美国文学史

美国文学史复习Ⅰ.名词解释＊1.AmericanPuritanism:isacodeofvalues,aphilosophyoflife,andapointofview；inessence,itisanidealism；itisthebasisofAmericandream,butitisalsoconcernedwithbusinessandprofit.＊2.NewEnglandTranscendentalism:isveryimportanttoAmericanLiterature,pushingAmericanRomanticismintoasummit.SomeNewEnglanderswerenothappyaboutthematerialistic-orientedlifeoftheirtimes,andreactedagainstthefaithofBostonbusinessmen.Inessence,itisidealism.＊3.Realism:isareactionagainst"thelie"ofRomanticismandsentimentalisminthelaterhalfofthe19thcentury.Itexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelow.4.theinternationaltheme:themeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadenceanditsmoralandpsychologicalcomplications.＊5.Localcolorism:atrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventies.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theyformedanimportantpartoftherealisticmovement.＊6.AmericanNaturalism:isabranchandafurtheranceofAmericanRealisminthelate19thcentury.Naturaliststorethemaskofgentilitytopiecesandwroteaboutthehelplessnessofman,hisinsignificanceinacoldworldandhislackofdignityinfaceofthecrushingforcesofenvironmentandheredity（遗传）；theyreportedtruthfullyandobjectively,withapassionforscientificaccuracyandanoverwhelmingaccumulationoffactualdetail；Naturalistsrevealabitterandwretchedworldwherehumanbeingsbattlehopelesslyagainstoverwhelmingoddsinacold,harshandatbestapatheticenvironment.＊7.Imagism:ImagistmovementcameasareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoeticstomeettheneedofexpressingthetemperoftheage,thesenseoffragmentizationanddislocation.（threephases:①ItfirstbeganinLondonintheyears1908-1909.T.E.HulmefoundedaPoets'ClubwhichmetinSohoeveryWednesdaytodineanddiscusspoetry.②Thesecondphaseofthemovementwastheperiodofsomethreeyears1912-1914whenEzraPoundtookoverandchampionedthenewpoetry.③ThethirdphaseofImagism（1914-1917）waswhenAmyLowelltookoverfromPoundandpushedthemovementintotheperiodof"Amygism,"asPoundcalledit.）＊8.TheLostGeneration:isatermcoinedbyGertrudeStein.ItisalabelforthegroupofAmericanyoungexpatriatewritersbornatturn20thcenturyandreachedmaturingafterWorldWarI.Thesewritersfeltprofoundcutofffromtradition,disillusionedandalienatedwithsocietyandcynicalidealism.Tothem,lifeismeaninglessandfutile.F.Scott.Fitigerald,ErnstHemingway,T.S.Eliotarethemostimportantrepresentatives.＊9.IcebergTheory:Ifawriterknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthoseasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadsaid.Thedignityofthemovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeginabovewater.*10.TheYoknapatawphacountyseries：IthaveoverallpatterninwhichthefateofaruinedhomelandalwaysfocusonthecollisionofFaulkner’sintelligencesensitiveandisealisticprotagonistwiththesocietyofthe20thcentury.Mostofthemajorthemesaretheconfrontation.*11.TheHemingwayhero:thetypicalHemingwayheroisonewhowoundedbutstrong,moresensitiveandwoundedbecausestronger,enjoysthepleasuresoflife(sex,alcohol,sport)infaceofruinanddeathandmaintains,throughsomenotionofacode,anidealofhimself.II.