大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案

大学语言学考试1-7章-和答案大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案PAGE大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案12maximal onset principle statesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant.itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda..Thecorrectsyllabificationofthewordcountryshouldbe，填空1.Thestudyofthemeaningoflingusticwords,phrasesiscalledsemantics.2.Displacementisadesignfeatureofhumanlanguagethatenablesspeakerstotalkaboutawildrangeofthingsfreefrombarrierscausedby4.Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.5.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.6.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.7.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinformativeinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.8.Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterof9.Languageisdistinguishedfromtrafficlightsinthattheformerhasthedesigningfeatureofduality.10.Inlinguisticsresearch,bothquantityandqualityapproachesarepreferred.判断：11.Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech,thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday'shaveno....√12.AccordingtoChomsky,theword“competence”isnotlimitedtotheabilityofanidealnativespeakertoconstructandrecognize.×13.Dualityandculturaltransmissionaretwomostimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.×14.Chomsky'scompetence'andperformancearesimilarinmeaningtoSaussure’slangueandparole.√15,Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”forlanguageusage√16.Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thewrittenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthespokenformforaofreasons.√17.Modernlinguisticsismainlydiachronic.×chochronic共时的18.LangueandparoleisthefundamentaldistinctiondiscussedbyChomskyinhisAspectsoftheTheoryofdistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguisticsasParoleandlanguage.√20.AccordingtoChomsky,thetaskofalinguististodeterminefromthedataofperformancetheunderlyingsystemofrulesthathasbeen√选择:1.Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalysethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesforcorrectlinguisticbehavior,itissaidtobedescriptive2.IcanrefertoConfuciuseventhoughhewasdead2000yearsago.Thisshowsthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureofdisplacement.“Don’tendasentencewithapreposition.”thisisanexampleofprescriptiverules.WhichofthefollowingismostreferredtoasabranchofthestudyofmeaninginThesynchronicstudyoflanguagetakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.6.Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalledpragmatics.7.ThefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageisA?没照下图片arbitraryThedescriptiveofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.题目没照下来。答案为：principles-and-parameterstheory10.Chomskyusesthetermscompetencetorefertoactualrealizationofalanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguistic...TransformationlGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedbyin1957.题目没拍下来，答案morphology.13.AccordingtoChomsky,competenceistheidealuser’sinternalizedknowledgeofhislanguage.14.ThefamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuilet”.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”wellillustrateconventionalnature15.没拍到overvariousperiodsoftime历时diachronic16.Linguisticisthescientificstudyofhumanlanguageingenenral17.Pragmaticsisastudyof_____(D)A:LanguagelearningB:LanguageacquisitionC:LanguageplanningD:Languageinuse18.Alinguistisinterestedin____(B)A:WhatissaidB:WhatisrightbothinsyntaxandinsemanticsC:WhatisgrammaticalD:Whatoughttobesaid19._____hasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodernlinguistics(B)A:ChomskyB:Saussure20.Thefactthatthewell-knownLiuSanJiefeaturesascenceof“duige”(songdueling)mostlyforthesheerjoyofplayingon____functionoflanguage.(B)A:phaticcommunionB.recreationalC:emotiveD:informative21.Thefunctionofthesentence“Aniceday,isn’tit”is____.(B)A:informativeB:phatic交流感情的C:directiveD:performative24.