刘少杰：社会理性化的感性制约———建构和谐社会的难题

刘少杰：社会理性化的感性制约———建构和谐社会的难题 刘少杰:社会理性化的感性制约———建构和谐社会的难题 [摘要] 现代社会学试图通过推进社会生活理性化和化实现和谐社会的追求,并为实现这个追求建立了许多理论学说和社会重建。但是,现代社会学不够重视社会生活的感性基础,忽视社会理性化和制度化的感性前提与根据,以致关于建构和谐社会的一些方案流于逻辑形式。中国社会正处于转型期,社会理性化与感性存在的矛盾十分复杂,正式制度与非正式制度的冲突广泛存在,应当认真吸取现代社会学关于建构和谐社会的理论得失,有效地处理社会理性化的感性制约,化解建构和谐社会的深层难题。 [关键词]理性化;制度化;感性存在 和谐社会是社会学的基本追求,社会学在其历史中提出了许多观点各异的和谐社会建构方案。然而,无论这些建构方案的展开形式和具体内容有何不同,实质不过是试图通过社会理性化而排除各种有碍社会生活协调运行的障碍,进而保障社会平稳有序地发展。社会理性化是在感性的社会存在中进行的,社会生活中的感性因素无法避免地制约着社会理性化过程。大部分社会学家都过高地估计了社会理性化的效力,未能深入探索社会理性化的感性制约,而这正是建构和谐社会不可回避的难题。一、理性期待中的和谐社会和谐社会是社会不和谐的否定概念,或者说是针对社会生活不和谐而提出的一种社会理想状态。这种社会理想状态自19世纪上半叶以来得到了现代社会学持久不懈的热烈追求。一个众所周知的事实是,现代社会学诞生于传统社会向现代社会的转型过程中,正是那些在社会转型中不断涌现出来的社会问题甚至社会危机,使社会学获得了长久的发展机遇与前进动力。面对法国资产阶级革命之后的社会动荡,孔德提出社会学的理论追求和实践目标是社会秩序与社会进步,并且认为只有用实证的新理性去教化社会成员,才能克服社会混乱、重建社会的和谐秩序。迪尔凯姆的社会团结理论、韦伯的合法性权威和科层制理论,以及帕森斯的社会行动和社会系统理论、默顿的中层理论等等,都不过是根据理性主义原则,针对社会转型或社会变迁中出现的种种社会问题,为寻求社会和谐而建构的理论学说或社会理性化方案。 现代社会学的经典作家们都自称是理性主义者,并且把自己的理论探索看成是使社会生活理性化的神圣事业。迪尔凯姆说:“我唯一能够接受的称号是理性主义者。实际上,我的主要目的在于把科学的理性主义扩展到人们的行为中去,即让人们看到,把人们过去的行为关系还原为因果关系,再经过理性的加工,就可以使这种因果关系成为未来行为的准则,人们所说的我的实证主义,不外是这种理性主义的一个结果。”[1](P3-4)这段表述可以表达绝大部分现代社会学家?的理论追求和理论特征:即用科学的理性主义去认识社会,并推进社会生活的理性化。也正是在这个意义上,韦伯把自己的社会学追求定位在实现社会行为、社会权威和社会制度的理性化。 迪尔凯姆、韦伯和其他社会学家的社会理性化追求,沿袭了自柏拉图开始的欧洲理性主义传统。在欧洲理性主义的中,尽管其内部也有分歧,但是有一个从未变化的原则:理性可以把握本质、认识普遍,而内在的本质和普遍性是稳定的,只有那些外在的现象和个别性才是偶然的,不确定的。用这个原则来看待社会生活,自然就会得出必须借助理性,用本质联系和普遍原则去规定社会行为、改变社会生活,社会才能维持和谐状态和稳定秩序,这就是社会学追求的社会理性化。 社会学的理性化追求直到现在还在继续,但是它已经受到了来自现实和理论的严峻挑战。虽然第一次世界大战已经以无情的事实告诫人们,启蒙运动以来的理性主义追求应当得到深刻反省,并且尼采等一批哲学家已经开始严厉地批判科学理性主义,但是迪尔凯姆和韦伯等现代社会学家并没有明确意识到理性的局限,反而认为只有进一步伸张理性主义原则,推进社会理性化,才能克服秩序紊乱的社会危机。第二次世界大战之后,社会学家开始对理性化追求做出深刻反思,理性主义原则在越来越明确的程度上受到了怀疑。20世纪60年代兴起的加芬克尔为代表的常人方法学,其意义不仅在于为社会学研究提出了突破主观和客观二元对立的常人思维方式,还在于它否定了现代社会学对社会理性化的片面追求,也正是在这个意义上笔者认为常人方法学是后现代社会学兴起的标志。加芬克尔认为,社会生活是人际交往过程,只有深入人际关系才能对社会生活有明确认识,现代社会学在主观和客观二元对立的思维方式中把社会生活作为外在对象去看待,其实质是用认识物的思维方式来认识人的社会,所以达不到对社会生 1 活的正确认识。简言之,加芬克尔否定用科学思维方式研究社会生活,而主张进入日常生活世界、用符合社会生活本性的常人思维方式来认识社会。 在柏拉图开始的西方理性主义传统中,日常生活世界和常人思维方式都是居于理性层面之下、等待理性提升的感性事物。