出口产品运输包装标准(最终版)

出口产品运输包装(最终版)LtD1适用范围Scopeofapplication本标准了常州西电变压器有限责任公司所生产的出口变压器产品运输包装的总体要求、包装方式、包装箱技术要求、装箱方法、装箱、包装标识等主要内容。适用于本公司经铁路、公路及海洋运输的出口产品包装。Thestandardstipulatesthegeneralrequirementswhichincludepackingway,packingtechnicalrequirements,encasementmethod,encasementprocedureandpackingidentificationetc.oftransportpackageforexporttransformerproducedbyChangzhouXDTransformerCo.Ltd.Itappliestoexportproductpackingbyrailway,highwayandoceantransportation.2引用标准Quotedcriteria下列标准所包含的条文，通过在本标准中引用而构成本标准的条文。本标准出版时，所有标准均为有效。所以标准都会被修订，标准使用方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。Provisionscontainedinthefollowingstandardformthestandardprovisionbyquotinginthisstandard.Whenthestandardpublished,allthestandardsarevalid.Allthestandardswillberevised.Standardusersshallexplorethepossibilityofusingthelatestversionofthefollowingcriteria.GB/T7350-1999《防水包装》GB/T7350-1999Water-proofpackingGB/T155-2006《原木缺陷》GB/T155-2006DefectsinlogsGB/T4823-1995《锯材缺陷》GB/T4823-1995DefectsinswantimberGB/T9846.3-2004《胶合板第3部分：普通胶合板通用技术条件》GB/T9846.3-2004PlywoodThethirdpart:GeneraltechnicalconditionsofordinaryplywoodGB/T7284-1998《框架木箱》GB/T7284-1998FramewoodencaseGB/T5048-1999《防潮包装》GB/T5048-1999Damp-proofpackingGB/T6388-1986《运输包装收发货标志》GB/T6388-1986TransportpackageshippingmarkGB/T13384-2008《机电产品包装通用技术条件》GB/T13384-2008GeneraltechnicalconditionsofmechanicalandelectricalproductspackingSN/T0273-2002《进出口商品运输包装木箱检验检疫规程》SN/T0273-2002Importandexportgoodstransportpackagingwoodenbox,inspectionandquarantineprocedures3总则General3.1产品包装应符合牢固、经济、合理、美观的原则。在正常的储运、装卸条件下应保证产品自工厂发货之日起，至少两年内不因包装不善而产生残损、散失、锈蚀甚至影响产品性能等现象，确保产品能安全、迅速、完整无损地到达目的地，及时交付用户使用。Packagingofproductsshouldaccordwithstrong,economic,reasonableandbeautifulprinciple.Undertheconditionofthenormalstorageandtransportation,loadingandunloadingshallensurethatproductfromthedateofshipments,inatleasttwoyearstherewouldnotcomeintodamaged,lost,corrosionevenaffectingpropertiesofproductsetc.phenomena.Tomakesuretheproductscanarriveatthedestinationsafely,rapidlyandinonepieceanddelivertothecustomersintime.3.2应根据包装物品的性质、重量、外形尺寸、流通环境条件和用户要求，选择正确的包装方式，做到包装紧凑、防护合理、安全可靠。Weshouldchoosetherightmodesofpackingaccordingtonature,weight,boundarydimension,circulationenvironmentconditionsandcustomer’srequirementsofpackinggoodstomakethepackagingcompact,protectionreasonableandsafeandreliable.3.3产品必须经检验合格、组部件齐全，做好防护处理后，方可进行包装。随机文件应齐全。Theproductsshouldbequalifiedthroughinspection.Thepartsshouldbecomplete.Theproductscanbepackedtilltheprotectionbeingdonewell.Randomfileshouldbecomplete.3.4包装箱的外形尺寸及重量应符合国内外运输方面的有关超限、超重的规定。