国际商法期末复习重点英文版

PleasureGroupOffice【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】国际商法期末复习重点英文版IBListhebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesinternationalbusinesstradeandinternationalbusinessorganizations.SourcesofIBLWhatdoesitmeanbysourceoflawNationallawInternationaltreatiesandconventionsTradecustomsandusagesInternationalmodellawCommonlawsystemCommonlawisthelawasdevelopedandpronouncedbythecourtsindecidingcases;CompetentcourtThereasoningofanadjudicationPrecedentCivillawsystemCivillawisthecodifiedlawwhichismadebylegislaturetoregulatespecificrelationships;1.Romanlaw2.MadeandstatutedefinitionofpartnershipDefinedasaProfit-makingeconomicorganizationwhichisEstablishedofapartnershipagreement,MakeaJointcapitalcontributions,conductbusinessjointly,Shareincomesandrisksandbearunlimitedjointandseveralliabilitiesfordebtsofthepartnershipenterprise.特点：Profit-makingeconomicorganization;Establishmentofapartnershipagreement;Jointcapitalcontribution;Sharingofincomesandrisks;BearingofunlimitedjointandseveralliabilitiesfordebtsCreationofapartnership:①anassociationoftwoofmorepersons②carryingonabusiness③co-ownership④forprofit⑤intent(目的)⑥partnershipbyestoppelLimitedliabilitypartnership有限责任合伙的责任承担:Inalimitedliabilitypartnership,somepartnershavelimitedliability,somepartnershaveunlimitedliability.Generalpartnership普通合伙的责任承担:Bearingofunlimitedjointandseveralliabilitiesfordebts.出资方式：Capitalcontribution:incash;tangiblegoods;landorlanduserights;intellectualproperty;orotherproprietaryrights;orintheformoflaborserviceifitisagreedbyallofthepartners;partners’rightsandduties：①Apartnerhastherightofcompensation（补偿）fromthepartnership（Theamountofcompensationisdecidedbyhowthepartnersagreedinthepartnershipagreement）②Apartnerhastherightofsharingprofitfromthepartnership③Partnersoweadutytodevotefulltimeandbesteffortstotheaffairsofthepartnership;④Self-interestisprohibited;⑤Secretprofitsindealingwiththepartnershipisprohibited;⑥Partnersowesadutytodiscloseallinformationandfactsfromathirdpartytootherpartners;⑦Concealmentofinformationandfactsisprohibited;⑧Thatpartnersworkhandinglovewith(incollusionwith)othersforselfishpurposeisprohibited;⑨Partnershaveadutytoaccountforanyexpenditurestheymakeofthepartnershipfunds;Partnershavethedutytobejoinedasplaintiffsordefendantsinlegalsuits合伙企业的管理：co-managementDissolutionofthepartnershipmeansthattheeconomicorganizationceasestobeassociatedasanentitytocarryonabusiness;Non-wrongfuldissolutiondissolutiondeathorbankruptcyofanypartnerautomaticallydissolvesthepartnership;courtorderordecreedissolvesapartnership;Windingup:liquidationoftheassetsofthebusinessofthepartnershipafterdissolutionhappens;Continuationofthepartnershipbytheremainingpartners;Completionofworkbythepartnershipbeforedissolution;Sharingofprofits,bearingofdebts,returningofassets;Definitionofcorporation:Acorporationisaformofaneconomicorganizationinwhichtheshareholdersmakeinvestment,electmanagementandtakelimitedliabilityforthedebtsofthecorporation.特征：legalstatus;mustbepermittedbygovernment;isaccomplishedthroughtheelectionoftheshareholders;shareholderstakelimitedliability;ownershipinterestofthecorporationisfreelytransferable;taxation;legalstatus:Acorporationisalegalpersonandalegalentityindependentofitsowners(shareholders)anditsmanagers(officersandtheboardofdirectors).Itslifeisunaffectedbytheretirementordeathofitsshareholders,officers,anddirectors.“Piercingthecorporationveil”theoryMeanstopreventthecompany'sindependentpersonalityabuseandprotecttheinterestsofthecreditorsandsocialpublicinterests,thespecificlegalrelationshipofspecificfacts,deniedthatthecompanyanditsshareholdersbehindtheindependentpersonalityandlimitedliabilityofshareholders,shallbeorderedtotheshareholderofthecompany(includingnaturalpersonshareholdersandlegalpersonshareholders)tothecompanycreditorsordirectlyresponsibleforpublicinterests,toachievefairnessandjusticeoftherequirementsandsetupakindoflegalaction.