同义转换技巧 paraphrasing skills

PARAPHRASINGversusPLAGIARISMResearchSkillsUsingInformationWhatdoIknowaboutparaphrasing?DoIknowwhatitis?DoIknowhowtodoit?HowhaveIparaphrased?So,howdoIfeelaboutmyabilitytoparaphrase?WhatstrategiesshouldIusetopulloutandkeeptrackofpiecesofinformation?KeepwellorganizedsuccinctnoteswritteninownwordsWhatisthedifferencebetween….SUMMARIZING Summarizinginvolvesputtingthemainidea(s)intoyourownwords,includingonlythemainpoint(s).Onceagain,itisnecessarytoattributesummarizedideastotheoriginalsource.Summariesaresignificantlyshorterthantheoriginalandtakeabroadoverviewofthesourcematerial.summarize=makenotesPARAPHRASINGParaphrasinginvolvesputtingapassagefromsourcematerialintoyourownwords.Aparaphrasemustalsobeattributedtotheoriginalsource.Paraphrasedmaterialisusuallyshorterthantheoriginalpassage,takingasomewhatbroadersegmentofthesourceandcondensingitslightly.paraphrase=synthesisWhatisthedifferencebetween…QUOTATIONQuotationsmustbeidenticaltotheoriginal,usinganarrowsegmentofthesource.Theymustmatchthesourcedocumentwordforwordandmustbeattributedtotheoriginalauthor.PLAGIARISMPlagiarismisusingsomeoneelse’sideasandwritingsandpresentingthemasyourown.Plagiarism=Theft/LyingSo,whydoweusequotations,paraphrasesandsummaries?ProvidesupportforclaimsoraddtruthtoyourwritingGiveexamplesofseveralpointsofviewonasubjectCallattentiontoapositionthatyouwishtoagreeordisagreewithHighlightaparticularlystrikingphrase,sentence,orpassagebyquotingtheoriginal[HOOK]Expandthebreadthordepthofyourwriting[providingconcretedetail]Advancedwriters…oftencombinesummaries,paraphrases,andquotations.Aspartofasummaryofanarticle,achapter,orabook,awritermightincludeparaphrasesofvariouskeypointsblendedwithquotationsofstrikingorsuggestivephrases.Often,ashortquotationworkswellwhenintegratedintoasentence.Longerquotationscanstandalone.Rememberthatquotingshouldbedoneonlysparingly;youmusthaveagoodreasontoincludeadirectquotation.Let’slookatanexample.InhisfamousandinfluentialworktheInterpretationofDreams,SigmundFreudarguesthatdreamsarethe"royalroadtotheunconscious"(page#),expressingincodedimagerythedreamer'sunfulfilledwishesthroughaprocessknownasthe"dream-work"(page#).AccordingtoFreud,actualbutunacceptabledesiresarecensoredinternallyandsubjectedtocodingthroughlayersofcondensationanddisplacementbeforeemerginginakindofrebuspuzzleinthedreamitself(page#).HowdoImakenotes?Readtheentiretext,notingthekeypointsandmainideas.Summarizeinyourownwordswhatthesinglemainideaofthetextis.Paraphraseimportantsupportingpointsthatcomeupinthetext.Consideranywords,phrases,orbriefpassagesthatyoubelieveshouldbequoteddirectly.HowdoIparaphrase(Noodletools)?6StepstoEffectiveParaphrasingHowdoIparaphrase(Noodletools)?6StepstoEffectiveParaphrasing1.Rereadtheoriginalpassageuntilyouunderstanditsfullmeaning.DonotpastethewholearticleintoNoodletools.2.Settheoriginalaside,andwriteyourparaphraseonanotecard.3.Jotdownafewwordsbelowyourparaphrasetoremindyoulaterhowyouenvisionusingthismaterial.Atthetopofthenotecard,writeakeywordorphrasetoindicatethesubjectofyourparaphrase.4.Checkyourversionwiththeoriginaltomakesurethatyourversionaccuratelyexpressesalltheessentialinformationinanewform.5.Usequotationmarkstoidentifyanyuniquetermorphraseologyyouhaveborrowedexactlyfromthesource.6.Recordthesource(includingthepage)onyournotecardsothatyoucancredititeasilyifyoudecidetoincorporatethematerialintoyourpaper.Let’sreadthisoriginaltext.Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.Let’ssummarizethisoriginaltext.Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.SUMMARYFindthemainideaandkeypoints.Studentsshouldtakejustafewnotesindirectquotationfromsourcestohelpminimizetheamountofquotedmaterialinaresearchpaper(Lester46-47).Let’sparaphrasethisoriginaltext.Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.PARAPHRASEFindthesupportingdetailsandputtheminyourownwords.Identifytechnicallanguagewhichcannotbeparaphrased.Inresearchpapersstudentsoftenquoteexcessively,failingtokeepquotedmaterialdowntoadesirablelevel.Sincetheproblemusuallyoriginatesduringnotetaking,itisessentialtominimizethematerialrecordedverbatim(Lester46-47).Ifwehadplagiarized,thisiswhatitwouldlooklike.Studentsoftenusetoomanydirectquotationswhentheytakenotes,resultingintoomanyoftheminthefinalresearchpaper.Infact,probablyonlyabout10%ofthefinalcopyshouldconsistofdirectlyquotedmaterial.Soitisimportanttolimittheamountofsourcematerialcopiedwhiletakingnotes.WorkwithyourpartnerDirections:Writeaparaphraseofthefirstpassageinyourworksheet.Findthemainideaandsupportingdetails.Whenyouparaphrase,trynottolookbackattheoriginalpassage.SHAREREADALOUDLet’scheckhowyoudidAccordingtoJacquesCousteau,theactivityofpeopleinAntarcticaisjeopardizingadelicatenaturalmechanismthatcontrolstheearth'sclimate.Hefearsthathumanactivitycouldinterferewiththebalancebetweenthesun,thesourceoftheearth'sheat,andtheimportantsourceofcoldfromAntarcticwatersthatflownorthandcooltheoceansandatmosphere("CaptainCousteau"17).WorkwithyourpartnerDirections:Writeaparaphraseofthesecondpassageinyourworksheet.Findthemainideaandsupportingdetails.Whenyouparaphrase,trynottolookbackattheoriginalpassage.SHAREREADALOUDHowdidyoudo? Theuseofahelmetisthekeytoreducingbicyclingfatalities,whichareduetoheadinjuries75%ofthetime.Bycushioningtheheaduponimpact,ahelmetcanreduceaccidentalinjurybyasmuchas85%,savingthelivesofhundredsofvictimsannually,halfofwhomareschoolchildren("BikeHelmets"348).TimetoworkindependentlyDirections:Writeaparaphraseofthethirdpassageonyourworksheet.Findthemainideaandsupportingdetails.Whenyouparaphrase,trynottolookbackattheoriginalpassage.SHAREREADALOUDToughstuff,isn’tit. Howmuchhigherskyscrapersofthefuturewillrisethanthepresentworldmarvel,theSearsTower,isunknown.However,thedesignofonetwiceastallisalreadyontheboards,andanarchitect,RobertSobel,thinkswecurrentlyhavesufficientknow-howtobuildaskyscraperwithover500stories(Bachman15).Let’sReflectonourLearningWhatdidIknowaboutparaphrasingbeforethislesson?HowdidIfeelaboutparaphrasingbeforethislesson?Now,howdoIfeelaboutmyabilitytoparaphrase?WhydoIfeelthisway?