环境健康安全风险评估

*环境安全健康风险评估EHSRiskManagement* RiskManagemententails:Riskassessmentofanyworkactivityortrade;ControlandmonitoringofsuchrisksandCommunicatingtheseriskstoallpersonsinvolved.Riskassessment-anintegralpartofriskmanagement.Itistheprocessof:Identifyingandanalysingsafetyandhealthhazardsassociatedwithwork;AssessingtherisksinvolvedandPrioritisingmeasurestocontrolthehazardsandreducetherisks.Communicationofthehazardstoemployees–Training,Certification,SafeWorkingProcedureEveryworkplace,includingfactories,shouldconductriskassessmentsforallroutineandnon-routineworkundertaken.*RiskManagementvs.RiskAssessmentRiskRankingSensitivityAnalysisRiskConsequenceFrequencyHazardIdentificationRiskAssessmentCostBenefitAnalysisRiskAcceptanceTolerabilityRiskAnalysisRiskManagementRiskManagement*WhatisthepurposeofaRiskAssessment? WhenshouldyoudoaRiskAssessment? WhoperformsaRiskAssessment? WhatarethebasicsteptoperformaRiskAssessment?RiskAssessmentQuestions**RiskAssessment–istheprocessofidentifyingandevaluatinghazardsandimplementingcontrolmeasurestoeliminateorreducethepotentialforlossto: Personnel Equipment Property EnvironmentRiskAssessment-Definitions*Itiseveryone’sresponsibilitytoevaluateriskandparticipateintheimplementationofcontrolmeasuresinthecourseandscopeoftheirassignedresponsibilities.FromExecutiveManagementtoEmployees,allareinvolvedinthisprocesstodifferingdegrees.** Risk–acombinationofthelikelihood(probability)andconsequences(severity)ofaspecifiedhazardouseventoccurringEachhazardisevaluatedintermsofrisk(ProbabilityXConsequence=Risk)RiskAssessment-Definitions Probability–thelikelihoodthatthepotentialharmorlosswilloccur(frequency) Consequence–theoutcomeofexposuretoanidentifiedhazard(severity)*ARiskisdefinedastheProbability(frequencyofoccurrence)multipliedbytheConsequence(severity).AProbabilityisdefinedasthelikelihoodthatthepotentialharmorloss,throughexposuretothehazard,willoccur.AConsequenceshouldbeconsideredintermsofarealisticassessmentoftheworstcredibleoutcome(extentoftheharmorloss),andnothowlikelythatworstcredibleoutcomeistooccur.*Hazard–anactivity,situation,orconditionthathasthepotentialforharmintermsof:RiskAssessment-Definitions Injury Illness Damagetoproperty DamagetotheenvironmentThereareatleast14categoriesofhazards.Trytowritedown5ofthemonyourlist*HAZARDCATEGORIES:1)SLIPS,TRIPSORFALLSatthesamelevel;2)SLIPS,TRIPSORFALLSatheight;3)STRUCKBYfalling,flying,movingobjects;4)STRUCKAGAINSTbumpinginto,stepping,fallingagainst;5)CAUGHTIN,UNDER,BETWEEN,AGAINSTmovingmachinery/objects,collapsingstructure;6)OVEREXERTIONlifting/pulling/pushingobjects;7)EXPOSURETOTEMPERATUREEXTREMESheat/cold,objectsorsubstances;8)EXPOSURETOHARMFULSUBSTANCESDust,chemicals,fumes,radiation,noise–anyrouteintothebody;9)CONTACTWITHELECRICITY;10)VEHICLEACCIDENT;11)PROCESSORPRODUCTIONUPSETBlowout,plantorequipmentfailure;12)ENVIRONMENTALCONTAMINATIONSpill;13)ERGONOMICSVisualDisplayunits(VDU)activities;14)OTHER(SPECIFY)(Drowning,suffocating,etc.)** SLIPS,TRIPSORFALLSatthesamelevel SLIPS,TRIPSORFALLSatheight STRUCKBYfalling,flying,movingobjects STRUCKAGAINSTbumpinginto,stepping,fallingagainst CAUGHTIN,UNDER,BETWEEN,AGAINSTmovingmachinery/objects,collapsingstructure OVEREXERTIONlifting/pulling/pushingobjects EXPOSURETOTEMPERATUREEXTREMESheat/cold,objectsorsubstancesHazardCategories*Solicitorprovideexamplesforeachhazardcategory.