而当加芬克尔主张立足日常生活世界并用常人思维方式开展社会学研究时,这就说明社会学开始转向感性世界、重视感性因素,也表明社会学放弃了对社会理性化的单向度追求。加芬克尔认为只有在日常语言交流中,社会学家也像常人一样同被研究者开展日常对话才能真实而具体地理解社会生活的意义,这就更明确地要求社会学应当立足感性世界、面对感性事物、用感性的方式开展同现代社会学不同的研究。 坚持社会理性化的现代社会学家或者立足于客观的科学世界(如孔德、迪尔凯姆)主张用科学理性改造社会生活,或者立足于主观的意义世界(如韦伯)主张用超越现实的理想模式改造世界(科层制),他们都是在日常生活之外观察社会生活,用理性原则改变被他们认为是非理性的日常生活。而当加芬克尔立足于日常生活世界之中、用常人方法开展社会学研究时,表明社会学的立场、视野和追求都发生了重大转变。 自常人方法学兴起之后,返回生活世界,从感性的日常生活出发去研究各种社会问题,成为越来越多的社会学家的共同立场。布迪厄的惯习、前逻辑或实践感理论[2](P28-33),吉登斯的紧迫行动、实践意识和双向结构化理论[3](P40-45),哈贝马斯的日常语用学、交往理性和公共领域转型等理论[4](P380-381),都是返回生活世界、立足日常生活做出的新的理论思考。尽管这些理论中也常常提出社会生活进一步理性化问题,例如哈贝马斯就明确坚持理性化是未尽的事业,应当用交往理性来化解一些导致社会生活走向分裂的非理性因素,但是,此时的理性已不再是迪尔凯姆所说的与日常生活相对立的科学理性,而是立足日常生活、肯定感性世界的新理性。 二、社会理性化的形式与根据 现代社会学家依靠社会生活制度化去追求社会理性化,所以制度是现代社会学为自己确定的基本研究对象。迪尔凯姆论述的机械团结和有机团结,韦伯论述的行动类型、权威类型和科层制,帕森斯论述的行动模式和社会系统模式,都不过是从不同角度对社会生活制度的研究。问题的复杂性在于,制度在社会学视野中一开始就被赋予十分宽泛的含义。在迪尔凯姆那里,制度具有与社会事实相同的含义,所以他一方面把社会学界定为研究制度的科学,另一方面又把社会学的研究对象规定为社会事实。迪尔凯姆认为社会事实“由存在于个人之身外,但又具有使个人不能不服从的强制力的行为方式、思维方式和感觉方式构成”[1](P25)。这些制约人们行动与的方式恰恰是人们通常讲的制度。 这里应当引为注意的是,迪尔凯姆提到了感觉方式。如果规定人们行为的方式就是制度,那么感觉方式也是一种制度,而且是规定人们感觉意识的制度。思维方式一定是理性层面上的,同理感觉方式一定是感性层面上的,并且行为方式同思维方式和感觉方式有着必然的内在联系。因为人们的行为一定是受意识活动支配的,所以谈到人的行为及其方式就一定要涉及到人的意识活动方式。而由思维方式支配的行为方式就是理性制度,诸如由政策法规支配的组织行为模式,遵守规章制度的生产操作程序,按照科学原则进行的实验步骤等等,都属于理性制度;由感觉方式支配的行为方式就是感性制度,诸如时尚、风俗、习惯和习俗,以及通过模仿和从众形成的各种行为模式等等,都属于感性制度。 同制度经济学和制度社会学的正式制度与非正式制度相比,理性制度相当于正式制度,而感性制度一定都是非正式制度。正式制度一般泛指经过组织认定的条理化的制度,虽然有些理性思维支配行为而形成的制度未必都是经过组织认定的,但经过组织认定的正式制度一定是理性思维的产物,或曰理性制度;非正式制度是由群众的文化传承、模仿从众等感性意识活动或交往行为积习而成,其中起主导作用的乃是感性意识,因此,非正式制度都可以归结为感性制度。 做此比较的意义在于,如果由组织认定的正式制度都是理性制度,而由群众传习的非正式制度都是感性制度,那么由此就会提出一些更为复杂的问题:社会学一个半多世纪追求的社会理性化,是否在用组织认定的正式制度改造群众的非正式制度?如果回答是肯定的,那么社会学追求的社会理性化不过是社会生活的组织化,其中不仅包含了要求社会生活按照组织原则甚至官方政策运行,而且也包括要求感性层面上的个别性服从理性层面上的整体性。因此,这种理性化包含了普遍性的控制原则。 2 这个问题的另一个提法是:社会学为实现社会理性化而追求的制度化是否用理性的正式制度改造感性的非正式制度?如果是,那么社会学的社会理性化追求实质是用逻辑来规约现实、用理想原则来改变感性生活。由于理性制度同正式制度之间是包含关系,因此,当社会学用理性制度来推进社会理性化时,必然会促进正式制度对非正式制度的制约。无论在何种社会领域,正式制度同非正式制度之间都不可排除地存在矛盾关系,虽然正式制度清晰明确,具有强制性和效率优势,但是正式制度必然存在于无限丰富的非正式制度之中,非正式制度是正式制度的前提和基础,离开了非正式制度,正式制度只能作为抽象原则存在,失去了真实发挥作用的对象。