用的五种处理方法是:退火、正火 、淬火、回火、和表面淬火。 Heat treatment is a process of controlled heating and cooling of a metal to achieve a characteristic change in the properties. The five common heat-treating operations performed on steels are annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and case hardening. 2. 正火是用来减少金属材料在加工或成形过程中产生的内因力的热处理工艺。正火和退火类似，但加热温度和冷却方式不同。 Normalizing is a process used to reduce the internal stresses in a metal caused by machining or forming. Normalizing is similar to annealing with the main differences being the temperatures and cooling methods used. 3. 回火工艺在淬火之后立即进行。实际应用中，先将工件淬硬到最硬，然后回火 将硬度值调整到所需的范围。 Tempering is performed almost immediately after the hardening operation. In practice, a part is first hardened to its maximum possible hardness, then tempered to bring the hardness value down to the desired range.