The American Renaissance

AmricanCultur:ThAmricanRnaissancTranscndntalism TranscndntalismisanAmricanlitrary,political,andphilosophicalmomntofthnintnthcntury,cntrdaroundauthorssuchasRalphWaldoEmrson,HnryDaidThorau,MargartFullrandtc,assrtingthxistncofanidalspiritualralitythattranscndsthmpiricalandscintificandisknowablthroughintuition.TranscndntalismThsummitofAmricanromanticism,whichfirstcamintobinginthnwEnglandarainth1830sand1840sandisonofthmostimportantidologicallibrationmomntinAmricanhistory.RalphWaldoEmrson(18031882)—pot,philosophr,publiclcturrandssayistEmrson’sworksNatur.ItisthBibloftranscndntalists.ItcontainsalmostrythingEmrsonwantstosayinthrstofhislif.Hislatrworkswrmostlytoillustratthbook.“AmricanScholar”:Amrican’sdclarationofintllctualindpndnc.(todlopAmrican’sowncultur)“Slfrlianc”:thdclarationofthindpndncofthslf(torblagainstryauthority)EmrsonianTranscndntalism(1)Emrson'sphilosophyofthorsoulEmrsonbasdhisrligiononanintuitiblifinanultimatunity,whichhcalldthorsoul.EmrsonandothrTranscndntalistsblidinthtranscndncoforsoul.Itisanimprsonalforcthatistrnal,moral,harmonious,andbnficntintndncy.Thyblidthatthrshouldbanmotionalcommunicationbtwnanindiidualsoulandthunirsalorsoul,sincthorsoulisanallpradingpowrfromwhichallthingscomfromandofwhichallarapart.Onofthtndncisofthorsoulistoxprssitslfinform,i..thworldofnatur.Emrson'srmarkablimagofatransparntyballmarksaparadoxicalstatofbing,inwhichonismrgdintonatur,thorsoul,whilatthsamtimrtainingauniquprcptionofthxprinc.(2)Emrson'sphilosophyofthimportancofthIndiidual　　Emrsonisaffirmatiaboutman'sintuitiknowldg,withwhichamancantrusthimslftodcidwhatisrightandtoactaccordingly.Thidalindiidualshouldbaslfrliantman.Trustthyslf,hwrotinSlfRlianc,bywhichhmanstoconincpoplthatthpossibilitisformantodlopandimprohimslfarinfinit. (3)Emrson'siwonnatur　　Emrson'snaturismblmaticofthspiritualworld,aliwithGod'sorwhlmingprsnc.ItmdiatsbtwnmanandGod,anditsoicladstohighrtruth;hnc,itxrcissahalthyandrstoratiinflunconhumanmind.Gobacktonatur,sinkyourslfbackintoitsinfluncandyou‘llbcomspirituallywholagain.BymployingnaturasabigsymbolofthSpirit,orGod,orthorsoul,EmrsonhasbroughtthPuritanlgacyofsymbolismtoitsprfction.HnryDaidThorau(18171862)Thorau'sTranscndntalism(1)ForThorau,naturisnotmrlysymbolic,butdiininitslfandhumanbingscanrciprciscommunicationfromthnaturalworldbywayofpursnss.Sohwasoftnaloninthwoodsorbythpond,lostinspiritualcommunionwithnatur. (2)ThoraustronglyblidinslfcultiationandwasagrtoidntifyhimslfwiththTranscndntalimagofthslfrliantman.Toachiprsonalspiritualprfction,hthinks,thmostimportantthingformntodowiththirlisistobslfsufficint,sohsoughttorduchisphysicalndsandmatrialcomfortstoaminimumtogtspiritualrichnss.WaldnItwasn’tasuccssfulbookatthtimitwaspublishdandhasbnirtuallyforgottnuntil20thcntury.ItisthcarfulrcordingofdaytodaylifatWaldnpoundandrflctiononhowoncanlisimplyandtrulyWaltWhitman(18191892)Iwassimmring,simmring,simmring;Emrsonbroughtmtoaboil.WWLasofGrass(1)thtitl:ItissignificantthatWhitmanntitldhisbookLasofGrass.Hsaidthatwhrthrisarth,whrthriswatr,thrisgrass.Grass,thmostcommonthingwiththgratstitality,isanimagofthpothimslf,asymbolofththnrisingAmricannationandanmbodimntofhisidalsaboutdmocracyandfrdom.On’sSlfISingONE’SSELFIsing—asimpl,sparatPrson;YtuttrthwordDmocratic,thwordEnmass.OfPhysiologyfromtoptotoIsing;Notphysiognomyalon,norbrainalon,isworthyforthmus—IsaythFormcompltisworthirfar;ThFmalquallywiththmalIsing.OfLifimmnsinpassion,puls,andpowr,Chrful—forfrstactionform’d,undrthlawsdiin,ThModrnManIsing.