各个时期的作家以及作品（一）ColonialAmerica(1607-1765)Puritanbeliefs:Predestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonement(赎罪).BasisofPuritanism:idealism(i.e.Americandream)optimismThinkingmode:metaphoricalmodeofperception(隐喻式思维)Writing:thestyleisfresh,simple,anddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest.LiteratureinthisperiodThefeaturesoftheliterature:Itispersonalliterature,incontenteitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth;informfaithfullyimitationandtransplantation.JohnSmith(wasoneofthefirstearly17th-centuryBritishsettlersinNorthAmerica;wasoneofthefoundersofthecolonyofJamestown,Virginia.)WilliamBradfordJohnWinthrop(thefirstgovernoroftheMassachusettsBayColonystates)work:AModelofChristianCharityAnneBradstreet(knownasthe"TenthMuse")mainwork:ContemplationsUpontheBurningofOurHouseToMyDearandLovingHusbandInReferencetoHerChildrenEdwardTaylorHuswifery（家庭主妇）RogerWilliams(oneofthegreatestPuritandissenters(反对者)intheearlydaysofPuritantheocracyinNewEngland)work:TheBloodyTenetofPersecutionfortheCauseofConscienceJohnwoolmanessays:SomeConsiderationsontheKeepingofNegroesAPleaforthePoorThomasPaine（潘安）works:CommonSense(常识)AmericanCrisis(美国危机)TheAgeofReasonTheRightsofManPhilipFreneau(弗瑞诺)works:TheRisingGloryofAmerica(美洲光辉的升起)TheWildHoneySuckle(野金银花)TheIndianBuryingGroundTheDyingIndian:TomoChequi(二)AmericanRevolutionJonathanEdwards(wasprobablythelastgreatvoicethatwaseverheardinAmericatoreasserttheCalviniststancesoastobringthepeoplebacktoitsfold)mainworks:TheFreedomoftheWill（意志自由）TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended（原犯的指命）TheNatureofTrueVirtue(自然美德)BenjaminFranklin(level-headedcommonsense脚踏实地实用主义)（heistheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedAmerica，oneTheDeclarationofIndependence,oneTheTreatyofalliancewithFrance,oneTheTreatyofpeacewithEnglandandConstitution）mainworks:Autobiography(自传)ThePoorRichard'sAlmanac(格言历书)（三）AmericanRomanticismWashingtonIrving(欧文)(HewasknownasthefatherofAmericanliterature,andthebestofAmericanshortstorywriter.)mainworks:AHistoryofNewYork(纽约外史)（firstbook）TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent(见闻札记)RipVanWinkle(瑞普.凡.温克尔)TheLegendofSleepyHollow(睡谷传奇)JamesFenimoreCooper(frontierwriter/mythicwriter)(HewasoneofthefirstauthorstowriteabouttheAmericanWestwardmovement西进运动)mainworks:TheSpy(间谍)LeatherstockingTales(皮袜子系列)ThePioneers(先驱者)（itwasprobablythefirsttrueromanceofthefrontierinAmericanliterature.）TheDeerslayer(打鹿将)ThePathfinder(探路者)ThePrairie(大草原）TheLastoftheMohicans(最后的莫西干人)（四）NewEnglandTranscendentalism(超验主义)----Romanticidealism(thesummitofAmericanRomanticism)RalphWaldoEmerson(hebecamethemosteloquentspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.)mainworks:NatureSelf-reliantTheAmericanScholar(ithasbeenregardedas"America'sDeclarationifIntellectualIndependence")HenryDavidThoreau(梭罗)mainworks:AWeekontheConcordandMerrimack(firstbook)CivilDisobedience(论公民反抗)Walden(瓦尔登湖)NathanielHawthorne(霍桑)（thegreatestnovelistinAmericanRomanticperiod）mainworks:＊TheScarletLetter（红字）TheHouseofSevenGables(七个尖角阁的故事)Twice-ToldTales(故事新编)MossesfromanOldManse(古屋青苔)TheBlithedaleRomance(福谷传奇)TheMarbleFaun(玉石雕像)HermanMelville(麦尔维尔)mainworks(oceannovels):Omoo(奥姆)Mardi(马帝)Typee(泰彼)Redburn(雷德本)WhiteJacket＊MobyDick(白鲸)(oneoftheworld'sgreatestmasterpieces)PiarreTheconfidenceManBillyBuddBartlebyBenitoCerenoWaltWhitman(惠特曼)（HewasthemostoutstandingpoetinAmericainthe19thcentury,andhasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.）mainworks:*LeavesofGrass(草叶集)（anepic）EmilyDickinson(狄金森)（Shebecame,withStephenCrane,theprecursor先驱oftheImagistmovement.）mainworks:(1,775poems)MylifeclosedtwicebeforeitscloseWildNights---WildNights(良宵)DeathisaDialoguebetweenIdiedforbeauty(我为美而死)EdgarAllanPoe(艾德加.