* EXPOSURETOHARMFULSUBSTANCESDust,chemicals,fumes,radiation,noise–anyrouteintothebody CONTACTWITHELECRICITY VEHICLEACCIDENT PROCESSORPRODUCTIONUPSETBlowout,plantorequipmentfailure ENVIRONMENTALCONTAMINATIONSpill ERGONOMICSVisualDisplayunits(VDU),andrepetitivestrainactivities OTHER(SPECIFY)(Drowning,suffocating,etc.)HazardCategories*Solicitorprovideexamplesforeachhazardcategory.**Anyhazardshere?HazardRecognitionWhataretheRisks?*Askstudentstoidentifythehazardstheysee.Havestudentsidentifytherisksinvolvedinthisact.**RiskMatrix*TheProbabilityofanIncidentoccurringisclassifiedasbeingfrom1–5,with5beingthemostlikely.TheConsequenceresultingfromtheoccurrenceofanIncidentisclassifiedasbeingfrom1–5,with5beingthemostundesirable.Remember,ProbabilityXConsequence=Risk.Thelevelofaction(orcontrolmeasuresneeded)dependsupontheRisk.**RiskMatrix*Note:SeetheRiskMatrixabovetorankthepriorityofRiskControls.**TheRiskAssessmentForm**Existing/PotentialImpacts**HazardTypes**Consequence**Frequency**RiskScore**ToEliminateorReduceTheScore*TakingAction***OtherRiskAssessmentSupplements JobSafetyAnalysis(TaskAnalysis) 5X5Technique WorkplaceAuditsandInspections MaterialSafetyDataSheets IncidentInvestigations Outsidesources SimpleRiskAssessmentToolRiskAssessmentTools*Thesewillbediscussedfurtherinthefollowingslides** Identifiesthevariousstepsinvolvedinthejob Whereitishappening(environment) Whoorwhatitishappeningto(exposure) Whatprecipitatesthehazard(trigger) Whatoutcomewouldoccurshouldithappen(consequence),and Anyothercontributingfactors Observethejobbeingperformed EnsurethedescriptionsofeachsteparedetailedandaccurateJobSafetyAnalysis(JSA)*MostproductionjobshaveJSA’sthatarespecifictothemachineortaskbeingperformed.Theseshouldbereviewedwithanemployeewhoisnewtothetask.IfnoJSAexists,oneshouldbecreated.** Identifythehazardsassociatedwitheachstep(andask) Whatcangowrong? Whataretheconsequences? Howcoulditarise? Whatareothercontributingfactors? Howlikelyisitthatthehazardwilloccur? Identifycontrolsinplaceforeachhazard IdentifyifadditionalcontrolsareneededJobSafetyAnalysis(JSA)continued*ReviewingtheJSAwithnewemployeesisanimportantpartofteachingthemtoworksafelyonagivenassignment.IftheJSAisinadequate,itshouldbeupdatedtoincludecurrentinformation.** Ariskassessmentprocessemployeescanusewhenperformingnon-routineorunfamiliartaskstoinsureitiscompletedinthesafestmannerpossible Take5minutesandaskyourself5questionsWhyamIdoingitatall?Whatcouldgowrong?Howcoulditaffectme,orothers?Howlikelyisittohappen?WhatcanIdoaboutit? ReporttoyoursupervisoriffurtheranalysisisneededFiveXFiveTechnique*TheFiveXFiveprocessdoesnothavetobewritten,howevertheJobSafetyAnalysisshouldbeconsulted,andiffurtheranalysisisneeded,awrittenriskanalysisformshouldbedeveloped.ThefivequestionsarefoundonthebackoftheQFocusObservationcards.**Documentedinformal(individual)andstructured(team)inspectionsareconductedperiodicallytoidentifydeficienciesWorkplaceAuditsorInspections*TheLocationManagementTeamisresponsibletoensurethatworkplaceinspectionsareconductedattheirfacility.Additionally,theLMTshallberesponsibleforensuringcorrectiveactionsandcontrolmeasuresareestablishedforidentifieddeficienciesandthatthecontrolmeasuresaredeployedinanappropriatetimeframe.TheQFocusObservationProcessshouldbeusedtotrackdiscrepanciesandclosureofcorrectiveactions.