更明确说,正式制度的作用在于对非正式制度的制约与排斥。 进一步的问题是,社会学追求社会理性化、制度化的目的在于实现社会和谐,而用这种理性化和制度化实现的社会和谐又是一种什么样的和谐?如果社会学的理性化是以改造或控制感性生活为前提,如果社会学的制度化是以正式制度压制非正式制度为前提,那么其结果有可能形成一种稳定的社会秩序,但却未必建构出真实的和谐社会。 在社会学视野里,和谐社会主要被理解为社会构成要素之间的协调性,例如帕森斯认为社会的基本结构是由经济、政治、社会和文化等子系统构成的,四个子系统有各自的功能,它们之间必须保持最低限度的协调性,整个社会系统才维持良性运行,才能由低级向高级地协调发展。这种结构论的协调论,是一种忽视了社会分层差别的平面论。 社会分层本来是社会学研究社会问题的基本范畴,但是在社会理性化和社会制度化的理论追求中,社会分层却被置于无足轻重的地位。究其原因,可能还是平面化的结构协调论的作用。社会分层的实质是揭示社会生活的差别性,马克思的阶级理论和韦伯的阶层理论,主要是从地位差别做出的分层。马克思认为阶级差别的存在是社会不合理的重要表现,所以他主张用阶级斗争来消灭阶级差别。韦伯则认为阶层的差别乃是社会的客观现象,寻求社会学和谐并不在于消灭这些阶层差别,而在于按照合法性权威使社会各种因素稳定地处于不同的社会制度之中。 事实上,以社会理性化和制度化来寻求社会和谐,本身就是一种不平等的以社会分层合理性为前提的观点。一个不容否认的基本事实是,理性原则和根据理性思维设计出来的正式制度,从来就是社会少数精英、至多是社会专家系统的作为,而感性原则和感性的非正式制度则是广大基层群众的意识原则与行为规则。因此,用理性原则改造感性原则,用正式制度限制非正式制度,体现了少数社会成员对大多数成员的控制意志或统治行为。 更为重要的是,在社会理性化和制度化中处于主导地位的毕竟是社会少数成员,而以感性意识支配自己行为,按照非正式制度行事的社会成员是社会的大多数。于是,这里又遇到了以少数人的原则和意志改变大多数人的行为规则和主观愿望的矛盾。在当代学术思潮中,那些反对理性主义专断的学说或流派,几乎都主张返回生活世界、尊重日常生活、重视感性存在,这不仅是一种学术观点,而且也是一种政治倾向。 三、社会理性化的感性化前提 借助经济社会学和现象学的理论视角,可以对这里的问题做出更加深入的回答。经济社会学的一个基本观点是:以理性选择为核心的经济行为或经济制度嵌入社会网络或社会结构之中。[4](P250)[5](P1-6)这个观点同胡塞尔晚年的回归生活世界观点有本质上的共识,区别不过在于,波兰尼和格兰诺维特等人专指经济行为和经济制度对社会网络结构的嵌入性,而胡塞尔则在广义上认为各种专业化或主题化的理性行为都是植根日常生活之中的。嵌入说和植根说都不过是强调未分化的日常社会生活对专业化或主题化行为的基础性。 胡塞尔把日常生活领域称为人与人直接交往、把他人当作和自己一样的人对待并和谐相处的周围世界,他认为感性的日常生活世界本来是一个和谐的世界,只是由于理性主义专断和理性原则对社会生活的分化,才导致了社会生活的分裂与冲突,因此,寻求社会协调的途径不是理性化和理性支配的制度化,而是限制理性、解放感性,超越科学、回归生活。[6](P138) 经济社会学没有像胡塞尔那样贬斥理性,但是它强调理性经济行为嵌入社会网络关系之中,主张在经济行为与其他社会行为的互动关系中把握经济社会生活的运动变化。虽然经济社会学同时承认了经济行为与社会行为的合法性,这一点同现象学对专业行为或理性选择的否定是不同的,但是经济社会学关于社会网络关系前提性同现象学关于生活世界基础性的观点是一致的。 3 尽管社会网理论还保留着结构论的某些原则,但是从结构论到社会网理论,是实证社会学在当代具有本质意义的重大变迁,因为社会结构是指内在于社会现象的稳定联系,而社会网络则指人与人之间的互动关系。就此而言,网络论已使结构论的眼光从内在性转向了社会生活的现实性,或者说使社会学的视野从去人化的本质追问转向了凸现人际交往的生活关注。经济社会的行为与制度的协调问题由此变成了理性选择与感性生活的互动,变成了正式制度与非正式制度的互融。 经济社会学和胡塞尔现象学的观点,是西方学者对启蒙运动以来社会变迁和社会危机的经验总结与理论概括,这些观点对于正在推进社会生活理性化、制度化并寻求社会和谐的中国社会具有十分直接的借鉴意义。如梁漱溟等人所论,中国社会是以家庭为根基的伦理本位社会,同西方社会相比,中国社会感性原则的作用大于理性原则,非正式制度的作用大于正式制度。这是为很多中国学者反复论述并且是真实存在的基本事实,是中国推行法制建设、制度化改革和发展市场经济不可忽视的社会存在。