Boundarydimensionandweightofpackingcaseshouldbeaccordedwithdomesticandinternationaltransportregulationsonoverrun,overweight.3.5包装环境应清洁、干燥、无有害物质。Packagingenvironmentshouldbeclean,dryandwithnoharmfulsubstances.3.6为降低成本，有原包装的应尽量利用原包装，经修理或改装的包装箱应符合专业包装的有关标准要求。Inordertoreducecosts,oneswiththeoriginalpackagingshouldtrytousetheoriginalpackaging.Packingcasesaftertherepairormodificationshallaccordwiththerelevantstandardsofprofessionalpackagingrequirements.3.7装箱后等待运输的包装箱特别是附件箱要求室内存放，确保包装质量不受影响。Packingcasewaitedfortransportingespeciallytheaccessorycaseisrequiredinindoorstoragetomakesurethepackingqualityisnotaffected.4包装方式Packingway4.1产品及拆卸件主要选用的包装方式有裸装、局部装和木箱装。Mainpackingwayschoseforproductsandassembliesarenudepacking,partialpackingandwoodencasepacking.4.2防护包装主要分为防水包装和防震包装。Protectivepackagingconsistsofwaterproofpackingandshockproofpacking.防水材料采用聚乙烯塑料薄膜、聚乙烯塑料复合纸，如防雨布、PE袋、防雨篷布等，其材质、性能符合GB/T7350标准。Waterproofmaterialadoptspolyethyleneplasticfilmandpolyethyleneplasticcompositepaper,suchaswaterproofcloth,PEbagandwaterprooftarpaulinsetc.andtheirmaterialandperformanceaccordwiththeGB/T7350standard.防震材料采用聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料、复合发泡塑料、塑料气垫等。Vibration-proofmaterialadoptspolystyrencefoam,compoundfoamedplasticsandtheplasticcushionetc.5包装箱基本技术要求Generalsafetyspecificationofpackingcase5.1包装材质要求Requirementsofpackagingmaterial5.1.1包装材料的选用根据内装物的特点正确选择。Theselectionofpackagingmaterialsshouldberightchoiceaccordingtothecharacteristicsofthebuilt-inobjects.5.1.2变压器产品的包装材料以木质材料为主，其材质应在保证包装箱强度的前提下，根据经济环保原则选用非疫区的适当树种。主要受力构件的选材为落叶松、加松、铁杉、花旗松，非主要受力部位也可以选用人工合成或深度加工的木质材料。所用实木需熏蒸处理。Packagingmaterialoftransformerisgivenprioritytowithwoodmaterialwhichshallbeundertheprerequisiteoftheintensityofpackingandtochoosetheappropriatetreespeciesinunaffectedareasaccordingtotheeconomicandenvironmentalprotectionprinciple.Selectionofmainstresscomponentsaredahurianlarch,pine,hemlockanddouglasfir.Themainstresspartsalsocanchoosesyntheticordeepprocessingofwoodmaterials.5.1.3同一包装箱的箱板色泽应基本一致，宽窄均匀，外面平整，无虫眼和明显毛刺。Theboardcolorofsamepackingcaseshouldbeconsistent.Ithastheuniformwidth,flatsurfaceandwithnobugandobviousburrs.5.1.4滑木含水率不大于24%，其它部位木材的含水率不大于20%。Woodmoisturecontentisnotmorethan24%andotherpartsthemoisturecontentoflumberisnotmorethan20%.5.1.5制箱木材各部位允许缺陷度见表1、表2，木材中各种缺陷的解释和计算方法、斜纹的倾斜度检量方法按GB/T155和GB/T4823的规定。