人工智能和智能系统外文翻译文献中英文

外文文献翻译及译文标：智利的人工智能和智能系统研究外文文献翻译文献出处：AtkinsonJ.,SolarM.(2009)ArtificialIntelligenceandIntelligentSystemsResearchinChile.In:BramerM.(eds)ArtificialIntelligenceAnInternationalPerspective.LectureNotesinComputerScience,vol5640：pp1-10译文字数：5000多字原文ArtificialIntelligenceandIntelligentSystemsResearchinChileJohnAtkinsonandMauricioSolar1IntroductionIn1947AlanTuringpredictedthattherewouldbeintelligentcomputersbytheendofthecentury.Henceheproposedanintelligencetestwhichallowsustoassessamachineasintelligentinhisclassic1950article"Canamachinethink?".ThetermArtificialIntelligence(AI)aroseforthefirsttimeinaconferenceatDartmouthCollegein1956onmachineintelligencewhichgatheredthemostrenownedscientistssuchasJohnMcCarthy,MarvinMinsky,ClaudeShannon,AllenNewellandHerbertSimon.Oneofthese,HerbertSimonpredictedin1965thatby1985,machineswillbecapableofdoinganythingamancando.AtthesametimeDreyfusarguedagainstthepossibilitiesofAI.Furthermore,MarvinMinskyfromMITpredictedin1967thatwithinageneration,theproblemofcreatingAIwillbesubstantiallysolved.Intheearlysixties,neuralnetworkresearchstartedtospreadacrossthemostimportantlaboratoriesanduniversitiesintheworld.Despitethesignificanteffortsandfundingprovidedbypublicandprivateinstitutions,thefamous1969monographentitledPerceptrons[10]showedthatitwasimpossiblefortheseclassesofneuralnetworktolearnanXORfunction.MinskyandPapertconjecturedincorrectlythatasimilarresultwouldholdforaPerceptronwiththreeormorelayers.ThreeyearslaterStephenGrossbergpublishedaseriesofpapersintroducingneuralnetworkscapableofmodelingdifferential,contrast-enhancingandXORfunctions.Neverthelesstheoften-citedMinsky&Papertpapercausedasignificantdeclineininterestandfundingofneuralnetworkresearch.Thus,thefirsttwentyyearsofAIresearchworldwidewascharacterizedbyhighexpectationsinashorttime.DevelopingcountrieswerenotsupposedtogetinvolvedinAIresearchinatimelyfashionasrenownedresearchersclaimedthemajorityoftheopenproblemsmaybesolvedinatooshortperiodoftime.Fortunately,itwasnotsoasacoupleofSouthAmericancountriessuchasBrazilandChilegotinvolvedinAIintheearly80s.InChile,theeightieswitnessedthebeginningsofresearchanddevelopmentinAI.EarlyapplicationsincludedcontributionsofAIindiagnosticsystemsintheminingindustryandsignificantachievementsonpracticalapplicationsinengineeringandscience.Inparticular,strategicareasforthecountryweregivenhighpriorityincludingmining,forestryandindustrialautomation.Aresurgenceofneuralnetworksresearchworldwideinthe1980salsoencouragednationalresearcherstopursueadvancedresearchandapplicationsofneuro-mimeticsystems.SomeofthesemilestoneshadasignificantimpactontheeconomicresourcesadevelopingcountryiswillingtospendonResearchandDevelopment(R&D).Sincethen,ComputerScience(CS)researchinChilehasbeenreinforcedaimingtohiremoreresearchers,enrollmoregraduatestudents,improveandspreadresearchinitiativesthroughoutthecountry,andincreasethenumberofR&Dprojects.Inthescientificarea,ChileanCSshowsanincreaseinscientificproductionbypaperspublishedinhighqualityindexedjournals,renownedconferences,andACM&IEEEconferences,etc.MostofthefundingforR&DinChilecomesfromthegovernmentandafewresearchcontractswithprivateindustries(27%ofthemoneyspentinR&D).Nevertheless,themajorresearchfundinginstitutionsarepublic,includingCONICYT(TheChileanNSFequivalent),FONDEF(CONICYT