爱伦.坡)(Hewasregardedasfatherofdetectivestory.)mainworks:TheNarrativeofArthurGordonPym(novel)TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesquepoemsSonnet---toscience(致科学)Israfel(伊滋拉菲尔)ToHelen(lyrics)TheRaven(乌鸦)fictionsTheFallofTheHouseofUsher(厄舍古屋的倒塌)TheCaskofAmontillado(一桶酒的故事)Ligeial(利盖娅)Blackcat(黑猫)detectivestoriesThePurloinedLetter(被窃的信件)TheGoldBud(金甲虫)TheMurdersintheRueMorgue(莫格街凶杀案）（五）TheAgeofRealismWilliamDeanHowells(豪威尔斯)（Hewasthemostimportantrealist,thechampionofliteraryrealisminAmerica;hewasthefirstpresidentoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandLetters.)(Hewasoncetheeditor-in-chiefofthecountry'smostinfluentialjournal,TheAtlanticMonthly.)mainworks:CriticismandFiction(essaysofliterary-aestheticideas)TheRiseofSilasLapham(赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹)(thegreatestofallhisworks)TheMinister'sChargeAModernInstance(现代婚姻)HenryJames(Hewasoneofthethreestaunch忠诚的advocatesof19thAmericanrealism,theothertwobeingHowellsandMarkTwain.)mainworks:threedistinctiveperiods(1)(1865-1882)TheAmerican(美国人)DaisyMiller(苔瑟.米勒)("internationaltheme")ThePortraitofaLady(淑女画像)（oneofthegreatestbooks）(2)(1882-1895)Hedroppedthe"internationaltheme"-----wrotetales-----turnedtoplay-writing-----returnedtothenovel(3)(1895-1900)(afewnovellas中篇小说andtales)TheTurnoftheScrewWhatMaisieKnewthreegreatnovels:TheAmbassadors(专使)ThewingsoftheDove(鸽翼)TheGoldenBowl(金碗)Realism---localcolorism(firstmadeitspresenceinthelate1860sandearlyseventies/BretHarte's"TheluckofRoaringCamp"asasymbol)MarkTwain(pseudonym笔名ofSamuelLanghorne)(thehumorist,thesocialcritic,thepessimist)mainworks:frontiertaleTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙)optimismTheGildedAge(镀金时代)（firstnovel）TheAdventuresofTomSawyer＊TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(masterwork)("allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes"ErnestHemingwaynoted)LifeontheMississippi(anothermasterpiece)pessimismAConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt(在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格洲得到美国人)TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg(败坏了哈德莱堡的人)TheMysteriousStranger(神秘的陌生人)AutobiographyothersInnocentsAbroad(傻瓜出国记)Roughingit(含莘茹苦)Pudd'nheadWilson(傻瓜威尔逊)ThePrinceandPauper(王子与贫儿)withChineseTheTreatywithChina(与中国的条约)TothePersonSittinginDarkness(给坐在黑暗中的人)Realism---AmericanNaturalismStephenCrane(克莱恩)(Hewasapioneerwritinginthenaturalistictradition,andwasoneofthefirsttotreatslums,prostitution,alcoholismandotherunpleasantsubjectswhichareassociatedwiththeschoolofnaturalism)(HeisnowrecognizedasoneofthetwoprecursorsofImagistpoetry,theotherbeingEmilyDickinson)mainworks:Maggie:AGirloftheStreets(街头女郎梅姬)(thefirstuncompromisingnaturalisticnovelinAmerica)TheBlackRiders(hisfirstbookofpoems)TheRedBadgeofCourage(红色英勇勋章)bestshortstories:OpenBoat(海上扁舟)TheBlueHotel(蓝色旅馆)FrankNorris(诺里斯)mainworks:McTeague(麦克提格)(themanifestoofAmericanNaturalism)Trilogy(三部曲)TheOctopus(章鱼)(hisbestwork)ThePit(大坑)thethirdbookwasneverwrittenessaysofliterarycriticismTheResponsibilitiesoftheNovelistTheodoreDreiser(西奥多.