**Targetareasinclude:WorkplaceAuditsorInspectionsCranes&HoistsForkliftsMachineGuardingPPELockout/TagoutCompressedGas,WeldingandCuttingEquipmentChemical/Flammable/HazardousMaterialStorage&Usage FireExtinguishers Walkways FlammableStorage Exits SafetyEquipment Electrical Barrel&BulkStorage GeneralHousekeeping Ladders Handtools*Checklistsarepartoftheself-inspectionprocess.Documentationoftheseinspectionsshallbemaintainedincludingthedate,person(s)performingtheinspection,deficienciesfound,andcorrectivemeasurestaken.**MaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS) MSDS–Adocumentissuedbythemanufacturer,distributor,orsupplierofchemicalswhichprovidesinformationaboutthepropertiesofchemicalsandthehealth,safety,andenvironmentalissuesrelatedtotheiruse.Eachemployeemustbemadeawareofthehazardsofchemicalsusedorstoredintheirworksite*Knowingwhatchemicalsanemployeewillbeexposedto,controlmeasuresneededtolessenriskofaninjuryrelatedtoit’suse,storage,andtransportationmeasuresnotonlymakesgoodsense,it’sthelaw.**MaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS) Employeesmustknowhowandwheretoaccessinformationaboutthechemicalsintheirarea(beforebeingassignedwork). Theimportanceofevaluatingchemicalhazardriskscannotbeunderemphasized! EachsupervisorandemployeehastheresponsibilityofbeingcompetentintheuseofMSDS*Takethistimetoinformnewortransferredemployeeshowtheycanaccesschemicalhazardinformationwithrespecttothechemicalstheyencounterintheirworksite.**MaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS) MSDShavethefollowinginformation: ChemicalProduct&Company Composition/Ingredients HazardsIdentification FirstAidMeasures FireFightingMeasures AccidentalReleaseMeasures HandlingandStorage ExposureControls/PersonalProtection Physical&ChemicalProperties Stability&Reactivity ToxicologicalInformation EcologicalInformation DisposalConsiderations TransportInformation RegulatoryInformation*MSDS’shavedifferentformats,butallcontainthesamecategoriesofinformation.**Anobjective,written,andteam–basedinvestigationinwhichwho,what,andwhyinformationiscollectedforthepurposeofdeterminingrootcauseandimplementingcorrectiveactionstopreventrecurrenceIncidentInvestigations Incident-anundesirableeventwhichcouldordoesresultinunintendedharmordamageto: People Equipment Process Vehicles Products Information Environment CompanyreputationThisincludesnearmisses*TheIncidentInvestigationistypicallyledbylinesupervisionandincludesemployeeswhohavewitnesseddetailsoftheevent.Teammake-upisdeterminedbyseverity.Employee’sresponsibilityistopromptlyreportallincidentsandnearmisses,andtocooperatewiththeinvestigationteam.Employeesmustreportinwritingtohissupervisorallinjuriesontheshiftinwhichitoccurred.Moredetailsaboutthisaregiveninthetrainingmodule“IncidentReporting&Investigation(Level2).** Somesituationsrequireexpertsfromaparticularfieldand/orspecializedequipmenttoevaluatearisk(s) IndustrialHygienists StructuralEngineers CivilEngineers MedicalProfessionals Etc…RiskAssessment–OutsideSources*Thekeyistoidentifyriskbeforeanincidentoccurs.Outsidehelpwillbesecuredonanasneededbasis.**Awritten,documentedanalysisofaparticularjobinwhichthetaskisbrokendownintosteps,andidentifies:SimpleRiskAssessmentTool JobSteps Potentialimpacts Hazardtypes UncontrolledRisk(Cons.XProb.