’sfundingunitfortechnologicalresearchinindustry),CORFO(MinistryofEconomy’sProductionDevelopmentCorporation)andMIDEPLAN(MinistryofPlanning).Inthischapter,theevolutionofR&DactivityonAIbyChileanscientistsanddevelopersisbrieflydiscussedandthemainimpactsarehighlighted.2TheBeginningsofResearchandDevelopmentinAIinChileAsforthemajorityoftheAIactivityworldwide,ChileanresearchonAIhashistoricallyhadtwomainworkingfocuses:FoundationsandEngineering.Thefirststreaminvolvedseminalworkbybiologists,psychologists,mathematiciansandlinguisticsonthebasisofcognition,knowledgeacquisitionandperception.Asecondstreamincludedresearchersanddevelopers,mainlyfromuniversitiesandresearchcenters,workingonAIapplicationsinindustryandscience.ArtificialIntelligenceandIntelligentSystemsResearchinChileOntheAIappliedside,researchhasmainlybeencarriedoutinuniversities,whereseveralparadigmscanbefoundincludingArtificialIntelligence(mainlyinCSdepartments),ComputationalIntelligence(mainlyinElectricalandElectronicEngineeringdepartments)andothers(linguistics,psychology).AgoodexceptionoutsidetheacademicworldisaprojectwhichaimedtoapplyAIandCybernetictheorytothegovernment.In1971,aninnovativesystemofcyberneticinformationmanagementandtransferbegandevelopinginChileduringthegovernmentofPresidentSalvadorAllende;theCYBERSYNproject,cyberneticsynergy,informationandcontrolsystem.InChileanStateownedcompaniesasystemforcapturing,processingandpresentingeconomicinformationtobemanagedin“quasi”realtime,basedonaconvergenceofscience,technology,politicsandcybernetics,becameanabsolutepioneerintheapplicationofacyberneticmodelinmasssocio-economiccontexts,and.TheeconomicsystemoftheAllendeGovernment,afterannexingandnationalizingdiverseStatecompanies,wasfacedwiththenecessitytocoordinateinformationregardingstatecompaniesandthosethathadbeenrecentlynationalized,soitrequiredthecreationofadynamicandflexiblesystemforpropermanagementofthecompanies.In1970FernandoFloreswasappointedTechnicalDirectorGeneralofCORFO,andwasresponsibleforthemanagementandcoordinationbetweennationalizedcompaniesandtheState.HehadknownthetheoriesandsolutionsproposedbyBritishscientistStaffordBeersincehewasanengineeringstudent,andsubsequentlyinthecourseofhisprofessionalrelationshipwithSIGMA,theBeerconsultancyfirm.HewrotetoStaffordBeerinvitinghimtoimplementinChileVSM(theViableSystemModel),whichhadbeendevelopedinBeer’s“TheBrainOfTheFirm”.Beeracceptedimmediately,andtheprojectentereditsdevelopmentstagein1971.Intheearlyeighties,theChileanscientistDr.FernandoFloresworkingwithTerryWinogradfromStanfordUniversity,proposedanewapproachtounderstandingwhatcomputersdoandhowtheirfunctioningisrelatedtohumanlanguage,thought,andaction.Hisinfluentialworkentitled“UnderstandingComputersandCognition”[20]wasaworldwidecontributiontounderstandsocialnetworksandcommitmentnetsincompanies.ThisisbasedontheSpeechActstheoryandhasimpactondesigningintelligentsystems,effectivehumancommunications,etc.Itisabroad-rangingdiscussionexploringthebackgroundofunderstandinginwhichthediscourseaboutcomputersandtechnologytakesplace.Itrepresentsanimportantcontributiontotheresearchaboutwhatitmeanstobeamachine,andwhatitmeanstobehuman.SoftwaresystemsusinghisresearchweremarketedasTheCoordinator(http://www.actiontech.com/).AlthoughpracticalapplicationsofAIinChilestartedintheearly80s,someunderlyingresearchonoriginsofintelligence(anditsbiologicalbasis)waslongbeforethen.Researchonoriginsofintelligenceandlanguageuse(languaging)isduetotheworldrenownedChileanScientistHumbertoMaturana.BiologistMaturanaisbestknownforhis(re)definitionofAutopoiesis[9]whichhasasignificantimpactontheunderstandingofnaturalandartificialautonomoussystems.Autopoiesistheoryfeaturedtworeferents:asetofinterconnectedideasaimedtoprovidedefinitionsandexplanationsforlifeandbiologicalphenomena.WithrootsinCybernetics,Maturana’sworkinfluencedvariousfields;hottopicinArtificialLifeandembodieddynamicalapproachestocognitivescience.Itsbasicaxiomsinvolvedtwokeyprinciples:Structuraldeterminism.Thedynamicsofasystemaredeterminedonlybyitsownstructuralcomposition,followingoperationallaws(thelawsofphysics).Everythingsaidissaidbyanobserver.Itisnotpossibletodosciencewithoutapointofviewandalanguagethatinfluenceswhattheobserverchoosestodistinguishinher/hisobservations.Maturana’stheoryappliesscience,especiallywhatisknownofneuralsystems,tophilosophicalquestionsabouthumanperceptionandunderstanding(AutopoiesisandCognition).Thisaddressestheoriginoflifeandcontinuesthroughthedevelopmentoflanguageinhumans[9].Furthermore,AMaturana’scolleague,FranciscoVarelaprovidedthebiologicalbasisfordesigningcomplexsystems,artificiallifeandembodiedintelligence.ForVarela,thecoreofintelligenceandcognitiveabilitiesisthesameasthecapacityoflivingwhichgivesrisetomodernArtificialLife[18,19]withapplicationstocontroltheory,roboticsandtheshifttowardsbiologicallyinspirednotionsofviabilityandadaptation,situatedness,etc.Headdressedbottom-uptheoriesofartificialintelligenceandexploredwhatcanbelearnedfromsimplemodelssuchasinsectsaboutthecognitiveprocessesandcharacteristicautonomyoflivingorganisms.Dr.Varelafirstintroducedthenotionof“Emergence”(connectionism):manycognitivetasks(suchasvisionandmemory)seemtobehandledbestbysystemsmadeupofmanysimplecomponents,which,whenconnectedbytheappropriaterules,giverisetoglobalbehaviours.3AIatUniversitiesAninterestingfeatureofAIresearchinChilewasthatthisaimedtosolvepracticalproblemsinindustry.Forexample,earlydevelopmentofexpertsystemsinChilewasappliedtotheminingindustry(oneofthemostimportantintheWorld),processcontrol,andmedicine.Thefirstexpertsystem(ES)outsidetheminingareawascapableofdiagnosingfaultsinmotorpumpsforpapercompanies,otherapplicationsincludedanexpertcontrollerforSemi-AutogenousGrinding[11];aconfigurationsystemforclimatictestings[16],andFuzzyESforautomation.Later,agroupofChileanresearcherspioneeredthefoundationsforessentialhypertensiontreatmentusingAItechniques[8].Inthemiddle80s,severalChileanexpertspursuinggraduatestudiesreturnedtothecountry.TheyweremainlyspecializedinES,neuralnetworksystems,evolutionarycomputationandheuristicoptimization.ThisdrovethedevelopmentandapplicationofAItechnologyintheChileanindustry.ThefirstChileangraduateswerefromGeorgiaTech(USA),King’sCollegeLondon(UK),UFRJinBrazil,UniversityofToronto(Canada),etc.Inthelastfiveyears,graduatesreturningtothecountrycamefromINRIA(France),UniversityofEdinburgh(UK),UniversityofCambridge,CarnegieMellonUniversity(USA),etc.Currently,CSdepartmentsofallmajoruniversitiesinthecountryhavearesearchareainAI.ThereisnocommonthematicorcentralAIorganizationinthecountry,butmostoftheresearchersaremembersoftheChileanComputerScienceSociety.AnoverviewofthemainactivitiesinsomeofthemajorinstitutionsarehighlightedincludingthosebyCatholicUniversityofChile(PUC),UniversidaddeConcepción(UCO),UniversidaddeSantiagodeChile(USACH),UniversidaddeChile(UChile)andUniversidadTécnicaFedericoSantaMaria(UTFSM).3.1AIatPUCThemainresearchactivitiesinAIatPUCfocusonmachinelearning,computervisionandautonomousrobotics.Intheearly80s,asignificantdevelopmentoflogicsandtheoremsolvingwascarriedoutby[5,6,7].Furthermore,PUCpioneeredtheuseandapplicationofEStechnologyinindustry.ThisledtothefirstExpertSystemcompanyintheearly80s:SOLEX,andthedevelopmentofapplicationsinindustrialplanning,optimization,andheuristics.Bytheearly90s,milestonesincludedinfluentialworkonlogicforknowledgerepresentationbyProfessorLeopoldoBertossi(nowatCarletonUniversity,Canada),andSituationCalculusbyProfessorJavierPinto(RIP)[14,15].SomeotherrecentdevelopmentsincludedRoboticsandProbabilisticReasoning,Agentplanningunderuncertaintyusinglogic-basedprogramming,DynamicSurveillanceusingUnmannedAerialVehiclesandPlanningvisualnavigationformobilerobots.Appliedmachinelearninghasalsobeenarecentfocusfordetectingrareobjectsinhugeastronomicaldatabasesusingdataminingtechnologies.Anexampleofcomputervisionresearchistheautomatedinspectionusinguncalibratedimagesequences.Thistechnologyintegratesstate-of-the-artimageprocessingandpatternrecognitiontechniques(seeFig.1).3.2AIatUCOEarlyAIresearchwasmarkedbyappliedworkonESinmedium-sizecompaniesandknowledgerepresentationtheoriesforadaptiveES.RecentworkhascontributedsignificantlytoadvancingappliedAIonareassuchasNaturalLanguageProcessing(NLP),Multi-agentsystems,evolutionarycomputation,patternrecognitionandintelligentoptimization.TheworkatUCOistheChileanleaderonNLPandlanguagetechnologyincludingtextmining,natural-languagedialoguesystemsandsemanticprocessing.Someofthisworkhasbeenpublishedinthemostprestigiousinternationaljournals[1,2,3,4].NLPworkhasbeenpursuedjointlywithresearchersintheDepartmentofLinguisticsforthelast10years.Acurrentworldwidecontributon[3]involvesanewmodeltofilterinformationfromtheWebusingnatural-languagedialoguesystems.Inthenewparadigm,usersdonotgetoverloadedwithinformationwhensearchingontheweb.Instead,theyinteractwithadialoguesystemwhichattemptstounderstandtheirrequests.Dialoguegoesonuntilmostoftheuser’scommunicationgoalshavebeenmet.Themodelisthencapableoffilteringinformationfromthewebthatisofspecificinteresttotheuser.Multipleexperimentshaveshownthatthisnewfilteringmodeloutperformsstate-of-the-artArtificialIntelligenceandIntelligentSystemsResearchinChileAutonomousagentsandmulti-agentsystemsresearchhascarriedoutworkonintelligentsearchontheweb,negotiationstrategiesfordynamicformationofagents,andmulti-agentsimulation.Furthermore,theDepartmentofComputerScienceshasoneofthetwoChileanroboticsoccerteamsparticipatingintheworldroboticsoccercompetitionRoboCup.Arecentachievementisinintelligentroboticsoccerinwhichteamformationstrategiesaredynamicallygeneratedbyusingneuralnetworkslearningfromthegameconditionsandthepolicyprovidedbyahumancoach.TheUniversityhasalsocontributedinfluentialworkonAIapplicationsinforeignlanguagelearningandintelligenttutoringsystems.RecentworkfocusesonautomaticfeedbackgenerationusingNLPtechnologyforintelligenttutoringoflanguagelearning.SignificantresearchhasalsobeenpursuedonpatternrecognitionanditsapplicationsinBioinformatics.Inparticular,newclusteringandrecognitionmethodsformicroarrayimageanalysisandDNAprocessing.3.3AIatUSACHCurrentresearchhasmainlyfocusedonAIapplicationsinmedicineandpracticaloptimizationinindustry.ResearchgroupsatUSACHalongwithotheruniversitiespioneeredanationalefforttoadvanceresearchandapplicationsofneuralnetworkbasedmethodsinindustryinthemiddleeighties.SignificantappliedAIworkhasalsobeeninautonomousroboticsapplicationsfortheChileanminingindustry.Recently,animportantefforthasconcentratedonusingmachinelearningtechniquesforBusinessIntelligenceapplications.InHeuristicsandOptimization,thefocusisonsolvinghardproblemsinengineeringandindustry[12,13];Metaheuristics(i.e.,GeneticAlgorithms)forNP-hardproblems;approachestooptimizationusingparallelanddistributedcomputingtechnology[17].Optimizationusingothertechniquessuchasneuralnetworksincludesinfluentialappliedworkonneuralnetworkmodelsforpatternrecognition,time-seriesprediction,metalimagerecognitionandIntelligentSignalProcessing.TheDepartmentofComputerScienceEngineeringhasakeynationalroleinbiomedicalapplicationsindifferentareassuchasdatamininginthehealtharea,biologicalsystemsanalysis,neuralnetsandBayesianmethodsforassessinghealthtechnologies.3.4AIatUChileTheComputerScienceDepartmentatUniversityofChilehasnosignificantresearchcontributionsinAI.However,asmallresearchgroupspreadoverseveraldepartments(electricalengineering,computerscience,andindustrialengineering)hasbeenengagedonAIrelatedresearch.Forexample,somesignificantworkhasbeendevelopedintheareasofdynamicdataminingandfeatureselectionusingmachinelearningmethods.Furthermore,importantresearchonformalLogicandtheSemanticWebincludingametadatamodelfordescribingandqueryingonthesemanticwebhavebeenpursuedbyresearchersinlogic,mathematicsandcomputerscience.Recently,theDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringhasledtheapplicationofAItechniquesonintelligentroboticsystems.InadditiontotheacademicAIresearchinuniversitiessomenationwidemilestoneshavebeenwitnessedacrossuniversitiesandcompanies.Forexample,ChilewasthefirstSouthAmericancountrytointroduceEStechnologyforfaultdiagnosisandknowledgeacquisitionintotheMiningindustry(80s).ThefirstexperimentalandpracticalNaturalLanguageInterfacesforbusinesspurposesweredevelopedinearly80s.ThefirstInternationalSymposiumonArtificialIntelligenceinSouthAmericawasheldinValparaiso,Chile(early80s)incooperationwiththeFrenchGovernment.Inearly90sthefirstpracticalmobileroboticsapplicationsformineoperationsweredeployed.Inthemiddle90s,aconsortiumofUniversitiesbroughtNeuralNetsEngineeringintotheproductiveareafundedbyFONDEF.Resultsincludedapplicationsinpatternclassification;AutomaticVisualinspection;RoboticManipulation;andFinancialanalysis.Recently,thegovernmentgrantedamillionUSdollarprojecttodevelopthefirstnationalUniversity-IndustryconsortiumfordesigningUnmannedAerialVehiclesforsurveillanceandmonitoringapplications(2005).3.5AIatUTFSMAIworkatUTFSMhasbeenconductedintheDepartmentofComputerScienceandDepartmentofElectronicEngineering.Mainresearchareashavefocusedonpatternrecognition,evolutionarycomputationandheuristicoptimizationandneuralnetworks.Newensemblemachinelearningtechniqueshavebeendevelopedtodealwithdata-intensivetaskssuchasimageprocessing,climateanalysis,etc.Statistically