“Tree”inEnglish,“arbre”inFrenchand“木”inJapaneseallrefertothesamething,whichindicatesthatlanguageis_arbitrary____(任意)25.The____functionoflanguageisprimarilytouselanguagetotalkaboutlanguageitself.(D)A:performativeB:interpersonalC:informativeD:meta-language26.Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandle___(B)A:arbitrarinessandcreativityB:generalizationsand…..名词解释Languagedesignfeaturescompetence&performancelanguage&paroleMetalanguagecertainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.简答题2.Communicationcantakemanyforms,suchassign,speech,bodylanguageandfaciallanguage.Dobodylanguageandfaciallanguageexpressionshareorlackthedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguage?3.DoyoupreferdescriptivelinguisticstoprescriptivelinguisticsGiveyourreasons.第二章填空Consonantsoundscanbeeithervoiced-----orvoiceless清音-----,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced-----.Voicing浊音phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalled有序规则Sequentialrules(1)anddark(1)areallophonesofthesameonephoneme,theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations.Thustheyaresaidtobeincomplementary----distribution.transcriptiontranscribessoundswithdiacritics,whilebroad----transcriptiondoesnot.essentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswithanyobstruction-----whenasoundisproduced.foursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,.theyareallbilabial双唇音-----insuchsoundcombinationsas/bi;p/,/geip/and/su;p/,thevoicelessstop/p/,occurringinthefinalposition,isunaspirated,.pronouncewithheldtosomeextent.T‘Beat”and“bit”arenotaminimalpair.FVoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.Ttheassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmarkingthetwophonessimilar.TAgeneraldifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonologyisthatphoneticsisfocusedontheproductionofspeechsoundswhilephonologyismoreconsciencewithhowspeechso…Twhenapluralform–sisaddedtoanounthatendswithavowel,itispronouncedas{z},duetoassimilation.Fofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only----ispermissibleaccordingtothesequentialrulesinEnglish.（A）kiblbkililkbilbkintermsoftheplaceofarticulation.Thefollowingsounds{t}{d}{z}{s}{n}sharethefeatureof---(B)palatalAlveolar齿槽bilabialdentalwhosecardinalvowelsystemisstillinuse(C)A.J.EllisA.M.BellDanielJonesA.C.Gimsonwhichofthefollowingsoundsisavoicelessbilabial双唇stop(A)A[p]B[m]C[b]D[t]AccordingtoridiculeofEnglishorthographythenon-existentwordghoticanbepronouncedinthesamewayas____.(C)GoatHotFishFootWhichofthefollowingisthecorrectdescriptionof[v](B)VoicelesslabiodentalfricativeVoicedlabiodentalfricative浊音唇齿摩擦VoicelesslabiodentalstopVoicedlabiodentalstop____isasoundproducedbybringingthetipofthetongueintocontactwiththeupperteethtocreatetheobstruction.(A)Analveolar齿槽音AbilabialApalatalAdental________isnotanEnglishconsonant.(A)Labio-dentalplosiveAlveolarnasalVelarstopDentalfricativeEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintostops,fricatives,nasals,termsof_____.(A)mannerofarticulationOpennessofmouthPlaceofarticulationVoicing______isnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglishphonology.(D)NasalityVoicingAspirationRoundingThechoiceofanallophoneinagivenphoneticcontextis_____RandomPredictableVariableIndependentTheconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:_______isnotasuprasegmentalfeature.(A)AspirationIntonationStressTone名词解释InternationalAssociationPhonologyVoicingVowel&consonantPhoneticPhoneme&allophoneMaximalonsetprincipleAnalyzethedatabelow,andthenanswersomequestions.fivepast[faivpa;st]----[faifpa;st]Loveto[l^vtHastoAscanbeshownLosefive-nilEdgetoedgeWhatrulesofphonologicalprocessesdoyoufind?BycomparisonwithNasalizationrule:[-nasal][+nasal]/____[+nasal].Dentalizationrule:[-dental][dental]/____[dental],andVelarizationrule:[-velar][+velar]/____[+velar],canyougiveamoregeneraltermthatcoversalltherulesmentionedabove?2.Thephonologicalfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofindividualsoundsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeature.Discussthemainsuprasegmentalfeatures,illustratingwithexampleshowtheyfunctioninthedistinctionofmeaning第三章21.Freemorpheme2.Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword,butitcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear.,definitemeaning,3.Phonologicalrulesmaymovephonemesfromoneplaceinthestringtoanother.Forexample,ModernEnglishverbaskwasOldEnglishaksian,withthekprecedingthes.Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknowasmetathesis(换位)4.Themorphemesthatcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsarecalledboundmorphemes.5.Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.6.Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwithstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.7.Wordsarecreatedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.Suchamethodofenlargingthevocabularyisknownaswordcoinage.Kleenex(softcleansingtissue)kodak、xerox(photocopier)8.Accordingtoitspositionthenewword,affixisdividedintotwokinds’prefixesandsuffixes.判断：Thepartofspeechofthecompoundisalwaysdeterminedbythepartofspeechofthesecondelement,withoutMorphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.TSimplyspeaking,amorphemecanbedefinedasaminimalunitofOnlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformThesamesemanticfeatureoccursononepartofspeechonly.Forexample,femaleoccursonlyinnounssuchasmother,woman,girl.FNewwordsmaybeformedformexistingwordsbysuntractinganaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword;thatis,ignorancesometimescanbecreative.ThuspeddlewasderivedfrompeddleronthemistakenassumptionthattheerwastheagentiveAcompoundisthecombinationofonlytwoAllwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootThewordphotographicallyismadeupof45Linguisticchangeoccursonlyinsoundandlexicalsystem.ButnotinRadarisanexampleof首字母缩略词选择：1.ModernEnglishwordsadministration,parliament,public,court,ect,originatefrom___C___A.MiddleEnglishB.OldEnglishC.FrenchD.Latin2.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakerofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,__C___wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered.A.phrasesB.sentencesC.morphemesD.utterances3.Thewordsmakeandbusarecalled___D____becausetheycanoccurunattached.A.derivationalmorphemesB.inflectionalmorphemesC.boundmorphemesD.freemorphemesNouns.Verbs.andAdjectivescanbeclassifiedas___.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwordsTheword“lase”isanexampleof___inwordformation.A.acronymB.blendingC.functionshiftD.backformationSiteandsightare_C___.orthographyB.homographyC.homophony同音异义D.hyponymyKodarkisa(n)_A__coinage新造词B.blendingC.acronymD.clippingTherearedifferenttypesofaffixes词缀ormorphemes.Theaffix“ed”intheword“learned”isknownasa(n)_C__.derivationalmorphemeB.freemorphemeC.inflectionalmorphemeD.Freeform9.Theword“lab”isformedthrough_C__.AbackformationB.blendingC.clipping略写词D.Derivation10.Whattheelement“--es”indicatesisthirdpersonsingular.Presenttense.Theelement“--ed”pasttense,and“-ing”progressiveaspect.Sincetheyarethesmallestunitoflanguageandmeaningful.Theyarealso_B__.phonemesB.morphemesC.allophonesD.phonesWhendifferentsub-classesofdeterminersoccurtogether,theyfollowtheorderofpre-determinerscentraldeterminers.ThuswedoNOTfindexpressionslike_C__.alltheirtroubleB.alltheliveboysC.theirbothsonsD.anotherthreeweeks第四章填空1.Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberwords_toformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.2.Acompoundsentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas“and””but””or”.3Asubordinatesentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintheother.4XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNP”theboywholikeshispuppy”consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifier_,NtheheadandSthecomplement.判断1therelationshipbetweentheembebbedclause嵌入句anditsmatrixclause主要句子isoneofaparttothewhole.(√)2ICanalysisimmediateconstituentsshowslinearrelationship.Soithelptoaccountfortheambiguityofcertainconstructions.(×)3animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoglanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”.(√)4phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotherecursiveproperties.(√)5sentencesarenotpormedbyrandomlycombininglexicalitem,butbyfollowingasetofsyntacticrulesthatarrangelinguisticelementsinparticularorder.(√)6”thestudent”inthesentence“thestudenglikesthelinguisticlecture.”and“thelinguisticlecture”inthesentence“thelinguisticlecturelikedthestudent”belongstothesyntacticcategory.(T)7inthesentence“thefatherbeatthechild”,“thechild”isbothastructuralandlogicalobject.(√)8syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationof.(√)9chomskyhassuggestedtwocriteriaforjudginggrammars,.Observationaladequacyanddescriptiveadequacy.(√)选择题1traditionalgrammarseesasentenceas(C)AasequenceofmorphemesB....................ofclausesCconventionofwordsD........Ofphrases2intoday’sgrammarwenormallysaythatenglishdosenothavea“futuretense”thisisbecauseinenglish__(C)AthefutureisnotexpressedbymorphologicalchangeBthefuturecanbeexpressedinmanyways.Cthefuturebelongstothecategoryof“aspect”体！Dthefutureisexpressedbymodal....3whatistheconstructionofthesentence“theboysmiled”(A)Aexocentric离心BendocentricCcoordinateDsubordinate4amajordifferenceofthevariousmodelsofgenerativegrammarliesinwherethe__conmponent.(C)AbaseBtransformationalCsemanticDphonological5inEnglishelementsinconstructionsaregenerallyAlinearBcontinuousCdiscontinuousDendocentric向心6inthephrasestructurerule“S-----NPVP”,thearrowmeans__(D_)__AbeingequaltoBbeingconsistingofChavingDbeingrewrittenassemantics9naturallanguageareviewedtovaryaccordingto_(B)setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.AadjacentconditionBparameters因素，特性，界限；参数CcaseconditionDcaserequirement1paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowthesyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguitiveofsentences”Theshootingofthehuntersmightbeterrible.2forthefollowingsentencepleasedrawatreediagramtorevealitsunderlyingstructure.Thegirlatetheorange3whydowesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandimformativethanlinearstructureinanalyzingtheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelementsSupportstatementwithexamples.4foreachoftheunderlinedconstructionsorwordgroups.Dothefollowing:Astatewhetheritisheadedornon-headed.向心离心Bifnon-headedstateitsheadwordCnamethetypeofconstruction1ducksquack2isawabridgedamagedbeyonerepair3heenjoysclimbinghighmountains4hishandsomefaceappearedinthemagazine.5howdomodernlinguistsdiffereformtraditioanlscholarsindefining“sentence”第五章填空1thestudyofthelinguisticsmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalledsemantic.2thatthedenialofonememberoftwowordsimpliestheassertionoftheotheristhecharacteristicofcomplementaryantonyms.3hoponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate.4Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweenformandthereality.5Polysym_____referstothephenomenonthatthesamewordmayhaveasetofdifferentmeanings.判断1wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofthecompoundisalwaysthesumoftheitsparts.(×)2theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,betweenlanguageandthought.(×)3linguisticformshavingthesamesense,mayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationwhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshevethesamesense.(√)4animporantdifferencebetweenpresuppositionandentailmentisthatpresupposition.Unlikeentailmentisnotvulnerabletonegation.Thatidtosay,ifasentnceisnegated,theoriginalpresuppositionisstill(√)5senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.(√)选择1—isconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto.(B)AconnotativeBdenotative指示CaffectiveDreflected2whichofthefollowingaregradableantonyms(A)AgoodbadBmalefemaleCboygirlDbuysell3onewaytoanalyzelexicalmeaningisApredicationanalysisBstylisticanalysisCcomponentialanalysisDpropositionanalysis4thepairofwords“lend”and“borrow”are_(B_)__AgradableantonymyBconverseantonymyCsynonymsDco-hyponyms5thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“man”canbeexpressedas__(C_)_-A+animate+human+male--adultB+animate+human-male-adultC+animate+human+male+adultD-animate+human-male-adult6awordwithseveralmeaningiscalled_(A_)_word.Aapolysemous意义的分歧BasynonymousCanabnormalDamultial7inthesenmantictriangleadvancedbyogdenandRichards.“thoughtorrefreence”is_(D_)___AwordsentenceBtheobjectCconceptDsymbol8candyandsweetsarethesamething,thewordsare__(B)___synonyms.同义Acollocational词的搭配BdialectalCcompleteDstylistic9differentmeaningcanbeassicatedwithonelinguisticform,butthereisnobasicmeaningamongthen.Thisisknownas_____A....B.....CpolysemyDantonymy10whenachildusesmummytoreferstoanywoman,mostprobablyhismummymeans__(C)___Twoexamplesforillustration1conceptualmeaning2hyponymyion3compositionlity问答1whatisthedistinctionbetweensenseandreference?2commentonthestatement“thetotalsynonymyisrare;theso-calledsynonymsareallcontextdependent.”3whatisitwrongtoassumethatthemeaningofasentenceisthesumofmeaningofthewordswhichcomposeit?第六章填空1.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledthecooperativeprincipleproposedbyJgrice.(177)2.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualizedthatofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.3.Utteranceisbasedoncontext;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinacontext.4.inAustin’searlyspeechacttheory,constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.要么错要么对可证实5.Theutterancemeaningofthesentencevarieswiththecontextinwhichitisuttere........判断1.SpeechacttheorywasproposedbyAustin(T)2.Theviolationofoneormoreoftheconversationalmaxims(oftheCPprinciple)can.whenthelistenerfullyunderstandsthespeaker,createconversationalimplicature.(T)选择1.Ofthethreespeechacts,linguistsaremostinterestedinthe(B)becausethiskindofspeechactisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.AlocutionaryactBillocutionaryactCperlocutionaryDconstativeactutterance“we’realreadyworking25hoursaday,eightdaysaweek.”obviouslyviolatesthemaximof(A).AqualityBquantityCrelationD.....3.Y’sutteranceinthefollowingconversationviolatesthemaximofC.X:whowasthatyouwerewithlastnightY:DidyouknownthatyouwerewearingoddsocksAqualityB.......CrelationDmannertoAustin,aspeaker,whilemakinganutterance,isinmostcasesperforming（B）_actssimultaneously.AtwoBthreeCfourDfiveisastudyof（D）.AlanguagelearningBlanguageacquisitionClanguageplanningDlanguageinuseTheorywasintroducedbyBin1986.AB&CD名词解释Performative&constativeBothofthemaretwotypesofsentence.Performativewhichdonotdescribethingscannotbesaidtobetrueorfalseandtheutteringofitis,orispartof,thedoingofanaction.Constativeisadescriptionofwhatthespeakerisdoingatthetimeofspeaking.Withouttheactualpouringonecanaccusehimofmakingafalsestatement.DivisionofpragmaticlaborPerformativesandconstatives1.Performative:Inspeechacttheoryanutterancewhichperformsanact,suchasWatchout(=awarning).2.Constative:Anutterancewhichassertssomethingthatiseithertrueorforce..ChicagoisintheUnitedStates.3.Felicityconditionsofperformatives:(1)Theremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure,andtherelevantparticipantsandcircumstancesmustbeappropriate.(2)Theproceduremustbeexecutedcorrectlyandcompletely.(3)Veryoften,therelevantpeoplemusthavetherequisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,andmustfollowitupwithactionsasspecified.不知道什么意思简答CommentonthefollowingconversationintermsofGrice’sCooperativePrinciple:A:whereyoubeen?B:out.WhatistherelevancetheoryadvancedbySperber&WilsonPleasegiveexamplesforillustration.RelevancetheoryThistheorywasformallyproposedbyDanSperberandDeirdreWilsonintheirbookRelevance:CommunicationandCognitionin1986.TheyarguethatallGriceanmaxims,includingtheCPitself,shouldbereducedtoasingleprincipleofrelevance,whichisdefinedas:Everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesthepresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.第七章填空1.InterlanguageisthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA.ordertoacquireasecondlanguage,learnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirfirstlanguageknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguagetransferoftenusethetermnativelanguageormothertongueinsteadoffirstlanguage,andtargetlanguageinsteadofsecondlanguageinsecondlanguageacquisitionliterature.apidgincomestob