Eachpartofboxwoodallowingdefectsareshownintable1andtable2.Interpretationandcalculationmethodsofvariousdefectsinwood,theinclinationofthetwillcalibrationmethodareaccordingtoGB/T155andGB/T4823.表1木材的缺陷限度（滑木、端木、枕木）Table1Defectslimitofwood(slipperywood,terminalwood,crosstie)缺陷名称Nameofdefects木材的允许缺陷限度alloweddefectslimitofwood滑木、端木、枕木等主要受力构件slipperywood,terminalwood,crosstie,etcmainstresscomponents活节和死节Liveanddeadsection任意材长1000mm中，节子的个数不能超过5个，最大节子直径不能超过材宽的30%（死节必须修补），直径不足5mm的节子不计。滑木与枕木的钉接部位不得有死节。Anymaterialin1000mmlong,thenumberofknotisnomorethan5,thediameterofbiggestknotisnomorethan30%ofthematerialwidth(Deadknotmustberepaired.)Knotwithdiameterlessthan5mmisnotcounted.Nailpartsofslipperywoodandcrosstiecannothavedeadknots.腐朽Decayed不允许notallowed虫孔Wormhole不允许notallowed裂纹Crack裂纹长度不得超过材长的20%（宽度不足3mm的裂纹不计），不允许有贯通裂纹Lengthofcrackisnomorethan20%ofmateriallength(crackwithwidthlessthan3mmisnotcounted),hole-throughcrackisnotallowed.钝棱Wane钝棱最严重的部分缺角宽度不得超过材宽的30%，高度不得超过材厚的三分之一Abluntedgeofthemostseriouspartofthemissinganglewidthshallnotexceed30%ofthematerialwidth.Heightshouldnotexceedonethirdofthematerialthickness.弯曲Curve顺弯、横弯不得超过1%，翘弯不得超过2%Thebendingandtransversebendingshouldnotexceed1%.Crosswiseconcavingshouldnotexceed2%.斜纹Crossgrain纹理的倾斜度不得超过20%Theinclinationofthetextureshouldnotexceed20%.表2木材的缺陷限度（箱板、箱档）Table2Defectslimitofwood(boxboard,cleat)缺陷Defect允许缺陷限度alloweddefectslimit箱板boxboard箱档cleat腐朽Decayed不允许notallowed虫眼Wormhole不许有notallowed节子Knot死节Deadknot直径自5mm以下不计。最大节子直径不大于单板宽度30%（每块箱面只允许一个），脱落节子需堵实Diameterbelow5mmisnotcounted.Thelargestdiameterofknotisnomorethan30%ofveneerwidth(Eachboxsideallowsonlyone).Knotdroppedoffshouldbeblockedup.最大节子直径不大于档宽25%Thelargestdiameterofknotisnomorethan25%ofcrosspiecewidth.活节Liveknot最大节子直径不大于单板宽度50%Thelargestdiameterofknotisnomorethan25%ofveneerwidth.最大节子直径不大于档宽30%Thelargestdiameterofknotisnomorethan30%ofcrosspiecewidth.裂纹Crack裂长不大于板长20%，裂宽不大于2mm，横裂不许有Lengthofcrackisnomorethan20%ofplank.Widthofcrackisnomorethan2mm.Transversefissureisnotallowed.裂长不大于档长10%裂宽不大于1mm，横裂不许有Lengthofcrackisnomorethan10%ofcrosspiece.Widthofcrackisnomorethan1mm.Transversefissureisnotallowed.夹皮Barkpocket不许有notallowed斜纹Crossgrain斜纹的倾斜度不得超过20%Theinclinationofthecrossgrainshouldnotexceed20%钝棱Wane箱面上、下口钝棱缺角尺寸不许有，中间、两端钝棱缺角尺寸不大于板厚30%Undertheboxsurface,bluntedgemissinganglesizeisnotallowedtohave.Bothendandmiddlebluntedgemissinganglesizeisnotmorethan30%ofveneerthickness.钝棱缺角尺寸不大于板厚25%Abluntedgemissinganglesizeisnotmorethan25%ofveneerthickness.注：所有节子缺陷，在板、档两端着钉范围不得超过单板、箱档宽度的25%，钝棱面必须朝里。