-motivatedmethodshavealsobeendesignedtoimprovetheparametersettingtaskinevolutionarycomputationmethods.Recently,importantongoingworkhasbeendevelopedforintelligentroboticsinordertoprovideevolutionarymechanismsofnavigationandobjecttracking.4ConclusionsChileanAIbasicandappliedresearchhasshownimportantcontributionsinindustry,scienceandtechnologybothatnationalandinternationallevels.KeepinginmindthepopulationofChile(a16millionpeoplecountry),itsactivitiesareevencomparableintermofpercapitaactivitiestootherbiggerdevelopingcountriessuchasBrazil.However,massiveintroductionofAItechnologyintoprivatecompaniesisstillinitsearlystages.Dataminingtechnologies,frauddetection,industrial-strengthoptimization,etcaresomeexceptions.Asbiotechnology,andinparticular,bioinformaticsbecomesmorepopular,AItechniquesforprocessingmassivegenomicdata,imagesequenceandDNAinformationareamust.Therearehugegapsineducationasbeingrecognizedbyeducationalauthorities.DesigningandapplyingAIsystemsforimprovingthelearning/teachingprocesscanaddressthemainissues.译文智利的人工智能和智能系统研究约翰·阿特金森毛里西奥·索拉1引言1947年，艾伦·图灵（AlanTuring）预测到本世纪末将出现智能计算机。因此，他在1950年的经典文章“机器可以思考吗？”中提出了一项智力测验，使我们能够将机器评估为智能机器。人工智能（AI）一词在1956年达特茅斯学院关于机器智能的会议上首次出现，该会议聚集了约翰·麦卡锡，马文·明斯基，克劳德·香农，艾伦·纽厄尔和赫伯特·西蒙等最著名的科学家。其中之一，赫伯特·西蒙（HerbertSimon）在1965年预测，到1985年，机器将能够完成人类可以做的任何事情。同时，Dreyfus反对AI的可能性。此外，麻省理工学院的马文·明斯基（MarvinMinsky）于1967年预测，一代人之后，创建人工智能的问题将得到实质性解决。在六十年代初期，神经网络研究开始遍及世界上最重要的实验室和大学。尽管公共和私人机构付出了巨大的努力和资金，但著名的1969年专着名为Perceptrons的专着表明，这些类的神经网络不可能学习XOR函数。Minsky和Papert错误地猜想，对于具有三层或更多层的Perceptron，类似的结果也会成立。三年后，斯蒂芬·格罗斯伯格（StephenGrossberg）发表了一系列文献，介绍了能够对微分，对比增强和XOR函数进行建模的神经网络。然而，经常被引用的Minsky和Papert文献导致神经网络研究的兴趣和资金显着下降。因此，全球AI研究的前20年以在短时间内的高期望为特征。发展中国家不应该及时参与人工智能研究，因为著名的研究人员声称，大多数未解决的问题都可能在很短的时间内解决。幸运的是，并没有像巴西和智利这样的几个南美国家在80年代初涉足AI。在智利，八十年代见证了人工智能研究与开发的开始。早期的应用包括AI在采矿业诊断系统中的贡献以及在工程和科学中的实际应用方面的重大成就。特别是，该国的战略领域被高度重视，包括采矿，林业和工业自动化。80年代世界范围内神经网络研究的兴起也鼓励了本国研究人员继续进行神经模拟系统的高级研究和应用。其中一些里程碑事件对发展中国家愿意在研发上投入的经济资源产生了重大影响。从那时起，智利的计算机科学（CS）研究得到了加强，目的是招募更多的研究人员，招募更多的研究生，在全国范围内改善和推广研究计划以及增加研发项目的数量。在科学领域，智利CS通过在高质量索引期刊，著名会议，ACM和IEEE会议等上发表的文献显示科学生产的增长。智利的大部分研发资金来自政府和一些研究私营企业（用于研发的资金的27％）。尽管如此，主要的研究资助机构还是公开的，包括CONICYT（相当于智利NSF），FONDEF（CONICYT用于工业技术研究的资助单位），CORFO（经济部生产发展公司）和MIDEPLAN（计划部）。在本章中，简要讨论了智利科学家和开发人员在AI方面的研发活动的演变，并重点介绍了其主要影响。2智利AI研究与开发的开端对于全球大多数AI活动，智利的AI研究历来具有两个主要工作重点：基础和工程。第一阶段涉及生物学家，心理学家，数学家和语言学家在认知，知识获取和感知基础上的开创性工作。第二流包括主要来自大学和研究中心的研究人员和开发人员，他们致力于工业和科学中的AI应用。智利的人工智能和智能系统研究在AI应用方面，研究主要在大学中进行，在大学中可以找到几种范例，包括人工智能（主要在CS系），计算智能（主要在电气和电子工程系）和其他（语言学，心理学）。学术界以外的一个很好的例外是旨在将AI和控制论应用到政府的项目。1971年，在萨尔瓦多·阿连德（SalvadorAllende）总统执政期间，智利开始开发一种创新的控制论信息管理和传输系统。CYBERSYN项目，控制论协同，信息和控制系统。在智利的国有公司中，基于科学，技术，政治和控制论的融合，用于捕获，处理和呈现经济信息以“准”实时管理的系统，成为了将控制论模型应用到中国的绝对先驱。大众社会经济背景；以及。阿连德政府的经济体系在兼并各种国有公司并将其国有化之后，面临着必须协调有关国有公司和最近国有化的公司的信息的必要性，因此，它需要建立一个动态而灵活的系统来适当管理国有公司。公司。1970年，费尔南多·弗洛雷斯（FernandoFlores）被任命为CORFO的技术总监，负责国有企业与国家之间的管理与协调。自从他是一名工程专业的学生以来，他就知道了英国科学家StaffordBeer提出的理论和解决，随后在与啤酒咨询公司SIGMA的专业关系中学习了这一知识。他致函斯塔福德·比尔（StaffordBeer），邀请他在智利实施VSM（可行的系统模型），该模型是在比尔的“公司的头脑”中开发的。啤酒立即被接受，该项目于1971年进入开发阶段。八十年代初期，智利科学家费尔南多·弗洛雷斯（FernandoFlores）博士与斯坦福大学的特里·维诺格拉德（TerryWinograd）合作，提出了一种新的方法来理解计算机的功能以及它们与人类语言，思想和行为的关系。他的有影响力的工作名为“理解计算机和认知”[20]，对理解公司的社交网络和承诺网做出了全球贡献。这是基于言语行为理论的，并且对智能系统，有效的人际交流等产生了影响。这是一个广泛的讨论，探讨了关于计算机和技术的论述发生的理解背景。它代表了关于机器意味着什么以及人类意味着什么的研究的重要贡献。利用他的研究成果开发的软件系统以协调员（TheCoo