[7](P77-80) 中国社会以家庭为根基,这意味着中国社会的行为方式是建立在家庭生活之上的。家庭生活是以情感和血缘为纽带的。这与西方社会有明显不同,虽然家庭在西方社会也具有生活单位的性质,但是由于基督教提倡的天下皆兄弟的群体精神,淡化了家庭中的父母和子女的关系。因此,西方社会经基督教的长期教化形成了重群体的团体原则,而这种孕育于基督教群体生活中的团体原则便是启蒙运动之后西方社会理性化和制度化的基础。[7](P73-75)中国社会缺少经基督教孕育的这种理性化和制度化的基础,长达几千年的宗法制度和家族制度使人们特别重视亲缘关系、熟悉关系和圈子社会,这些感性层面上的关系成为中国社会成员的安身之根、立命之本。因此,像胡塞尔那样强调回归生活世界,以日常生活为根据去和抑制理性化造成的社会分裂,像经济社会学那样把专业化的理性行为放到社会网络关系中考察,在中国就有了特殊意义。中国社会处于转型时期,社会分化和社会重组正在向纵深发展,尽管社会成员的制度化意识有了明显提高,并且政府按照市场发展的要求规范社会行为和经济行为的能力不断增强,法制化和制度化的社会理性化进程不断深入,但是广大基层社会成员在圈子社会中依赖亲缘关系和熟悉关系开展社会交往的习惯不仅并未改变,反而在市场经济中得到了进一步强化。并且,模仿、从众和沿袭传统等感性行为方式仍然是广大基层群众的基本行为方式,他们很难在信息匮乏、资源不足和自主性受到严格限制的条件下开展有效的理性选择,所以他们的行为方式和生活方式主要是感性方式。 如果这些是不争的事实,那么就可以做出这样的判断,促进社会转型的理性化和制度化是有限的,而对理性化和制度化有阻碍作用的感性存在却是广泛的。不过,当我们说感性存在是理性化和制度化的障碍时,实质上含有理性原则和制度规范同人们的感性意识和感性存在相互对立的前提。如果能够化解这个对立前提,感性存在不仅不是理性化和制度化的障碍,反而应当是理性化和制度化的依赖。而欲化解这个对立,首当其冲的不是感性存在,而是理性原则和理性制度。因为,感性存在是被动的,而理性原则和理性制度是主动的,造成二者对立的是理性而不是感性,是理性排斥并试图改造感性,是理性刻意设计出种种原则规矩去试图重新塑造自在的感性。 因此应当反思理性、调整理性。理性的实质是人类思维与行为的根据,人类思维与行为的根据不应当生发于少数人的逻辑推论中,而应当存在于广大社会成员的社会生活中。只有从普遍的社会生活中概括真实而有效发生的存在根据或行为规则,才能使理性原则和制度规章立于可靠的根基之上,理性化和制度化的追求才能有效实现。 理性化和制度化的目的是秩序和效率。虽然不能像哈耶克那样把秩序仅仅归结为人类社会生活的自发性,但是也不可能像理性主义者那样把秩序归结为依据推论而成的逻辑次序。秩序应当在理性导引和感性认同中得到确立,仅有前者,秩序是抽象的理想模式;仅有后者,秩序是具体的现存形式。只有把二者有效地结合起来,秩序才能协调而有活力地存在。效率是秩序的支撑,无效率的秩序迟早要被否定,因为无效率的秩序无法不断吸取资源维持自身。现代社会学虽然认为秩序重于效率?,但是效率在现代社会学的秩序追求中从来就居于不证自明的前提地位,因为现代社会学所追求的社会秩序是从传统向现代转变的社会秩序,而现代社会秩序优于传统秩序的根本标志就是提升效率。 现代社会学忽视了一个基本事实:没有广大基层社会成员对提升效率的理性化和制度化的认同,他们不仅不能积极适应社会的理性化和制度化,相反还会成为社会理性化和制度化的阻力,试图通过理性 4 化和制度化建立社会和谐秩序也只能流于空谈。如果承认这个基本事实,设计和推进社会理性化和制度化时起码应当注意这样几点: 其一,注意基层社会成员从感性意识对理性化和制度化的评价与认同,实现这一点的基本条件是理性原则和制度规范的感性化,因为广大基层社会成员的思想意识一般处于感性层面,原则化和逻辑化的理性设计和制度安排只有同他们的感性意识连接起来,才能被认知和理解。 其二,注意基层社会成员在社会理性化与制度化中的利益关系变化,如果社会理性化和制度化不能从根本上维护基层社会成员的切身利益,设计再好的策略模式也难以得到大多数社会成员的接受,其结局只能是因利益对立而产生种种社会矛盾,和谐的社会秩序无法产生。 其三,注意协调由理性设计的正式制度同社会既存的非正式制度的关系,只有理性设计的正式制度同存在于人们的感性意识和感性行为中的非正式制度协调起来,社会才能形成稳定而有效的和谐秩序,尤其在社会转型时期,新旧制度交替时正式制度和非正式制度的矛盾变得更加复杂。 这些也就是笔者所谓社会理性化的感性化前提 5 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 6 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 7 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 8 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 9 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 10 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 11 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 12 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 13 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 14 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 15 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 16 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 17 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 18 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 19 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 20 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 21 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 22 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 23 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 24 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 25 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 26 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 27 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 28 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 29 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 30 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 31 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 32 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 33 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 34 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 35 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 36 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 37 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 38 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 39 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 40 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 41 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 42