我歌唱一个人的自身 我歌唱一个人的自身，单一的个别的人， 不过要用民主的这个词，全体这个词的声音。 我歌唱从头到脚的生理学， 我说不单只是外貌和脑子，整个形体更值得歌吟。 而且，与男性平等，我也歌唱女性。 我歌唱现代的人，那情感、意向和能力上的巨大生命， 他愉快，能采取合符神圣法则的最自由的行动。 (2)thm　　　　　Inthisgiantwork,opnnss,frdom,andaboall,indiidualism(thblifthatthrightsandfrdomofindiidualpoplarmostimportant)arallthatconcrndhim.WhitmanbringsthhardworkingfarmrsandlaborrsintoAmricanlitratur,attackthslarysystmandracialdiscrimination.Inthisbookhalsopraissnatur,dmocracy,laborandcration,andsingsofman'sdignityandquality,andofthbrightst　futur　ofmankind.MostofthpomsinLasofGrasssingofthnmassandthslfaswll. 　　　 (3)thpot'sssntialpurpos　　　Hisaimwasnothinglssthantoxprsssomnwpoticalflingsandtoinitiatapotictraditioninwhichdiffrncshouldbrcognizd.Thgnuinparticipationofapotinacommonculturalffortwas,accordingtoWhitman,tobhaasasuprmindiidualist;howr,thpot'sssntialpurposwastoidntifyhisgowiththworld,andmorspcificallywiththdmocraticnmassofAmrica,whichisstablishdinthopninglinsof“On’sslfISing.Gnralthmofhispoms (1)Hshowsconcrnforthwholhardworkingpoplandthburgoninglifofcitis.ToWhitman,thfastgrowthofindustryandwalthincitisindicatdalilyfuturofthnation,dspitthcrowdd,noisy,andsqualidconditionsandthslacknssinmorality. (2)Hadocatsthralizationofthindiidualalu.MostofthpomsinLasofGrasssingofthnmassandthslfaswll. (3)Pursuitofloandhappinssisapprodofrpatdlyandaffctionatlyinhislins.Sxuallo,arathrtabootopicofthtim,isdisplaydcandidlyassomthingadorabl.Thindiidualprsonandhisdsirsmustbrspctd. (4)SomofWhitman'spomsarpoliticallycommittd.BforandduringthCiilWar,Whitmanxprssdmuchmourningforthsuffringsofthyounglisinthbattlfildandshowdadtrminationtocarryonthfightingdauntlsslyuntilthfinalictory,asinpomslikCaalryCrossingaFord.Latr,hwrotdownagratmanypomstoairhissorroworthdathofLincoln,andonofthfamousisWhnLilacsLastinthDooryardBloom'd.OCaptain!Mycaptain OCAPTAIN!myCaptain!ourfarfultripisdon; Thshiphaswathr’dryrack,thprizwsoughtiswon; Thportisnar,thbllsIhar,thpoplallxulting, Whilfollowysthstadykl,thsslgrimanddaring: ButOhart!hart!hart! Othbldingdropsofrd, WhronthdckmyCaptainlis, Fallncoldanddad.OCaptain!myCaptain!risupandharthblls; Risup—foryouthflagisflung—foryouthbugltrills; Foryoubouqutsandribbon’dwraths—foryouthshorsacrowding; Foryouthycall,thswayingmass,thiragrfacsturning; HrCaptain!darfathr! Thisarmbnathyourhad. Itissomdramthatonthdck, You’fallncoldanddad. MyCaptaindosnotanswr,hislipsarpalandstill; Myfathrdosnotflmyarm,hhasnopulsnorwill; Thshipisanchor’dsafandsound,itsoyagclosdanddon; Fromfarfultrip,thictorship,comsinwithobjctwon; Exult,Oshors,andring,Oblls! ButI,withmournfultrad, WalkthdckmyCaptainlis, Fallncoldanddad. 啊，船长，我的船长哟！