滥用权力的表现legalpersonalityiscapableofabusebyshareholderstoevadelegalobligations;ofthecorporationbyshareholders;ofcorporationassets;Managementofcorporations：Managementagencies；Boardofdirectors;officersofthecorporation;boardofsupervisors;Managementofacorporationiselectedbytheshareholders;Terminationofcorporation:①Voluntarytermination:Maturityofpre-agreedperiod;Completionofpre-agreedproject;Agreementoftheshareholderstoterminate②Involuntarytermination：Wrongfultrading;Unabletopayitsdebts;Businessofthecorporationisnotcommencedwithin;Taxevasion;Courtresolution;Shareholders’rights:①shareholders’meeting②shareholders’electionofdirectors③fundamentalcorporatechanges④shareholders’inspectionandinformationrights⑤distributiontoshareholders⑥Shareholders’lawsuitShareholders’liabilities:①Shareholdersshouldbeliableforshortdistributionandillegaldistribution②Iftheshareholdersabusethecorporatepersonalitytoevadelegalobligations,theyareliableforthedebtsofthecorporationAnagencyisdefinedasafiduciaryrelationshipthatresultswhenoneperson,theprincipal,consentsthatanotherperson,theagent,shallactonbehalfoftheprincipal.Ostensibleagency表见代理：insomesituations,anagent’spowersareexpandedneitherbyagreementwiththeprincipalnorbycustomoremergency.Underthedoctrineofapparentauthorityofostensibleauthority,authoritymaybecreatedorexpandedwhentheprincipalcausesthirdpartiestoreasonablybelievetheagenthasauthority.Expressauthority明示授权—employmentcontract;resolutionoftheboardofdirectors;advisorymemorandum;powerofattorney;Impliedauthority默示授权—onthebasisofexpressauthority;inthecustomaryfashion;emergencies;apparentauthorityandestoppel；secretlimitations;Ratification追认：anagentexceedsthelimitedauthoritygranted;anon-agentpurportedtoactasagent;Unauthorizedcontract：1)impliedwarrantyofauthority---whetherthethirdpartyknewthattheagenthadnoauthorityattheconclusionofthecontract;2)non-existentprincipal;TerminationofanagencyActoftheparties---accomplishmentofcontractpurpose/occurrenceofevents;lapseoftime;mutualagreement;unilateraltermination;Operationoflaw---incapacity,bankruptcy,death;illegality;impracticality.Seller’sobligations:oftheGoods–turningoverofdocumentsseller’sassuranceofthequalityofthegoodsseller’sassuranceofownershipofthegoodsseller’sassuranceofownershipofthegoodsExceptions----Thebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofthechargeorencumbranceuponthegoods;Theseller’scompliancewithtechnicaldrawings,designs,formulasorotherspecificationsfurnishedbythebuyer;Buyer’sobligations:Paymentofprice;Takingdelivery.Buyer’sremediesCompellingofspecificperformance---thebuyerhadnotresortedtoanotherremedy;thenonconformityconstitutedafundamentalbreach;timelynotice-givingofthenonconformity;timelyrequestofspecificperformance.Avoidance---theseller’sbreachofcontractconstitutesafundamentalbreach;thesellerrejectstoperformwithinthenachfristnoticebythebuyerPricereduction---thebuyerreducesaproportionatepartofthepurchasepriceinordertooffsettheshortageortoreflectthereducedvalueofthenonconforminggoods.RefusingearlydeliveryandexcessquantitySeller’sremedies1.tocompelspecificperformance;2.toavoidthecontractforafundamentalbreachorfailuretocureadefect;3.toobtainmissingspecificationsRemediesavailabletobothbuyersandsellers1.suspensionofperformance;2.avoidanceinanticipationofafundamentalbreach;3.avoidanceofaninstallmentcontract;4.avoidance;5.damages;BillofladingAbillofladingisacontractbetweenacarrier(seller,buyerortheiragent)andanoceancarrierforthecarriageofgoods.CharacteristicsofB/Lacertificateofreceipt:asprimafacieevidencebetweentheshipperandthecarrier,ifB/Lisnottransferred;asfinalevidencebetweenthecarrierandthetransfereeofB/L;2.Asanevidenceofthecarriagecontractbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper;adocumentoftitle:thecarrierdeliversthegoodsagainsttheoriginalB/L;ClassificationsofB/L提单的分类LoadedB/L;NamedB/L;TotheorderB/L;BlankB/L;AntedatedB/L倒签提单-itisissuedearlierthantheactualshippingdate;AdvancedB/L预借提单-itisissuedbeforetheshippingofthegoods;CleanB/L清洁提单issuedthroughindemnity-itisissuedthroughindemnitytocancelthe“unclean”factsofthegoods;