Note:Alldefectsofknots,onbothendsofplate,thepinscopeshallnotexceed25%ofthesingleboard,boxgearwidth,bluntedgesurfacemustbeinwards.5.1.6胶合板Plywood胶合板选用GB/T9846.3-2004《胶合板第3部分：普通胶合板通用技术条件》中规定的Ⅲ类胶合板。PlywoodchooseGB/T9846.32004PlywoodTheThirdPart:GeneralTechnicalConditionsofOrdinaryPlywoodofIIIkindofplywood.5.2顶盖载荷Thetopload施于横梁的顶盖载荷，按顶盖面积规定为为5.0kPa(510kgf/m2)。Inbeamtopload,asstipulatedintheheadareaof5.0kPa(510KGF/m2).5.3堆码载荷Stackingload施于侧面的堆码载荷，按顶盖面积规定如表3。Forstackingloadtotheside,itisstipulatedintheroofareasuchastable3.表3堆码载荷Table3Stackingload内装物重量(kg)weightofbuilt-inobjects(kg)堆码载荷kPa（kgf/m2）stackingloadkPa（kgf/m2）≤500010.0(1020)5000~1000015.0(1530)>1000020.0(2040)注:本规格中,顶盖载荷主要是指横梁支撑的上部载荷;堆码载荷主要是指侧框支撑的上部载荷。因此，直接放置比顶盖宽度小的货物时，顶盖载荷和堆码载荷发生作用，放置与顶盖宽度相同的货物或使用比顶盖宽度大的合适货物时，主要是堆码载荷发生作用。Note:Inthisspecification,toploadmainlyreferstotheupperloadsupportedbybeam;stackingloadmainlyreferstotheupperpartoftheloadsupportedbysideoftheframe.Therefore,whenplacedthegoodssmallerthantopwidthdirectly,toploadandstackingloadmilitate.Whenplacedthegoodssameasthetopwidthorusedtherightgoodsislargerthanthetopwidth,stackingloadmainlymilitate.5.4间隙Gap为防止内装物因接触框架木箱的面而引起损伤,在其间充填缓冲材料或留出适当间隙,单面间隙30mm。Inordertopreventthebuilt-inobjectsdamagecausedbycontactwiththefaceoftheframewoodenbox,fillingbuffermaterialsamongthemorleavingappropriategap.Singlegapis30mm.5.5尺寸的表示方法Expressivemethodsofsize5.5.1包装箱的尺寸用内尺寸或外尺寸表示,根据表4规定。Accordingtotheprovisionsoftable4,weexpresspackingsizewiththesizeoroutsidedimensions.表4包装箱的尺寸表示Table4Dimensionsindicatedofpackingcase名称name内尺寸HYPERLINK"javascript:void(0);"Inside HYPERLINK"javascript:void(0);"dimension外尺寸HYPERLINK"javascript:void(0);"External HYPERLINK"javascript:void(0);"dimension长(L)宽(W)高(H)端支柱的内面间距离Thedistancebetweenthesidepillaroftheinside侧支柱的内面间距离Thedistancebetweenthesidepillarsinside侧面上、下框两外缘间的距离Ontheside,thedistancebetweenthetwoouterbox内长+（端柱厚+端外板厚）×2Inseamlength+(thicknessofendpost+thicknessofplanking)*2内宽+（侧柱厚+侧外板厚）×2Innerwidth+(thicknessofcolumn+thicknessoftestplate)*2内高+顶盖厚+底座厚（滑木厚+辅助滑木厚+底板）Innerheight+thicknessofheader+thicknessofbase(thicknessofslipperywood+thicknessofassistantslipperywood+floor)5.5.2尺寸偏差Dimensionaldeviation木构件宽度与厚度的尺寸偏差按表5规定。Dimensionaldeviationofthewidthandthicknessofthewoodenpiecesisstipulatedinthetable5.表5木构件的宽度与厚度的尺寸偏差（mm）Table5Dimensionaldeviationofwidthandthicknessoftimbercomponents(mm)尺寸范围Rangeofsizes偏差Deviation≤20-1~+220~100±2≥100±36包装箱的结构Thestructureofthepacking6.1底座Base底盘是木箱的底面，并且在上面安装侧板和端板，起支撑装载物的作用，底座的结构见图1。