我们可怕的航程已经终了， 我们的船渡过了每一个难关，我们追求的锦标已经得到， 港口就在前面，我已经听见钟声，听见了人们的欢呼， 千万只眼睛在望着我们的船，它坚定、威严而且勇敢； 只是，啊，心哟！心哟！心哟！ 啊，鲜红的血滴， 就在那甲板上，我的船长躺下了， 他已浑身冰凉，停止了呼吸。 啊，船长，我的船长哟！起来听听这钟声， 起来吧，——旌旗正为你招展，——号角为你长鸣， 为你，人们准备了无数的花束的花环，——为你人群挤满了海岸， 为你，这晃动着的群众在欢呼，转动着他们殷切的面孔； 这里，船长，亲爱的父亲哟！ 让你的头枕着我的手臂吧！ 在甲板上，这真是一场梦—— 你已经浑身冰凉，停止了呼吸。 我的船长不答我的话，他的嘴唇惨白而僵硬， 我的父亲，感觉不到我的手臂，他已没有脉搏，也没有了生命， 我们的船已经安全地下锚了，它的航程已经终了， 从可怕的旅程归来，这胜利的船，目的已经达到； 啊，欢呼吧，海岸，鸣响吧，钟声！ 只是我以悲痛的步履， 漫步在甲板上，那里，我的船长躺着， 他已浑身冰凉，停止了呼吸。Frrs ispotrythathasanirrgularrhythmandlinlngthandthatattmptstoaoidanyprdtrmindrsstructur,(orpotrywithoutafixdbatorrgularrhymschm.)instad,itussthcadncsofnaturalspch.Whilitaltrnatsstrssdandunstrssdsyllablsasstrictrrsformsdo,frrsdossoinaloosrway.ThoughfrrshadbnusdbforWhitmanitwashwhopionrdthformandmaditaccptablinAmricanpotry. 3.Whitman'spoticstylandlanguag (1)Whitman'spoticstylismarkd,firstofall,bythusofthpoticI. (2)Whitmanisalsoradicallyinnoatiintrmsofthformofhispotry.Hadoptdfrrs,thatis,potrywithoutafixdbatorrgularrhymschm. (3)Whitmanisconrsationalandcasual,inthfluid,xpansi,andunstructurdstyloftalking.Howr,thrisastrongsnsofthpomsbingrhythmical.ThradrcanflthrhythmofWhitman'sthoughtandcadncsofhisfling.Paralllismandphonticrcurrncatthbginningofthlinsalsocontributtothmusicalityofhispoms. (4)Mostofthpicturshpaintdwithwordsarhonst,undistortdimagsofdiffrntaspctsofAmricaofthday.OnofthmostoftnusdmthodsinWhitman'spomsistomakcolorsandimagsfltpastthmind'syofthradr. (5)AnothrcharactristicinWhitman'slanguagishisstrongtndncytousoralEnglish.(6)Whitman'socabularyisamazing.CaalryCrossingAFord Alininlongarraywhrthywindbtwixtgrnislands, Thytakasrpntincours,thirarmsflashinthsunharktothmusicalclank, Bholdthsilryrir,initthsplashinghorssloitringstoptodrink, Bholdthbrownfacdmn,achgroup,achprsonapictur, Thngligntrstonthsaddls, Sommrgonthoppositbank,othrsarjustntringthfordwhil, Scarltandbluandsnowywhit, Thguidonflagsfluttrgaylyinthwind.EmilyDickinson(18301886) 1.Lif 2.HrPoms (1)ThmsInhrpoms,Dickinsontratdsuchrlastingqustionsconcrninghumannatur,immortality,thmaningoflifanddath,morality,lorligion,naturandman’sfat. (2)Styl Dicksonisthgratstwomanpot.Hrpomsardcptilysimplwhichhasimplonlyfwlinsandlinshaonlyfwwords.HrpomsarinmtaphysicaltraditionofJohnDonn.I'mnobody,whoaryou? I'mnobody,whoaryou?Aryounobodytoo?Thnthr'sapairofus.Don'ttllthy'dbanishus,youknow.Howdrarytobsombody,HowpubliclikafrogTotllyournamthlilongJun,Toanadmiringbog. 我是无名之辈，你是谁？你，也是，无名之辈？这就凑成一双，别声张！你知道，他们会大肆张扬！做个，显要人物，好不无聊！像个青蛙，向仰慕的泥沼—在整个六月，把个人的姓名聒噪—何等招摇 EdgarAllanPo(18091849) —critic,pot,shortstorywritr.EdgarAllanPo(18091849)—critic,pot,shortstorywritr. 1.Lif 2.HislitrarythoryandworksHispoms1.Po’spoticthorisPo’spoticthorisarbstlucidatdinhis“ThPhilosophyofComposition:and“thPoticPrincipl”.1)Thpomshsays,shouldbshort,radablatonsitting.2)Itschifaimisbauty,namly,toproducaflingofbautyinthradr.3)“Purpotry”i..potrydosnothatoinculcatamoral,instadthartistryofthpomlisnotinwhatisbingsaidbutthwayitissaid.Postrsssrhythm,dfinstrupotryas“thrhythmicalcrationofbauty”.2.Hisfamouspoms“ThRan”“ToHln”“AnnablL” Itwasmanyandmanyayarago,Inakingdombythsa,ThatamaidnthrlidwhomyoumayknowBythnamofANNABELLEE;Andthismaidnshlidwithnoothrthought Thantoloandblodbym.Iwasachildandshwasachild,Inthiskingdombythsa;ButwlodwithalothatwasmorthanloIandmyAnnablL;WithalothatthwingdsraphsofhanCotdhrandm.Andthiswasthrasonthat,longago,Inthiskingdombythsa,Awindblwoutofacloud,chillingMybautifulAnnablL;SothathrhighbornkinsmancamAndborhrawayfromm,ToshuthrupinaspulchrInthiskingdombythsa.AnnablL Thangls,nothalfsohappyinhan, WntnyinghrandmYs!thatwasthrason(asallmnknow,Inthiskingdombythsa)Thatthwindcamoutofthcloudbynight,ChillingandkillingmyAnnablL. ButourloitwasstrongrbyfarthanthloOfthoswhowroldrthanwOfmanyfarwisrthanwAndnithrthanglsinhanabo,Northdmonsdownundrthsa,CanrdissrmysoulfromthsoulOfthbautifulAnnablL.ForthmoonnrbamswithoutbringingmdramsOfthbautifulAnnablL;AndthstarsnrrisbutIflthbrightysOfthbautifulAnnablL;Andso,allthnighttid,IlidownbythsidOfmydarlingmydarlingmylifandmybrid,Inthspulchrthrbythsa,Inhrtombbythsoundingsa. 那是在许多年、许多年以前，在海边的一个王国里住着位姑娘，你可能也知道她名叫安娜蓓尔·李：这姑娘的心里没别的思念，就除了她同我的情意。那时候我同她都还是孩子，住在这海边的王国里；可我同她的爱已不止是爱－－同我的安娜蓓尔·李－－已使天堂中长翅膀的仙子想把我们的爱夺去。就因为这道理，很久很久前在这个海边的王国里，云头里吹来一阵风，冻了我美丽的安娜蓓尔·李；这招来她出身高贵的亲戚，从我这里把她抢了去，把她关进石头凿成的墓穴，在这个海边的王国里。 天上的仙子也没那样快活，所以把她又把我妒忌－－就因为这道理大家都知道），在这个海边的王国里，夜间的云头里吹来一阵风，冻死了安娜蓓尔·李。我们的爱远比其他人强烈－－同年长于我们的相比，同远为聪明的人相比；无论是天国中的神人仙子，还是海底的魔恶鬼厉，都不能使她美丽的灵魂儿同我的灵魂儿分离。因为月亮的光总叫我梦见美丽的安娜蓓尔·李；因为升空的星总叫我看见她那明亮眼睛的美丽；整夜里我躺在爱人的身边－－这爱人是我生命，是我新娘，她躺在海边的石穴里，在澎湃大海边的墓里。 B.Po’sshortstorisPo’sshortstorythory:Thshortstorymustbofsuchlngthastobradatonsitting(brity),soastonsurthtotalityofimprssion.Thryfirstsntncoughttohlptobringoutth“singlffct”ofthstory.Nowordshouldbusdwhichdosnotcontributtoth“prstablishd”dsignofthwork(comprssion)Atalshouldralsomlogicaltruthwith“thfullstsatisfaction,”shouldndwiththlastsntnc,laingasnsoffinalitywiththradr. 2.ThcharactristicofPo’sshortstorisPo’sshortstoriscanbdiiddintothgothictalsanddtctitals.Histalsargrotsqu,burlsquandarpraddbyahorriblatmosphrwithinsananddhumanizdhrosandhroinswhoarusuallyafflictdwithmystriousdisassandonthrgofdying;Inthstorishfullyxhibitdmanandwoman’smorbidmlancholyrsultingfromthirfarofdathandraldthirilinnrworldthroughthusofsymbolism. 3.Hismajorshortstoris:“ACaskofAmontillado”《一桶白葡萄酒》“ThTllTalHart”《泄密的心》“Lgia”《丽姬亚》“ThFallofthHousofUshr”《鄂舍古屋的倒塌》“MurdrsinthRuMorgu”《毛格街血案》Shortstoriscollction:TalsofthGrotsquandArabsqu(1840)《怪异故事集》Gothictradition GothicnolorGothicromancisastoryoftrrorandsuspns,usuallystinagloomyoldcastlormonastry.Inanxtnddsns,manynolsthatdonothaamdializdstting,butwhichsharacomparablysinistr,grotsqus,orclaustrophobicatmosphrhabnclassdasGothic.ItcontributdtothnwmotionalclimatofRomanticismAmricanRnaissanc ThnamsomtimsisgintoaflouringofdistinctilyAmricanlitraturinthpriodbforthCiilWar.ThisrnaissancisrprsntdbythworkofRalphWaldo,Emrson,H.DThorau,NathanilHawthorn,HrmanMlill,andWhitman.It’smajorworksarHawthorn’sThScarltLttr(1850),Mlill’sMobyDick(1851),andWhitman’sLasofGrass(1855).ThAmricanRnaissancmaybrgarddasadlaydmanifstationofRomanticism,spciallyinEmrson’sphilosophyofTranscndatalism.