德莱塞)----theAmericanNaturalismSummitmainworks:SisterCarrie(嘉丽妹妹)(firstnovel,themasterpiece)Cowperwoodtrilogy:TheFinancier(金融家)TheTitan(巨人)TheStoic(斯多葛)otherworks:TheGenius(天才)（anautobiographicalwork）AnAmericanTragedy(美国危机)TheBulwarkOtherAuthors(1)EdwinArlingtonRobinson(HewasgenerallyregardedasAmerica'sgreatestlivingpoetinthe1920s.)mainworks:(ofpoems)ManAgainsttheSky(天边人影)RichardCoryMiniverCheevyFlammonde(2)JackLondon(HisworksareapenetratingcriticismofAmericaofthetime.)mainworks:TheCalloftheWild(野性的呼唤)(anall-timebestseller)WhiteFang(白牙)TheSeaWolf(海狼)MartinEden(马丁.伊登)(3)O.Henry(pseudonymofWilliamSidneyPorter)mainworks:TheGiftoftheMagiTheNecklace(4)UptonSinclair(辛克莱)(Hebecameanimportantpartofthefamous"MuckrakingMovement".)mainwork:TheJungle(丛林)(六)The1920s(thesecondRenaissance)twofactors:theFirstWorldWar,andthesenseoflifebeingdislocatedandfragmentedImagism(thefirstImagisttheorist,theEnglishwriterT.E.Hulme)ThreeImagistpoeticprincipleslaiddownbyPoundandFlint:(1)Directtreatmentofthe"thing,"whethersubjectiveorobjective;(2)Touseabsolutelynothatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;and(3)Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphase,notinthesequenceofametronome(节拍).EzraPound(埃兹拉.庞德)mainworks:InaStationoftheMetro(在一个地铁车站)(likening"faces"to"petals花瓣")ALumeSpento(灯火熄灭之时)(hisfirstbookofpoetry)HomagetoSextusPropertiusHughSelwynMauberley(休.希尔文.毛伯莱)(thenarratorisOdysseus奥德修斯-Pound)Cantos(诗章)（containsatotalof117poemsandamixtureofdifferentculturesandlanguage(18includingChinese)）(IthasbeencalledPound's"intellectualdiarysince1915.")T.S.Eliot(艾略特)(Hebecame,by1925,theacknowledgedleaderofthenewverseandcriticismbothinAmericaandGreatBritain.)mainworks:TheLovesongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(杰.阿尔弗瑞德.普鲁弗洛克的情歌)(ironic)Gerontion(小老头)TheWasteLand(荒原)（masterpiece,theepochalepic)[fiveparts:"TheBurialoftheDead,""AGameofChess,""TheFireSermon火谏,""DeathWater,"and"WhattheThunderSaid"]HollowMan(空心人)AshWednesday(灰[]色星期三)FourQuartets(四个四重奏)（HewontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1948.）(Thefourquartetsare"BurntNorton,""EastCoker,""TheDrySalvages,"and"LittleGidding.")dramaticworks:SweeneyAgonistes(斗士斯威尼)MurderintheCathedral(大教堂谋杀案)CocktailParty(鸡尾酒会)TheConfidentialClerk(机要秘书)Note:Hisfamousdoctrineonpoetsandpoetryisknownasthe"impersonaltheory无情理论."/hisfamousprincipleof"objectivecorrelative客观关联性"hiscriticism(文学评论)：TheSacredwood(圣林)EssaysonStyleandOrderElizabethanEssaysEssaysAncientandModernTheUseofPoetryandtheUseofCriticismAfterStrangeGodsWilliamCarlosWilliams(卡洛斯.威廉姆斯)mainworks:TheAmericanGrain(prosework)Paterson(帕特生)(longpoem)TheRedWheelbarrow(红色手推车)QueenAnn'sLaceSpringandAllRobertFrost(HewonthePulitzerPrizefourtimesandreceivedcommendationsbytheAmericanAcademyofActsandLettersandthepoetrysocietyofAmericarespectivelyin1938and1941.)mainworks:ABoy'sWillNorthofBostonMountainIntervalNewHangshireCollectualPoemsAFurtherRangeAWitnessTree(标记树)E.E.Cummings(卡明斯)(Hewasthemostexperimentalpoet,alsoamodernpainter,fascinatedwithPost-ImpressionistandCubistpaintingsandsculpturesandwithCezanne,Duchamp,Picassoandothermodernmasters.)mainworks:TheEnormousRoom(somewhatautobiographicalnarrative)TulipsandChimney(七)TheRoaring20's,alsoknownas"Jazzage"F.Scott.Fitzgerald(thespokesmanof"theroaring20's")mainworks:ThisSideofParadise(人间天堂)FlappersandPhilosophersTalesoftheJazzAge(爵士时代的故事)(LikeMarkTwain'sTheGildedAge,itgaveitsnametoanimportantperiodinthehistoryofthecountry.)TheBeautifulandtheDamned(漂亮冤家)＊TheGreatGatsby(了不起的盖茨比)TenderistheNight(夜色温柔)shortstories:AlltheSadYoungMenTapsatReveilleErnestHemingway(thespokesmanoftheLostGeneration)mainworks:＊TheSunAlsoRises(太阳常照起)(hisfirstnovel)ThreeStoriesandTenPoemsInOurTime(在我们的时代里)AFarewelltoArms(永别了，武器)DeathintheAfternoon(午后的死亡)GreenHillsofAfricaToHaveandHaveNotForWhomtheBellTolls(丧钟为谁而鸣)AcrosstheRiverandintotheTreesTheOldManandtheSea(老人与海)(HewontheNobelPrizein1954.)（八）TheSouthernRenaissanceWilliamFaulkner(福克纳)(HewontheNobelPrizein1949,wasregardedasthegreatestwriterinthe20thcentury.)mainworks:Soldier'sPayMosquitoes(蚊群)Sartoris(萨托里斯）TheSoundandtheFury(喧哗与骚动)AsILayDying(在我弥留之际)Sanctuary(禁猎日)LightinAugust(八月之光)Absalom,Absalom！GoDown,MosesSherwoodAnderson(安德森)GertrudeSteinSinclairLewisThe1930sJohnDosPassosmainworks:twotrilogiesU.S.AandDistrictofColumbiaThe42ndParallel(北纬42度)1919TheBigMoneyJohnSteinbeck（斯坦贝克）mainworks:CupofGoldThePasturesofHeaven(天堂的草原)ToaGodUnknown(致无名的上帝)InDubiousBattleOfMiceandMenTheGrapesofWrath(愤怒的葡萄)(hisgreatestbook)TheMoonisDownEastofEdenThewinterofOurDiscontentTravelswithCharley（九）TheNewCriticism(1940s)JohnCroweRansomAllenTateCleanthBrooks(十)AmericanDramaEugeneO'Neill(America'sgreatestplaywright)mainworks:BoundEastforCardiff(hisfirstperformedplay)BeyondtheHorizonTheEmperorJonesAnnaChristieTheHairyApe(毛猿)DesireundertheElms(榆树下的欲望)AllGod'sChillunGotWingsTheGreatGodBrownLazarusLaughedStrangeInterlude(奇特的幕间剧)MarcoMillionsDynamoMourningBecomesElectraAh,WildernessDayswithoutEndTheIcemanCometh(制冰人来了)LongDay'sJourneyintoNightAMoonfortheMisbegottenATouchofthePoetNote:HereceivedthePulitzerPrizeforhisBeyondtheHorizonandAnnaChristiebetween1920and1922,andtheNobelPrizein1936.诗歌欣赏：TheWildHoneySuckle(野金银花)------PhlipFreneau(弗瑞偌)Fairflower,thatdostsocomelygrow,美丽的金银花，Hidinthissilent,dullretreat,你粲然绽放于幽静一脚。Untouchedthyhoniedblossomblow,芳菲满枝，无人垂顾，Unseenthylittlebranchesgreet:迎风起舞，无人注目。Norovingfootshallcrushtheehere,游子从不践踏你的玉体，Nobusyhandprovokeatear.过客从不催落你的泪滴。ByNature'sselfinwhitearrayed,造化令你素裹银妆，Shebadetheeshunthevulgareye,你得以远离庸人的目光。Andplantedheretheguardianshade,她赐予你一片绿荫葱葱，Andsentsoftwatersmurmuringby;她带给你一泓流水淙淙。Thusquietlythysummergoes,恬静的夏日倏然流淌，Thydaysdecliningtorepose.你终于红衰锐减，玉陨香消。Smitewiththesecharms,thatmustdecay,妩媚动人，你却无法盛颜久长Igrievetoseeyourfuturedoom;落红满地，你令我黯然神伤。Theydied----norwerethoseflowersmoregay,纵然在伊甸乐园，人间天堂，TheflowersthatdidinEdenbloom;也难免一日凋零，满目凄凉。Unpityingfrosts,andAutumn'spower萧瑟秋风，凄白秋霜，Shallleavenovestigeofthisflower.你终于小时得无影无踪。Frommorningsunsandeveningdews朝霞暮露，Atfirstthylittlebeingcame;孕育了你娇小的身躯Ifnothingonce,younothinglose,你从尘土来，又归尘土去，Forwhenyoudieyouarethesame:来时一无所有，去时化作尘土。Thespacebetween,isbutanhour,可叹生命苦短，Thefraildurationofaflower.你终究红消香断。Analysis:Aflowerbecomesasymbolofbeauty,whichisnoteasilynoticeable,andcanlastonlyashorttime.Hecomparedshortlifetoafleetingflower.WildNights----WildNights(Love)WildNights-----WildNights!良宵，良宵WereIwiththee情狂似火烧WildNightsshouldbe无缘与君共OurLuxury!相思在未了Futile------theWinds------心已泊深港ToaHeartinport风吹难动摇DonewiththeCompass-----罗盘有何用Donewiththechart!海图远远抛RowinginEden------泛舟伊甸园Ah,theSea!天海万里遥MightIbutmoor愿吾化深港Tonight------Inthee!今夜好停靠Analysis:Itexpressesapassionateandeternalloveinaelegiac哀歌的tone.Theboatandtheseaareassymbolsofmaleandfemaleloverscoalescewith(结合)intoconsummated完美的love.MyLifeClosedtwicebeforeitsclose(Death)Mylifeclosedtwicebeforeitsclose;我已失去两位亲人Ityetremaintosee可是依然不知道Ifimmortalityunveil上天是否会Athirdeventtome,安排第三次Sohuge,sohopelesstoconceive如此痛苦，绝望Asthesethattwicefell.那两次生死离别Partingisallweknowofheaven,逝者，因此看到天堂Andallweneedofhell.生者，因此看到地狱Analysis:Itportraysthepoetasever-readyfortheassaultofdeath.Itconcernsdeathandimmortality.TheRedWheelbarrow(红色手推车)-------WilliamsCarlosWilliams(卡洛斯.威廉姆斯)Somuchdepends多有意upon思瞧aredwheel那辆红色的手barrow推车glazedwithrain浇淋着雨water水闪闪发亮besidethewhite在一群白色的chickens雏鸡旁L（aleaffalls）oneliness．该诗将这些支离破碎的字母连接起来，可以得到aleaffalls和loneliness，而aleaffalls放在括号里且插在loneliness一词之间，构成：L（aleaffalls）oneliness．的形式。诗人将这些词拆散竖排，形成“一片落叶渐渐下降”的视觉形象来烘托“寂寞如落叶飘零”的意境。初看起来，这不象一首诗，而是一种文字游戏。整篇诗只有四个单词，却分成五段。四个单词是：aleaffalls和loneliness;aleaffalls放在括号插在loneliness里：l∧oneliness寂寞∣(aleaffalls)∣(一片叶落下)Analysis:Inthepoem,theanimate(thechickens)isplacedsidebysidewiththeinanimate(thewheelbarrow),andthewhitecolorincontrastwiththered.Itistypicalimagism,whichstressesvisualimage.简答题：ThefeaturesofAmericanRomanticism：Americanromanticismwasintheessencetheexpressionof"arealnewexperience"andcontained"analienquality";AmericanmoralvalueswereessentiallyPuritan;AmericanRomanticismwasthe"newness"ofAmericanasanation;andAmericanRomanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.ThefeaturesofTranscendentalism:Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoulasthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.;Transcendentalistsstressestheimportanceoftheindividual;TranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.TheSimilaritiesandDifferencesofpoetsbetweenWhitmanandDickinson:Howells'Realism:Howellsdefinesrealismas"fidelitytoexperienceandprobabilityofmotive,"asaquestoftheaverageandthehabitualratherthantheexceptionalortheuniquelyhighorlow;Tohimrealismisbynomeansmerephotographicpicturesofexternalsbutincludesacentralconcernwith"motives"andpsychologicalconflicts;Authorsshouldminimizeplotandtheartificialorderingofthesenseofsomething"desultory,unfinished'imperfect"inlife.ImagistMovement:FivepartsofTheWasteLandandthedetails:TheWasteLand(荒原)（masterpiece,theepochalepic)[fiveparts:"TheBurialoftheDead,""AGameofChess,""TheFireSermon火谏,""DeathWater,"and"WhattheThunderSaid"]ThefeaturesoftheNewCriticism:oneoftheseisitsfocusontheanalysisofthetextratherpayingattentiontoexternalelements.Thenitexplorestheartisticstructureoftheworkratherthanitsauthor’sframeofmindoritsreader’sresponses.Italsoseesaliteraryworkasorganicentity,theunityofcontentandform.,andplacesemphasisontheclosereadingofthetext.IcebergTheory:TheLostGeneration: