现代大学英语精读5--Lesson-4-Professions-for-WomenPPT课件

ProfessionsforWomenVirginiaWoolfLOGOTheVictorianideologyofFemininityTheFrenchphilosopherJeanJacquesRousseau,whosedemandsforhumanlibertyhadbeeninfluentialuponanumberofmovementsforpoliticalreform,forcefullyarticulatedsomeofthemostrestrictivetenetsofwhatcanbecalledthenineteenthcentury’sideologyoffemininity.Thewholeeducationofwomenoughttoberelativetomen.Topleasethem,toconsolethem,andtomakelifesweetandagreeabletothem–thesearethedutiesofwomenatalltimes,andwhatshouldbetaughtthemfromtheirinfancy.’TheVictorianideologyofFemininityTheidealwomenhethusenvisioned–apure,decorous,andevenangeliccreature–wasonlyoneparticularlynotablerepresentativeofastandardagainstwhicheverymiddle-andupper-classwoman’sconductwasmeasured,andotherwriters,femaleaswellasmale,elaborateduponthevirtuesofsuchanideal.In1854,inalongandverypopularpoem,‘TheAngleintheHouse’,CoventryPatmoredescribedsuchselflessnessmoreextravagantly,Manmustbepleased,buthimtopleaseIswoman’spleasure;downthegulfOfhiscondolednecessitiesShecastsherbest,sheflingsherself….ThemodelwomanwasanangeloraqueenShemustappeardelicate,frail,ethereal.Shemustlookandactlikeafragilecreature.Agoodwomanwasessentiallypassionless:ifmenwerebeastsruledbysexualdesire,theirpurewivesanddaughtersknewnothingofsuchmatters.Itwasgenerallyagreedthatonherweddingnight,theangelicvirginshouldinonewayoranotherbehaveasQueenVictoriawassaidtohave:closehereyesandthinkofEngland.Otherwise,awomanwasindangerofbecominga‘fallenwoman’.At15,burnedearlywritingbecauseherstepmotherfeltthatareputationforscribblingwouldharmthegirl’smarriageprospectsandbecausesheherselfwasearlyimpressed‘withideasthatfasteneddegradationtothisclassofcomposition’then,asnow,calledthenovel.Evelina(1778)‘Exploredthesocialdevelopmentofaheroinewhoprovesherselfworthyofherwell-bornsuitor’.Cecilia;orMemoirsofanHeiress(1782)‘Analysizedthesocialandeconomicproblemsofwomen’Triedtoraisethestatusofthenovelbycombiningverisimilitudewithinstructions.FannyBurney(1752–1840)AphraBehn(1640–1689)Spyandplaywright,travelerandwit,AphraBehnwasEngland’sfirstprofessionalwomanwriter.Inaagewhenmanywomenofletterswereintellectualaristocratswhoclaimedtowriteonlyforpleasureand‘fame’amongtheirfriends,Behnwasamiddle-classwidowwhofranklywroteformoneyandpublicacclaim.In1666,sheenteredtheintelligenceserviceofKingCharlesII,whensuchpublictoilsofstateaffairswereunusualwithhersex.Shecarriedouthermissionremarkablywell,butwasneverpaidproperly.Sosheendedupspendingsometimein1668inaLondondebtors’prison,whichdecidedheruponwhatwas,forawoman,anunprecedentedstep:writingformoney.Shebecameaprofessionalandhighlyproductiveplaywright.HarrietMartineau(1802-1876)Shewasmorerigorouslyandformallyeducatedthanmostwomenofhertime.ShewasprecociouslyandindependentlyinterestedineconomictopicsHerfather'sdeathin1826forcedhertosupporthermotherandherselfbyneedleworkandwritingfortheGlobeoneconomictopicssuchasmachineryandlabor. IllustrationsofPoliticalEconomy,1832-34IllustrationsofTaxation,1834.SocietyinAmerica,1837.RetrospectofWesternTravel.Deerbrook,1839.JaneAusten(1775-1817)Shedefinedherselfasawriterbyself-consciouslysatirizingnotonlythefemaletraditioninliteraturebutalsoitseffectsonthegrowthanddevelopmentofthefemaleimagination.Shecomicallycriticizedtheovervaluationoflove,themiseducationofwomen,thesubterfugesofthemarriagemarket,therivalryamongwomenformaleapproval,thefemalecultofweaknessanddependency,thediscrepancybetweenwomen’sprivatesphereandpublic(male)history.GeorgeEliot(1819-1880)Eliotwasawarethatheridentificationwithmasculineachievementthreatenedtoundermineherconsciousnessofherselfasawoman.