底座各构件尺寸见表6。Baseisthebottomofthecaseonwhichlateralplateandendplateareinstalled.Itsroleistosupportthestowage.Thestructureofthebaseasshowninpicture1.Sizesofeachcomponentofbaseareshownintable6.图1底座结构Picture1bottomstructure注：底座（或底盘、底架木）上放上内装物后，在未进行固定加固、绑扎等或未装侧板，端板之前，不得单靠底盘进行起吊等装卸作业。Note：Built-inobjectsputonbase(orchassis,timberunderframe),withoutfixedreinforcement,binding,etcorwithoutinstallinglateralplateandendplate,chassiswouldnotbeallowedtoliftinghandlingoperation,etcalone.6.1.1滑木Slipperywood6.1.1.1滑木一般应均匀排布，但对底板兼枕木的形式，若内装物底座用螺栓固定在滑木上，限于螺栓孔位置，滑木的位置可以适当偏移。Slipperywoodshouldbeevenlyarrangedgenerally.Butfortheformofbaseplateandcrosstie,ifthebaseofbuilt-inobjectsisfixedonslipperywoodwithbolts,becauseoftheboltholeposition,thepositionofslipperywoodcanbeskewappropriately.6.1.1.2滑木的中心间隔一般不大于1200mm，需用叉车横向进叉装卸时，滑木的中心间隔应不大于1000mm（内装物重量为1500kg以下的，应不大于800mm），超过规定的间隔，中间应增加相同截面的滑木。Thecenterintervaloftheslipperywoodisgenerallynotmorethan1200mm.Whenneedtousetheforkliftintotheforkloadingandunloadingcrosswise,thecenterintervaloftheslipperywoodisgenerallynotmorethan1000mm(weightofbuilt-inobjectsbelow1500kg,shouldnotbegreaterthan800mm).Inexcessoftheprescribedintervals,weshouldincreaseslipperywoodwiththesamecrosssection.6.1.1.3滑木应尽量采用一根整木，若长度不够时，可以对接，但对接的位置不能在长度的中心处，而且各滑木的对接位置应错开。Slipperywoodshouldadoptapieceofcompletelog.Ifthelengthisnotenough,itcanbebuttjointbutthedockingpositioncannotbeinthecenterofthelength.Andthedockingpositionofeachslidewoodshouldstagger.表6底座各构件的尺寸mmTable6Sizesofcomponentsoffloormm内装物重量kgWeightofbuilt-inobjectskg滑木Slipperywood端木terminalwood（宽×厚）(width*thickness)端木与滑木联结用螺栓直径Diameterofboltsforterminalwoodandslipperywoodjointingmm底板的厚度Thicknessoffloor箱的内长Inseamlength≤尺寸Sizes（宽X厚）(width*thickness)木板boardmm胶合板plywoodmm≤1000350090×6060×60M10或钢钉Orsteelnail155.51000~50005000120×120100×100M121895000~100007000150×150120×120M1621126.1.2端木Terminalwood端木用螺栓或钢钉安装在滑木上，端木外侧面距滑木端部的距离等于端木的厚度，端木的尺寸及其与滑木联结用螺栓的直径按表6的规定，端木的长度与内宽相同。Terminalwoodisinstalledonslipperywoodwithboltsandsteelnails.Thelateralaspectofterminalwoodfromslipperywoodenddistanceisequaltothethicknessofterminalwood.Sizeofterminalwoodanddiameterofboltscouplingwithslipperywoodareaccordingtotheprovisionsintable6.6.1.3枕木Crosstie主要起支撑内装物的作用，尺寸根据包装箱滑木位置、内装物的重量及形状等来决定。枕木规格应符合内装物对包装箱的强度要求，具体按GB/T7284-1998中5.1.5规定。Ithastheroleofsupportingbuilt-inobjects.Thesizeisdecidedaccordingtothelocationofpackagingcaseslipperywood,weightandshapeofbuilt-inobjects.Thespecificationsofcrosstieshouldbeconsistentwiththestrengthofthebuilt-inobjectsforpackagingrequirements.Specificsituationisaccordingtoregulation5.1.5inGB/T7284-1998.