=Risk) ExistingRiskControl RecommendedRiskControls ResidualRisk ResponsiblePerson ScheduledDate CompletionDate*Eachjobshouldhaveariskanalysisperformedannually,orwhenachange,orincidenthastakenplace.Theresidualriskisfiguredafterrecommendedriskcontrolshavebeenemployed.MoredetailonhowtousetheRiskAnalysisFormwillbeprovidedinthetrainingmodule“IncidentReporting&Investigation(Level2)”.**TheRiskAssessmentTeam- Conductedbyateamofpersonswhohaveathoroughknowledgeoftheworktobeassessed. Teammembersshouldincludemanagementstaff,processorfacilityengineers,technicalpersonnel,supervisors,productionoperators,maintenancestaffandsafetypersonnelifavailable. Theriskassessmentteamshouldalsoincludecontractor/supplierpersonnelwhoareinvolvedwiththework,whenevernecessary.SimpleRiskAssessmentTool*Eachjobshouldhaveariskanalysisperformedannually,orwhenachange,orincidenthastakenplace.Theresidualriskisfiguredafterrecommendedriskcontrolshavebeenemployed.MoredetailonhowtousetheRiskAnalysisFormwillbeprovidedinthetrainingmodule“IncidentReporting&Investigation(Level2)”.**StepsinconductingRiskAssessmentSimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**PREPARATIONWORKPriortoconductingariskassessment,thefollowinginformationshouldbeobtainedasfaraspossible:PlantlayoutplanProcessflowchartListofworkactivitiesand/ortradesListofchemicalsusedListofmachineryandtoolsusedRecordsofpastincidentsandaccidentsRelevantlegislationRelevantcodesofpracticeorspecificationsInspectionrecordsDetailsofexistingriskcontrolsHealthandsafetyauditreportsFeedbackfromstaff,clients,suppliersorotherstakeholdersSafeworkproceduresOtherinformationsuchasMSDS,manufacturer’sinstructionmanualCopiesofanyrelevantpreviousriskassessmentsSimpleRiskAssessmentTool**Step1-HAZARDIDENTIFICATION Themostimportantstepinriskassessmentbecausehazardscanonlybecontrollediftheyareidentified. HazardIdentificationinvolvesidentifyingthehazardsassociatedwiththeactivityofeachprocessandtypeofpotentialaccidentsorincidents. Duringthisphase,theaimistospothazards,brainstormonallthepossibletypesofaccidentsandillhealththatcanhappenduetothehazard,andidentifythepersonsthatcanbevictimsoftheaccidentorillhealth.Workplacesafetyandhealthhazardscanbeidentifiedbyconsidering:Methodofworke.g.repeatedtasksandunsafeworkpracticesElectricalandmechanicalhazardsManualmaterialhandlinge.g.lifting,pullingandpushingChemicalseg.corrosivesubstancesMachineryorplanteg.unguardedmachinesTemporarystructureeg.scaffoldsEnvironmentalconditions,eg.slipperysurfaces,lightinglevel,unstablesoilconditionsLayoutandlocationofequipmentSimpleRiskAssessmentTool**Possibletypesofaccidentorincidentandillhealthinclude:Persons-at-riskinclude:SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**Step2-RISKEVALUATIONRiskevaluationconsistsof:Identifyingtheexistingriskcontrolmeasures;Assessingthepotentialseverityofthehazards;DeterminingthelikelihoodofoccurrenceandAssessingtherisklevelbasedontheseverityandlikelihood.Riskevaluationistheprocessofestimatingtherisklevelsforthehazardsandtheiracceptability.Thisisusedasabasisforprioritizingactionstocontrolthesehazardsandminimizesafetyandhealthrisks.SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**ExistingriskcontrolThepresenceofexistingcontrolmeasuresshouldfirstbeidentifiedforindividualactivityforeachprocess.Byconsideringtheeffectivenessoftheexistingcontrolsandtheconsequencesoftheirfailure,theriskoftheactivitycanbeassessed.Examplesofriskcontrolmeasuresincludeengineeringcontrols,safeworkproceduresandpersonalprotectiveequipment.SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**Step3-RISKControlSimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool*Itisessentialforriskstobeeliminatedorreduced“atsource”.Ifariskcannotbecontrolledcompletelybyengineeringmeasures,itisnecessarytoprotecttheemployeesbyadministrativecontrolorpersonalprotection.*EliminationorsubstitutionEngineeringcontrolsWarningsTrainingandproceduresProtectiveEquipmentExamplesRiskAssessment-RiskControlHierarchy*****ThecontrolofhazardsandreductionofriskscanbeaccomplishedbyfollowingtheHierarchyofControlmeasuresbelow.Thesecontrolmeasuresarenotusuallymutuallyexclusivee.g.engineeringcontrolscanbeimplementedtogetherwithadministrativecontrolsliketrainingandsafeworkprocedures.a)EliminationEliminationofhazardsreferstothetotalremovalofthehazardsandhenceeffectivelymakingalltheidentifiedpossibleaccidentsandillhealthimpossible.Thisisapermanentsolutionandshouldbeattemptedinthefirstinstance.Ifthehazardisremoved,alltheothermanagementcontrols,suchasworkplacemonitoringandsurveillance,training,safetyauditing,andrecordkeepingwillnolongerberequired.ExampleLasermarkingofsemiconductorseliminatestheuseofsolventforinkmarking.Lasercuttingeliminatesnoisehazardfrompoweredsaws.**b)SubstitutionThisinvolvesreplacingthehazardbyonethatpresentsalowerrisk.Example. Asbestoscanbesubstitutedwithnon-asbestosmaterials. Awater-basedpaintcanbeusedinsteadofasolvent-basedpaint.c)EngineeringcontrolsEngineeringcontrolsarephysicalmeansthatlimitthehazard.Theseincludestructuralchangestotheworkenvironmentorworkprocesses,erectingabarriertointerruptthetransmissionpathbetweentheworkerandthehazard.Example Isolationorcontainmentofhazards,applicationofmachineguardsandmanualhandlingdevices.**d)AdministrativecontrolsThesereduceoreliminateexposuretoahazardbyadherencetoproceduresorinstructions.Documentationshouldemphasizeallthestepstobetakenandthecontrolstobeusedincarryingouttheactivitysafely.Examples Implementationofpermit-to-worksystemsandschedulingofincompatibleworks; OSHtraining.e)PersonalprotectiveequipmentThisshouldbeusedonlyasalastresort,afterallothercontrolmeasureshavebeenconsidered,orasashorttermcontingencyduringmaintenance/repairorasanadditionalprotectivemeasure.Thesuccessofthiscontrolisdependentontheprotectiveequipmentbeingchosencorrectly,aswellasfittedcorrectlyandwornatalltimeswhenrequiredbyemployees.**ResidualRisksTheriskassessmentteamshouldensurethattheriskassessmentisconductedproperly,andthatanyresidualrisksareacceptableandmanageable.Residualrisksaretheremainingrisksforwhichtheplannedriskcontrolsarenotabletoeffectivelyremoveorcontrol.Theriskassessmentteamshouldalsohighlighttheresidualrisksofeachofthecontrols.Forexample,iftheriskcontrolinvolvestheuseoffallarrestharnessandlanyards(atypeofpersonalprotectiveequipment),thenoneoftheresidualrisksisthattheworkersmaynothookupthelanyardstoprotectthemselves.Inthiscase,theriskassessmentteammayhighlighttraining(administrativecontrol)asafurthermeasuretoensurethatresidualriskisfurtherminimized.Oncealltheriskcontrolsareselectedandtheirresidualriskshighlighted,theriskassessmentteamneedstoidentifytheactionofficersandfollow-updates.Inthisway,thespecificactionofficerstoimplementthecontrolscanbeclearlyidentified,andthefollow-updateswillhelptoensuretimelinessinimplementation.SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**IMPLEMENTATIONANDREVIEW Theresultsofriskassessmentmustbeapprovedandendorsedbythetopmanagement.Theemployershouldasfarasispracticable,implementtherecommendedriskcontrolmeasuresassoonaspossible. Anactionplanshouldbepreparedtoimplementthemeasures.Theplanshouldincludeatimelineofimplementationandresponsibilitiesofpersonsimplementingtheworkplacesafetyandhealthmeasures.Theplanshouldbemonitoredregularlyuntilallthemeasuresareimplemented. Regularreviewoftheriskassessmentplaniscritical.Whileemployersarerequiredtoreviewtheirplansyearly,areviewshouldtakeplacewhenever:Whenevernewinformationonsafetyandhealthriskssurfaces;Therearechangestotheareaofworkand/orAfteranyaccidentorseriousincident.Theriskassessmentteamshouldundertakethesamethreesteps(hazardidentification,riskevaluationandriskcontrol)whenconductingariskassessmentreview.SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SprayPainting/Workshop-Movingmetaldrumstospraybooth-Preparingandmixingpaint-CarryingoutspraypaintingPaperSlitting/CuttingDepartment2-Loadingthemachinewithpaperroll-Operatingthemachine-Unloadingslitpapers-RepairandmaintenanceofthemachineSimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**SimpleRiskAssessmentTool**RiskAssessmentFocusIncidentInvestigationFocusRiskAssessmentvs.IncidentInvestigationFocus**TenStepstoEffectiveRiskAssessment Makesuretheprocessispracticalandrealistic Involveasmanypeopleaspossible Useasystematicapproach Lookatthebigpicture Startbyidentifyingthehazard**TenStepstoEffectiveRiskAssessment6. Assesstherisksfromthosehazards7.Berealistic;includenon-routineoperations8.Identifywhoisatrisk;includeallworkers,visitors,contractorsandthepublic9.Startwiththesimplemethods10.Alwaysrecordtheassessmentinwriting,includingallassumptionsyoumake**Arisingfromtheriskassessment,safeworkproceduresforworkwhichmayposesafetyandhealthrisksshouldbeestablishedandimplemented.Thesafeworkproceduresshouldincludethesafetyprecautionstobetakeninthecourseofworkandduringanemergency,aswellastheprovisionofpersonalprotectiveequipment.**ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS&IMPACTSASSESSMENT**LEARNINGOBJECTIVESUponCompletionofthisTraining,youwillbeableto: DefineEnvironmentalAspectsandImpactsandGiveExamplesofBoth DescribeWhatISO14001RequireswithRespecttoEnvironmentalAspects IdentifyEnvironmentalAspectsAssociatedwithyourOrganization’sActivities,ProductsandServices EvaluateandPrioritizeyourEnvironmentalAspects**WHATISANENVIRONMENTALASPECT? ISO14001DefinesEnvironmentalAspectas Aspectscanbefurtherdefinedas: Controlled Influenced Significant Non-significant Positiveelementofanorganization'sactivities,productsorservicesthatcaninteractwiththeenvironment**TYPESOFENVIRONMENTALASPECTS EnvironmentalAspectsInclude: Airemissions Wastegenerationandmanagement Releasestowater Contaminationofland Consumptionofenergyandnaturalresources(e.g.,water,coal,naturalgas,fueloil,etc.) Localandcommunityissues(noise,odors,aestheticconditions)**WHATCAUSESENVIRONMENTALASPECTS? EnvironmentalAspectsaretheunwantedbyproducts/unintendedconsequencesofanorganization’sActivities,ProductsandServices**WHATISANENVIRONMENTALIMPACT? ISO14001DefinesEnvironmentalImpactas: EnvironmentalImpactsaretheeffectsofyourEnvironmentalAspectsanychangetotheenvironment,w