环境微生物英文

MicroorganismsandMicrobiologyChapter1Chapteroutline1.1Whatisamicrobe?1.2TheimportanceofMicrobiology1.3Microbesinourlives1.4Thehistoryofmicrobiology1.5ImportanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiologyConceptsMicroorganismsareresponsibleformanyofthechangesobservedinorganicandinorganicmatter(e.g.,fermentationandthecarbon,nitrogenandsulfurcyclesthatoccurredinnature.Thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyasascientificdisciplinehasdependedontheavailabilityofthemicroscopeandtheabilitytoisolateandgrowpureculturesofmicroorganisms.Microbiologyisalargediscipline,whichhasagreatimpactonotherareasofbiologyandgeneralhumanwelfareThewordmicrobe(microorganism)isusedtodescribeanorganismthatissosmallthatcannotbeseenwithouttheuseofamicroscope.Viruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoaandsomealgaeareallincludedinthiscategory.1.1Whatisamicrobe?Ourworldispopulatedbyinvisiblecreaturestoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye.Theselifeforms,themicrobesormicroorganisms,maybeseenonlybymagnifyingtheirimagewithamicroscope.MicrobialworldOrganisms(living)Infectiousagents(non-living)Prokaryotes(unicellular)eukaryotesvirusesviroidsprionsEubacteriaArchaeaAlgae(unicellularormulticellular)Fungi(unicellularormulticellular)Protozoa(unicellular)Other(multicellularorganisms)Mostofthebacteria,protozoa,andfungiaresingle-celledmicroorganisms,andeventhemulticelledmicrobesdonothaveagreatrangeofcelltypes.Virusesarenotevencells,justgeneticmaterialsurroundedbyaproteincoatandincapableofindependentexistence.ThesizeandcelltypeofmicrobesMicrobeApproximaterangeofsizesCelltypeViruses0.01-0.25µmAcellularBacteria0.1-10µmProkaryoteFungi2µm->1mEukaryoteProtozoa2-1000µmEukaryoteAlgae1µm-severalmetersEukaryoteThesizeandcelltypeofmicrobesMicrobesimpingeonallaspectsoflife,justafewofthesearelistedbelow:TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearch1.2TheimportanceofmicrobiologyTheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearchPressheretocontinueMicrobesareresponsibleforthegeochemicalcycles.Theyarefoundinassociationwithplantsinsymbioticrelationships.Somemicrobesaredevastatingplantpathogens,butothersmayactasbiologicalcontrolagentsagainstdiseases.Thedisease-causingabilityofsomemicrobesiswellknown.However,microorganismshavealsoprovideduswiththemeansoftheircontrolintheformofantibioticsandothermedicallyimportantdrugs.Microbeshavebeenusedtoproducefood,frombrewingandwinemaking,throughcheeseproductionandbreadmaking,tothemanufactureofsoysauce.Butmicrobesarealsoresponsibleforfoodspoilage.Traditionallymicrobeshavebeenusedtosynthesizeimportantchemicals.Theadventofgeneticengineeringtechniqueshasledtothecloningofpolypeptidesintomicrobes.Microbeshavebeenusedasmodelorganismsfortheinvestigationofbiochemicalandgeneticalprocesses.Millionsofcopiesofthesamesinglecellcanbeproducedveryquicklyandgiveplentyofhomogeneousexperimentalmaterial.Mostpeoplehavenoethicalobjectionstoexperimentswiththesemicroorganisms.1.3MicrobesinourlivesMicroorganismsasDiseaseAgentsMicroorganismsandAgricultureMicroorganismsandtheFoodIndustryMicroorganisms,Energy,andtheEnvironmentMicroorganismsandtheFutureBranchesofMicrobiologyBacteriologyProtozoologyParasitologyMicrobialMorphologyMycologyVirologyPhycologyorAlgologyMicrobialphysiologyMicrobialtaxonomyMicrobialgeneticsMolecularbiologyMicrobialecologyThefutureofmicrobiologyisbrightMicrobiologyisoneofthemostrewardingofprofessions,becauseitgivesitspractitionerstheopportunitytobeincontactwithalltheothernaturalscienceandthustocontributeinmanydifferentwaystothebettermentofhumanlife.1.4ThehistoryofmicrobiologyInthefieldofobservation,chancefavorsonlypreparedminds.------LouisPasteurThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThespontaneousgenerationconflictTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterThedevelopmentofmicrobiologyinthiscenturyThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThefirstpersontoaccuratelyobserveanddescribemicroorganismsAntonyvanLeeuwenhock(1632-1723)ThefirstpersontoobserveanddescribemicroorganismswastheamateurmicroscopistAntonyvanleeuwenhoekofDelft,Holland.Leeuwenhockmadehissimple,single-lensmicroscopewhichcouldamplifytheobjectbeingviewed50–300times.Between1673-1723,hewroteaseriesofletterstotheRoyalSocietyofLondondescribingthemicrobesheobservedfromthesamplesofrainwater,andhumammouth.Leeuwenhoek’sdrawingsofbacteriafromthehumanmouth.Adrawingofoneofthemicroscopesshowingthelensa;mountingpinb;andfocusingscrewscandd.lensObjectbeingviewedadjustingscrewsPasteur’scontributions:LouisPasteurworkinginhislaboratoryLouisPasteur(1822–1895)Pasteur(1857