枕木用螺栓或钢钉安装在滑木上,联结螺栓或钢钉的直径按表7的规定。Crosstieisinstalledonslipperywoodbyboltsorsteelnails.Diameterofcouplingboltsorsteelnailsisaccordingtothestipulationintable7.表7枕木的安装Table7Installingofcrosstie枕木的厚度Thicknessofcrosstiemm安装方法Installationmethod≤60用钢钉钉bysteelnail60~90用M10螺栓紧固fixedbyM10bolts90~150用M12螺栓紧固fixedbyM12bolts≥150用M16螺栓紧固fixedbyM16bolts6.1.4底板Baseplate底板宽度不应小于200mm，厚度按表6规定使用。底板用钢钉安装在滑木上。Widthofbaseplateshouldnotlessthan200mm,thethicknessusedasthestipulationinthetable6.Baseplateisinstalledonslipperywoodwithsteelnail.6.2侧面与端面Sideandendface6.2.1侧板和端板Lateralplateandendplate侧板装在滑木上承受堆码载荷,同时起通过滑木支撑货物的作用。Lateralplateinstalledontheslipperywoodbearsstackingloadandhastheroleofsupportinggoodsthroughslipperywood.端板装在滑木上层,两端都有,起支撑堆码载荷的作用。Endplateisinstalledinthetopofwood.Bothsideshaveit.Ithastheroleofsupportingthestackingload.侧板与端板的厚度如表8所示。Thicknessoflateralplateandendplateisshownintable8.表8侧板和端板的厚度mmTable8Thicknessoflateralplateandendplate内装物质量，weightofbuilt-inobjectkg木板board胶合板plywood≤10001591000~5000185000~1000021126.2.2立柱和辅助立柱Uprightandauxiliaryupright侧面的每根立柱都和辅助立柱、侧板一起，可视为一根柱子。它们必须具有能承受作用于一根柱子上的堆码载荷的强度，横截面尺寸规格和计算方法按GB/T7284-1998中5.2.2的规定。Everylateraluprightwithauxiliaryuprightandlateralplatecanberegardedasapillar.Theymusthavethestrengthtobearstackingloadactingonapillar.Thedimensionsandthecalculationmethodoftransversalsurfaceshouldaccordingtothestipulation5.2.2inGB/T7284-1998.6.2.3梁承Gridergrillage梁承起支撑顶盖梁的作用，在横梁下方，由上框木用钢钉将梁承钉在立柱上。梁承结构如图2所示。Itsroleistosupportroofbeam.Itisbelowthebeam.Byboxwoodtonailgridergrillageonthepillarwithsteelnail.Thestructureofgridergrillageisshowninpicture2.图2梁承结构Picture2thestructureofgridergrillage6.3顶盖Header顶盖装在侧框和端框上起支撑顶盖载荷的作用，作为横梁、梁撑，固定钢缆的加强材，用钉子钉在侧框和端框上。顶盖结构如图3。Headerisinstalledonthesideframeandendframetosupporttheroofload.Asbeam,beamsupport,anchorcablereinforcement,touseanailonthesideframeandendframe.Thestructureofheaderisshowninpicture3.图3顶盖结构Picture3thestructureofheader6.3.1横梁Beam横梁支撑顶盖载荷，同时承受钢缆起吊时所产生的压缩作用，横梁中心间隔原则上不大于600mm，如果上框木正好是起吊绳索通过的部位，或当木箱较宽时，应对上框木进行加强。加固方法详见GB/T7284。Beamsupportsroofload,atthesametimebearthecompressionfunctionoftheproducedduringthewireropehoist.Thebeamcenterspacing,inprinciple,isnotmorethan600mm.Ifupperledgewoodisjustthepartliftingropegothrough,orwhenthecaseiswider,wemuststrengthupperledgewood.StrengtheningmethodisshowninGB/T7284.