‘Youmaytry,butyoucannotimaginewhatitistohaveaman’sforceofgeniusinyou,yettosuffertheslaveryofbeingagirl.’,saidaheroininhernovel.QuestionsWhatproblemsdoestheauthordiscussthroughhertwoexperiences?Whatfigurativedeviceswereemployed?Whataretheadvantagesforusingmetaphors?Whatwouldleftliterallywithoutthemetaphors?AndwhileIwaswritingthisreview,IdiscoveredthatifIweregoingtoreviewbooksIshouldneedtodobattlewithacertainphantom.Andthephantomwasawoman,andwhenIcametoknowherbetterIcalledheraftertheheroineofafamouspoem,TheAngelintheHouse.Inthosedays–thelastofQueenVictoria–everyhousehaditsAngel.Sheslippedbehindmeandwhispered…Andshemadeasiftoguidemypen.Iturneduponherandcaughtherbythethroat.Ididmybesttokillher.Myexcuse,…wouldbethatIactedinself-defence.HadInotkilledhershewouldhavekilledme.Shewouldhavepluckedtheheartoutofmywriting.Thus,wheneverIfelttheshadowofherwingortheradianceofherhalouponmypage,Itookuptheinkpotandflungitather.Shediedhard.KillingtheAngelintheHouseI,awomanwriterwhowantstoreviewaman’snovel.Ihaveamindofmyown.IhavefivehundredpoundsayearsothatIdon’thavetodependsolelyoncharmformyliving.IwanttoexpresswhatIthinktobethetruthabouthumanrelations,morality,sex.TheAngelintheHouse,aModelwomanrepresentingtheVictorianideologyoffemininity.‘Besympathetic;betender;flatter;deceive;usealltheartsandwilesofoursex.Aboveall,bepure.’Sheneverhasamindorwishofherown.Thesequestionscannotbedealtwithfreelyandopenlybywoman.KillingtheAngelintheHouseCamebetweenmeandmypaper.BotheredmeandwastedmytimeandtormentedmeShadowofherwingsfellonmypage;therustlingofherskirtsintheroomSlippedbehindmeandwhisperedWouldhavekilledme;wouldhavepluckedtheheartoutofmywriting.Diedhard.Herfictitiousnaturewasofgreatassistancetoher.Shealwayscreptback.Iturneduponherandcaughtherbythethroat.Ididmybesttokillher.Iactedinself-defence.Itookuptheinkpotandflungitather.Idispatchedher.It’sfarhardertokillaphantomthanareality.IflattermyselfthatIkilledherintheend.Doabattlewithaphantom.Thephantomwasawoman….theAngelintheHouseWiththismetaphor,theauthorinvitesustolookatherstruggletofreeherselffromtheVictorianideologyoffemininityasaseverebattlebetweenenemies.Andtheenemyhascomplicatednatures.Describingtheenemyasaphantom,sheallowsthereadertoimaginethegreatdifficultyinfightinganintangibleenemy.BypersonifyingthetraditionalideologyoffemininityastheAngelinthehouse,theauthorleftapowerfulimpressionuponthereader,fortheycanfeelitsexistenceanditseachandeverymovement.Meaningof‘ArtsandCats’Arts:1.Sheexcelledinthedifficultartsoflife.2.Usealltheartsandwilesofoursex.3.Idonotbelievethatanybodycanknowuntilshehasexpressedherselfinalltheartsandprofessionsopentohumanskill.Cat:1.ButtoshowyouhowlittleIdeservetobecalledaprofessionalwoman,…Iwentoutandboughtacat–abeautifulcat,aPersiancat.2.WhatcouldbeeasierthantowritearticlesandtobuyPersiancatswiththeprofits?3.Imadeonepoundtenandsixbymyfirstreview;andIboughtaPersiancatwiththeproceeds.ThenIgrewambitious.APersiancatisallverywell,Isaid;butaPersiancatisnotenough.Imusthaveamotorcar.questionsWhatisanovelist’sstateofmind?Whydoestheauthorusethemetaphoroffishingtodescribeherstateofmind?Inwhatwaydoestheimageofafishermanatadeeplakefitthesituationofawomanwriter?Whatwastheproblemdiscussedinthesecondexperience?Thefishermanatadeeplakeperfectlyfitsthesituationtheauthoristryingtodescribe.Outwardly,thelakeappearsdeadlycalm,andthefishermansunkindreams–calm,too.Beneaththesurfaceofthewater,therearebigfishaswellashardstones,hiddenindarkness.Thelinemaygodeepintothewatertocatchthebiggestfishor,tocrashonahardrock.Insidethefisherman/writer,thereareconflictingthoughts.Thatis,thefreestimaginationthat,accordingtotraditionalthinking,shouldbeheldprivatelyandnotdealtwithinpublic,aswellastheawarenessoftheconsequencesofrevealingtheimaginationtothepublic.Throughthismetaphorthereaderperceivesthatthetruthaboutbodyandpassionandsexisforcedintodarknessbytraditionalvaluesoffemininity.Andwithinthewomanwriterherself,thewishtoexploretheforbiddentopicandtheawarenessofthedoublestandardsmenhaveagainstwomentearsherasunder.Tosumupthetwoexperiences,whilethefirstexperienceisafightagainstsomethingoutside–thephantom,ortheAngelinthehouse,thesecondexperienceisabouttheinnerstrugglebetweentheconflictingideaswithinthewriterherself.TableofContents1.Introduction2.Maintitle3.Examples4.ConclusionRelatedDocumentsCompetitorsYoumaywanttoallocateoneslidepercompetitorStrengthsYourstrengthsrelativetocompetitorsWeaknessesYourweaknessesrelativetocompetitorRelatedDocumentsexample1example2text1text2RelatedDocumentsexampletext1exampletext2exampletext3RelatedDocumentstext1text2text3RelatedDocumentsexampletext1exampletext2exampletext3exampletext4ChartDocumentsChartDocuments