〈词汇学教程〉答案
《英语词汇学教程》(2004年版)练习答案
【Chapter 1】
7. tart: loose woman bloke: fellow
gat: pistol swell: great
chicken: coward blue: fight
smoky: police full: drunk
dame: woman beaver: girl
8. haply = perhaps albeit = although
methinks = it seems to me eke = also
sooth = truth morn = morning
troth = pledge ere = before
quoth = said hallowed = holy
billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid
12.
Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans
kettle confrere chopstick dream
die pro patria typhoon
wall Wunderkind black humour
skirt mikado long time no see
husband parvenu
【Chapter 2】
Ex.1
The Indo-European Language Family is one
of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.
2. Indo-European Language Family
Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic
Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English
Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Swedish
Prussian Irish Italian German
Polish Portuguese Norweigian
Slavenian Icelandic
Russian Danish
Bulgarian Dutch
6.
When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary
for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have
connected them with another, and to assume among the
powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the
laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent
respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they
should declare the causes which impel them to the
separation.
Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin.
What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that
Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English
vocabulary.
8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]
falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]
saxophone [German + Greek]
heirloom [ French + English]
joss house [ Portuguese + English] television
[Greek + Latin]
9.
amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)
peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)
judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)
grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)
jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)
gender (E) début (L) morale (L)
state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)
11.
allegro, f 轻快
andante, j
diminuendo, g
largo, d
pianoforte, a 轻转慢
alto, i 女低音
crescendo, b 渐强
forte, e
piano, h 轻
soprano, c
12.
cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)
coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)
lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)
shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)
tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)
kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)
chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)
cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)
loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)
13.
a. alligator b. loco
c. rodeo d. bonanza
e. igloo f. blitzkrieg
g. wigwam h. canoe
i. hurricane j. boomerang
k. panchos
【Chapter 3】
1. a. morpheme b. allomorph
c. bound morpheme d. free morpheme
e. affix f. informational affix
g. derivational affix h. root
i. stem j. base
3. individualistic
individualist + ic [stem, base]
individual + ist [stem, base]
individu + al [stem, base]
in + dividu [root, stem, base]
undesirables
un + desirable [stem, base]
desir + able [root, stem, base]
free morpheme = free root
morpheme bound root
bound morpheme inflectional affix
affix prefix
derivational affix
suffix
【Chapter 4】
Affixation
5. non-smoker incapable impractical
disobey insecurity irrelevant
immature inability/disability unofficially
unwillingness illegal disagreement
illogical disloyal inconvenient
non-athletic
6. harden horrify modernize
memorize falsify apologize
deepen glorify sterilize
lengthen intensify beautify
fatten sympathize
a. apologized b. beautify c. lengthening
d. sympathized e. fatten f. falsify
g. memorizing h. Sterilize
7. a. employee b. politician c. participant
d. waitress e. conductor f. teacher
g. pianist h. examinee/examiner
8.
trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-world
mono- = one: monorail, monoculture
super- = over, above: superstructure, supernatural
auto- = self: autobiography, automobile
sub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition
mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar
pre- = before: prehistorical, preelection
ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer Compounding
heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]
movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv]
far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a]
lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a]
boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]
snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n]
on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a]
light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]
4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homebound
needle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthy
bar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wide
clear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyle
self-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related
water-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerful
news-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadness
sister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-produced
half-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-green
age-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-based
Conversion
7. a. stomach [n ? v]
b. room [n ? v]
c. wolf [n ? v]
d. come/go [v ? n]
e. familiar [a ? n]
f. innocent [a ? n]
g. flat [a ? n]
h. ah/ ouch [int ? v]
i. warm [a ? n]
j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v ? n]
k. Hamlet [proper n ? v]
l. buy [v ? n]
m. smooth [a ? v]
Blending
motel (motor + hotel)
humint (human + intelligence)
advertisetics (advertisement + statistics)
psywarrior (psychological warrior)
hoverport (hovercraft + port)
chunnel (channel + tunnel)
hi-fi (high + fidelity)
cinemactress (cinema + actress)
Clipping
copter (helicopter) dorm (dormitory)
lab (laboratory) prefab (prefabricated house) gas (gasoline) prof (professor) scope (telescope) champ (champion) sarge (sergeant) mike (microphone) ad (advertisement) tec (detective)
Acronymy
2. kg = kilogram ft = foot cf = confer cm = centimeter $ = dollar
ibid = ibidem etc. = et cetera
VIP = very important person
OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
TOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language
3. a. SALT
b. radar
c. AIDS
d. BASIC
e. Laser
f. WHO
g. sonar
h. G-man
Backformation
2. lase (laser)
escalate (escalator)
babysit (babysitter)
peeve (peevish)
orate (orator)
commute (commuter)
Commonization of Proper Names
a. tantalize—Tantalus
b. Argus-eyed—Argus
c. narcissism—Narcissus
d. sabotage—sabots
e. martinet—Martinet
f. yahoo—Yahoo
g. Shylock—Shylock
h. hoovering—Hoover
i. utopia—Utopia
j. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom
Chapter 5
6. apes—b birds—a
cattle—m cricket—n
doves—c foxes—j
geese—k sheep—f
wolves—g monkeys—e
pigs—l hyenas—h
turkeys—d swans—i
9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear
power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as
“benefit, energy”, etc.
b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end
of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”,
such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.
c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery,
science, knowledge”, etc.
10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)
articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)
gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)
rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)
fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)
mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)
11.
No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative
1 particular fastidious/fussy
2 critical fault-finding/picky
3 style/vogue fad
4 artful cunning/sly
5 unstable fickle/capricious
6 developing underdeveloped/ backward
7 encourage/ promote instigate
8 group clique/gang
14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]
cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]
calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE]
rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]
hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]
chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]
-HUMAN
bull cow calf +BOVINE
rooster hen chicken +GALLINE
+MALE -MALE +ADULT
Chapter 6
Polysemy
4.
board
a piece of timber
table
council tabledining table
food served at councilors;
the table; mealcommittee;
supplied by the directorsof a
week or monthcompany
Homonymy
4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have
enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of
homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to
the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole
sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If
they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not
earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.
2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we
cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a
mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine,
one may feel warm.
3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon
ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid
down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down
his upper limbs.
Synonymy
3. avaricious: greedy
courteously: politely
emancipate: set free
customary: usual
width: breadth
adversary: opponent
gullible: deceived
remainder: residue
innocent: sinless
obstacle: obstruction
vexation: annoyance
5. a. identifiable b. safety
c. motivates d. delicate
e. surroundings f. artificial
g. prestige h. perspire
i. accomplishment j. silent
k. impressive l. evaporate
6. run move spin
turn whirl roll
7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. ripe
d. mature e. effective f. efficient
g. fatigued, children h. tired, kids
i. declined j. refused k. rancid
l. addled m. Penalties n. fines
o. rebuked p. accused
Antonymy
5. a. similar/same b. safe
c. sharp/ smart d. send
e. stingy/ selfish h. simple
f. significant/sensible i. sure
g. skeptical/ suspicious l. smooth
j. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy
k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumber
m. subjective
n. sob/ scowl
6. a. old-fashioned b. completely
c. moisture d. special
e. essential f. similarity
g. innocent h. rigid
i. loosen j. clarity
k. deserted l. fruitful
m. peremptory n. depressed
o. indifferent
7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—follies
c. haste—leisure d. penny—pound, wise—foolish
e. speech—silence f. absence—presence
g. admonish—praise i. wise men—fools
h. young—old private—public saint—devil
j. mind—body k. foul—fair
l. danger—security m. deliberate--prompt
n. children—parents o. bully—coward
p. head—tail
8. right—wrong single—return
dry—sweet hard—easy
strong—faint rough—calm
light—dark cold—warm
high—low/deep
Hyponymy
3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bed
matter: liquid, gas, solid
meat: pork, beef, mutton
go: run, fly, walk
4. profession workplace
surgeon: clinic, hospital
plumber: house, building
lawyer: office, law courts
mechanic: garage
photographer: studio
foreman: worksite, factory
5. hairbrush mirror comb
sleepers rug dressing table
BEDROOM carpet dressing gown bed
mattress wardrobclothes e sheets pillows pyjamas blanket
s
6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general
and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced
respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates,
conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.
In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms,
which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel,
burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates.
Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.
Semantic field
3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The
difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of
another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not
synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or
superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in
style or affective meaning.
Chapter 7
4. 1) extension 2) extension
3) narrowing 4) degradation
5) elevation 6) narrowing
7) extension 8) extension
9) narrowing 10) elevation
11) narrowing 12) degradation
13) degradation 14) degradation
5. a. associated transfer
b. abstract to concrete
c. abstract to concrete
d. abstract to concrete
e. abstract to concrete
f. abstract of concrete
g. associated transfer
h. associated transfer
i. synesthesia
j. synesthesia
6. a. objective b. subjective, objective
c. objective d. subjective
e. subjective f. subjective
g. subjective h. subjective, objective
7. a. die b. graveyard
c. bedlam疯人院 d. old people
e. strike f. Policeman
g. stupid pupil h. poor people
i. toilet j. fat person
k. unemployed mother
Chapter 8
2. a. to repair
b. measurement and determination of one’s position
c. predicament
d. injection
a. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)
b. the theatre or acting as a profession
c. a particular point or period in a process of development
d. to plan, arrange and carry out
a. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding or
harmony
b. conversation
c. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)
3. a. synonym
b. explanation/ definition
c. antonym
d. example
e. relevant details
f. relevant details
g. relevant details
4. a. stop people drinking
stop drinking by themselves
b. a stone house which is big
a house built of big stones
c. a picture possessed by Betty
a photograph of Betty
d. aunts who are visiting
paying a visit to aunts
e. take Jane as his wife
preside over Jane’s wedding
f. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it hits the
thing it aims at
an object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him
Chapter 9
6. a—2) b—9) c—3)
d—6) e—1) f—8)
g—5) h—4) i—7)
j—10)
7. a. stand out against
b. approve of
c. get … over with
d. looking into
e. come up with
f. comply with
g. cashed in on
h. go without
i. to profit by / from
j. dut down …to
8. a cool cat = a really calm person
blow one's stack = lose control over oneself
fly off the handle = become excessively angry
what's more = furthermore
get away with = commit an illegitimate act without penalty
of course = naturally
get on = get old
pepper and salt = grey (hair)
make up for = compensate for
lost time = time wasted
take it easy = relax, not worry
get up = rise from bed
turn in = go into bed
take care of = manage or look after
like a breeze = without effort or easily
time off = time for rest
get it made = be successful
this is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object
beyond which more of the same is unnecessary
, Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever
becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business
financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older.
His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted
time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages
his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn
to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.
9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.
A stitch in time saves nine.
b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too
many cooks, better let me.”
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large
in every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.
have a finger in the pie
d. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody
can hear themselves think.
Speech is silver, silence is golden.
e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a
wheel in the middle of a wheel.
wheel within wheels
f. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect
evidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his
bricks.
make bricks without straw
10. wind and weather wheeling and dealing
waifs and strays town and gown
top and tail time after time
rules and regulations rise and fall
rags and tatters puff and blow
pick and shovel peace and quiet
over and above one and only
off and on neck and neck
shoulder to shoulder moan and groan
milk and water man and beast
11. a. 好奇伤身。
b. 闻声知鸟。/闻言知人。
c. 种瓜得瓜。/种豆得豆。
d. 美貌只是一层皮。/不可以貌取人。
e. 良药苦口。
f. 谨慎是安全之本。
g. 子为人之父。/从小看大。
h. 不满是前进的第一步。/不满就是进步的开始
i. 入乡随俗。
j. 吃一堑,长一智。
k. 烈火试真金,逆境炼意志。
Chapter 10
14. draft (AmE)—draught (BrE)
gaol (BrE)—jail (AmE)
aesthetic (BrE)—esthetic (AmE)
check (AmE)—cheque (BrE)
travel (AmE)—travell (BrE)
catalog (AmE)—catalogue (BrE)
16. subway (AmE) = underground/ tube (BrE)
subway (BrE): underground passage way across a road
public school (AmE) = private school (BrE esp. boarding school)
17. The information can be found in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
(New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly) p590.
18. The expressions can be found in Language Notes entitled Thanks in Longman
Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly)
p1097.
19. The information can be found in Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (1995
Britain; 2000 上海外语教育出版社)。
rich: ????? = belonging to 1200
wealthy: ?????= belonging to 3200
affluent: ?????= belonging to 8100
These words can not be used interchangeably because they differ in intensity of
meaning, in range of meaning and in formality. Generally the higher the
frequency of use, the more common it is. Comparatively, affluent is the most
formal, strongest and most infrequently-used word.
20. dull has 9 meanings; 5 synonyms; 4 antonyms; 6 superordinates (CCED 1987,
p439)
21. blurt has two meanings, for meaning 1, the information given in the Extra
Column is: V + O/REPORT-CL/QUOTE + A(out), or V + QUOTE; ? bottle up.
That means blurt is a verb followed by object or object clause, or by direct quote
(直接引语) followed by adverbial out; its antonym is bottle up.
For meaning 2, we find: V + O/REPORT/QUOTE + A (out).
22. on an empty stomach = Route to find information: empty (key word) ? empty
stomach ?EAT 12 (EAT has 14 meanings), meaning without having eaten
anything.
corporal punishment = Route to find information: punishment ?corporal
punishment, meaning punishment by hitting usually with a stick.