)demonstratedthatlacticacidfermentationisduetotheactivityofmicro-organismsPasteur(1861)conflictoverspontaneousgeneration–birthofmicrobiologyasasciencePasteur(1881)developedanthraxvaccinePasteurizationSpontaneousgeneration–thatlivingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingordecomposingmatter.ThespontaneousgenerationconflictPasteur’sswanneckflasksusedinhisexperimentsonthespontaneousgenerationofmicroorganismsConclusion:Microorganismsarenotspontaneouslygeneratedfrominanimatematter,butareproducedbyothermicroorganismsRobertKochinhislaboratoryTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseRobertKoch(1843–1910)Koch’sdemonstrationofspecialorganismscausespecialdiseasesKoch’spostulatesThemicroorganismsmustbepresentineverycaseofthediseasebutabsentfromhealthyorganisms.Thesuspectedmicroorganismsmustbeisolatedandgrowninapureculture.Thediseasemustresultwhentheisolatedmicroorganismsisinoculatedintoahealthyhost.ThesamemicroorganismsmustbeisolatedagainfromthediseasedhostTheGoldenageofmicrobiologyKochandpureculturesFermentationandPasteurizationGermtheoryofdiseaseVaccinationThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterTheRussianmicrobiologistWinograskydiscoveredthatsoilbacteriacouldoxidizeiron,sulfurandammoniatoobtainenergy,andalsoisolatednitrogen–fixingbacteria.Beijerinckmadefundamentalcontributionstomicrobialecology.HeisolatedAzotobacterandRhizobium.AlexanderFleming(1881-1955)SirAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredtheantibioticpenicillin.Hehadtheinsighttorecognizethesignificanceoftheinhibitionofbacterialgrowthinthevicinityofafungalcontaminant.DateMicrobiologicalHistory1676Leeuwenhoekdiscovers"animalcules"PasteurshowsthatlacticacidfermentationisduetoamicroorganismPasteurshowsthatmicroorganismsdonotarisebyspontaneousgeneration1867Listerpublisheshisworkonantisepticsurgery1869Miescherdiscoversnucleicacids1876-1877KochdemonstratesthatanthraxiscausedbyBacillusanthracisLaverandiscoversPlasmodium,thecauseofmalaria1881KochculturesbacteriaongelatinPasteurdevelopsanthraxvaccine1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology1884Koch'spostulatesfirstpublishedMetchnikoffdescribesphagocytosisGramstaindeveloped1887Petridish(plate)developedbyRichardPetriBeijerinckisolatesrootnodulebacteriaBeijerinckprovesthatavirusparticlecausesthetobaccomosaicdisease1921Flemingdiscoverslysozyme1923FirsteditionofBergey'sManual1928Griffithdiscoversbacterialtransformation1929FlemingdiscoverspenicillinRuskadevelopsfirsttransmissionelectronmicroscope1935StanleycrystallizesthetobaccomosaicvirusAveryshowsthatDNAcarriesinformationduringtransformationWaksmandiscoversstreptomycinWatsonandCrickproposethedoublehelixstructureforDNA1961-1966Cohenetaluseplasmidvectorstoclonegenesinbacteria1980Developmentofthescanningtunnelingmicroscope1983-1984ThepolymerasechainreactiondevelopedbyMullis1990Firsthumangene-therapytestingbegunDiscoveryofThiomargaritanamibiensis,thelargestknownbacteriumEscherichiacoligenomesequencedDiscoverythatVibriocholeraehastwoseparatechromosomes1.HowdidPasteur'sfamousexperimentdefeatthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration?2.HowcanKoch'spostulatesprovecauseandeffectinadisease?3.Whowasthefirstpersontousesolidculturemediainmicrobiology?Whatadvantagesdosolidmediaofferforthecultureofmicroorganisms?REVIEWQUESTIONS:4.Whatistheenrichmentculturetechniqueandwhywasitausefulnewmethodinmicrobiology?5.WhenandhowAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredantibiotics?1.Pasteur'sexperimentsonspontaneousgenerationwereofenormousimportancefortheadvanceofmicrobiology,havinganimpactonthemethodologyofmicrobiology,ideason(heoriginoflife,andthepreservationoffood,tonamejustafew.Explainbrieflyhowtheimpactofhisexperimentswasfeltoneachofthetopicslisted.APPLICATIONQUESTIONS:2.DescribethevariouslinesofproofRobertKochusedtodefinitivelyassociatethebacteriumMycobacteriumtuberculosiswiththediseasetuberculosis.Howwouldhisproofhavebeenflawedifanyofthetoolshedevelopedforstudyingbacterialdiseaseshadnotbeenavailableforhisstudyoftuberculosis?RonaldM.AtlasCliffordRenkPrinciplesofMicrobiology.沈萍1999.微生物学高等教育出版社。J。尼克林著林雅兰等译。科学出版社。周德庆2002.微生物学教程第二版。高等教育出版社。李阜棣胡正嘉.2000微生物学。第五版。中国农业出版社。赵斌何绍江.2002微生物学实验。科学出版社。Johnson.case.LaboratoryExperimentsinMicrobiology.JohnP.HarleyLansingM.PrescottMicrobiology3thEdition.Lansing,M.Prescott;John,P.Harley;andDonald,A.Klein.2002.Microbiology,5thed.McGraw-Hill.GerardJ.Tortora;BardellR.Funke;ChristineL.1998.Case.MicrobiologyAnIntroduction,6th.Benjamin/Cummings.Michael,T.Madigan;John,M.Martinko;andJack,Parker.2003.BrockBiologyofMicroorganisms,10th.Prentice-Hall.References: