《工学数字电路》PPT课件

FundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*DigitalFundamentalsTenthEditionFloyd©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Recommended:清华大学电子学教研组编，阎石主编，数字电子技术基础，第四版，高等教育出版社，7-04-006696-3Recommended:王毓银主编，数字电路逻辑设计（脉冲与数字电路，第三版），高等教育出版社，7-04-007730-2FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*数字电子技术基础FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*数字电路逻辑设计FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Chapter1IntroductoryConceptsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*WhatisDigital?DigitalAnalogFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*1.1DigitalandAnalogsignals(quantity)AnalogsignalsContinuesintimedomainContinuesvaluese.g.Speaker,ThermometerFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SampledsignalsTemperrature0cDiscreteintimedomainContinuesvaluesFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Mostnaturalquantitiesthatweseeareanalogandvarycontinuously.Analogsystemscangenerallyhandlehigherpowerthandigitalsystems.Digitalsystemscanprocess,store,andtransmitdatamoreefficientlybutcanonlyassigndiscretevaluestoeachpoint.AnalogQuantitiesFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*DigitalSignalsDigitalSignalsDiscreteintimedomainDiscretevaluesFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*AnalogExampleApublicaddresssystem,usedtoamplifysoundsothatitcanbeheardbylargeaudience,isoneexampleofanapplicationofanalogelectronics.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*DigitalExampleAcomputersystemisoneexampleofanapplicationofdigitalelectronics.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Manysystemsuseamixofanaloganddigitalelectronicstotakeadvantageofeachtechnology.AtypicalCDplayeracceptsdigitaldatafromtheCDdriveandconvertsittoananalogsignalforamplification.AnalogandDigitalSystemsAMixedSystemFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*TheDigitalAdvantageDigitalhascertainadvantagesoveranalog,e.g.,digitaldatacanbestored,processed,andtransmittedmoreefficientlyandreliablythananalogdata.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*TheDigitalSystemHierarchyGatesandFlip-FlopsGatesandFlip-Flopse.g.,Registers,Memories,Arithmeticunits,etc.)FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*1-2BINARYDIGITS,LOGICLEVELS,andDIGITALWAVEFORMSFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*BinaryDigitsThetwodigitsinthebinarysystem,1and0,arecalledbits,whichisacontractionofthewordsbinarydigit.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Howtorepresent0and1?Indigitalcircuits,twodifferentvoltagelevelsareusedtorepresentthetwobits.Thehigher/lowervoltagelevelisreferredtoasaHIGH/LOW,orH/L.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*LogicalLevel:Thevoltagesusedtorepresenta1anda0arecalledLogicalLevel.VH(max):maximumvoltagevalueforHIGHVH(min):minimumvoltagevalueforHIGHVL(max):maximumvoltagevalueforLOWVL(min):minimumvoltagevalueforLOWFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*PositiveLogicSystemA1isrepresentedbyHIGHanda0isrepresentedbyLOW.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*CodesGroupsofbits(combinationof1sand0s),calledcodes,areusedtorepresentnumbers,letters,symbols,instructions,andanythingelserequiredinagivenapplication.TheAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange(ASCII)–pronounced“askee”–isauniversallyacceptedalphanumericcodeusedinmostcomputersandotherelectronicequipment.1FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*ASCIIFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*DigitalWaveformsDigitalwaveformsconsistsofaseriesofpulses,(voltagelevelsthatarechangingbackandforthbetweentheHIGHandLOWlevels).FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*PulseTrainDigitalwaveformsaresometimescalledpulsetrains.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*IdealPulsesIdealpulse:therisingandfallingedgesareassumedtochangeinzerotime.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Actualpulsesarenotidealbutaredescribedbytherisetime,falltime,amplitude,andothercharacteristics.PulseDefinitionsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*DigitalwaveformharacteristicsPeriodicpulsePeriod=T=T1==TnFrequency=1/TNon-periodicpulseFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*PeriodPulseTheDutycycle(D)isdefinedastheratioofthepulsewidth(tw)totheperiod(T)andcanbeexpressedasapercentage..FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Example11:Aportionofaperiodicdigitalwaveformisshowninthefigure.Themeasurementsareinmilliseconds.Determinethefollowing:(1)period(2)frequency(3)dutycycleSolution:(1)T=10ms(2)f=1/T=1/10ms=1/0.01s=100Hz(3)Dutycycle=tw/T=1ms/10ms100%=10%FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*ADigitalWaveformCarriesBinaryInformationWhenthewaveformisHIGH,abinary1ispresent;whenthewaveformisLOW,abinary0ispresent.Eachbitsinasequenceoccupiesadefinedtimeintervalcalledabittime,orbitinterval.Clock10FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*TheClockIndigitalsystems,alldigitalwaveformsaresynchronizedwithabasictimingwaveform,calledtheclock.Theclockisaperiodicwaveform.Theclockwaveformitselfdoesnotcarryinformation.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*TheClockIndigitalsystems,alldigitalwaveformsaresynchronizedwithabasictimingwaveform,calledtheclock.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Atimingdiagramisusedtoshowtherelationshipbetweentwoormoredigitalwaveforms,SummaryTimingDiagramsAdiagramlikethiscanbeobserveddirectlyonalogicanalyzer.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Datacanbetransmittedbyeitherserialtransferorparalleltransfer.SummarySerialandParallelDataFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*1-3BASICLOGICOPERATIONSFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*LogicFunctionsForexample,thepropositionalstatement“Thelightison”willbetrueifthe“Thebulbisnotburnedout”istrueandif“Theswitchison”istrue.Thefirststatementisthenthebasicproposition,andtheothertwostatementsaretheconditionsonwhichthepropositiondepends.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*BooleanAlgebraIn1850s,theIrishlogicianandmathematicianGeorgeBooldevelopedamathematicalsystemforformulatinglogicstatementswithsymbolssothatproblemscanbewrittenandsolvedinamannersimilartoordinaryalgebra.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*BasicLogicOperationsInBooleanalgebra,therearethreebasiclogicoperations:NOT,AND,andOR.Eachofthethreebasiclogicoperationsproducesauniqueresponse(output)toagivensetofconditions(inputs).Thestandarddistinctiveshapesymbolsforthethreebasiclogicoperationsareshownbelow.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*LogicGatesAcircuitthatperformsaspecifiedbasiclogicoperationiscalledalogicgate.Logicgatesformthebuildingblocksfordigitalsystems.ANDandORgatescanhaveanynumberofinputs.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryBasicLogicFunctionsTrueonlyifallinputconditionsaretrue.Trueonlyifoneormoreinputconditionsaretrue.Indicatestheoppositecondition.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*1-4IntroductionToTheSystemConceptFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*IntroductoryParagraphThethreebasiclogicelementsAND,OR,andNOTcanbecombinedtoformmorecomplexlogiccircuitsthatperformmanyusefuloperationsandthatareusedtobuildcompletedigitalsystems.Someofthecommonlogicfunctionsarecomparison,arithmetic,codeconversion,encoding,decoding,dataselection(multiplexing,demultiplexing),storage,andcounting.Thissectionprovidesageneraloverviewoftheseimportantfunctionssothatyoucanbegintoseehowtheyformthebuildingblocksofdigitalsystemssuchascomputers.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryBasicSystemFunctionsAnd,or,andnotelementscanbecombinedtoformvariouslogicfunctions.Afewexamplesare:ThecomparisonfunctionBasicarithmeticfunctionsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*TheLongestManFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryBasicSystemFunctionsTheencodingfunctionThedecodingfunctionFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryBasicSystemFunctionsThedataselectionfunctionFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*TheMultiplexingFunctionThemultiplexingfunctionisperformedbyalogiccircuitcalledamultiplexer,ormuxforshort.Themuxswitchesdigitaldatafromseveralinputlinesontoasingleoutputlineinaspecifiedtimesequence.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*TheDemultiplexingFunctionThedemultiplexingfunctionisperformedbyalogiccircuitcalledademultiplexer,ordemuxforshort.Thedemuxswitchesdigitaldatafromoneinputlinetoseveraloutputlinesinaspecifiedtimesequence.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*AKVMSwitchThisKVMswitchallowsfourcomputerstoshareasinglekeyboard,videomonitor,andmouse.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*TheStorageFunctionFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Flip-flopsTheflip-flopisabistable(twostablestates)logiccircuitthatcanstoreonlyonebitatatime,eithera1ora0.Theoutputofaflip-flopindicateswhichbititisstoring.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryBasicSystemFunctionsThecountingfunction…andotherfunctionssuchascodeconversionandstorage.Inputpulses1CounterParalleloutputlinesBinarycodefor1Binarycodefor2Binarycodefor3Binarycodefor4Binarycodefor5Sequenceofbinarycodesthatrepresentthenumberofinputpulsescounted.2345FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryBasicSystemFunctionsOnetypeofstoragefunctionistheshiftregister,thatmovesandstoresdataeachtimeitisclocked.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SemiconductorMemoriesSemiconductormemoriesaretypicallyusedforstoringlargenumbersofbits.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*MagneticMemoriesMagneticmemoriesareusedformassstorageofbinarydata.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*TheMotherboardFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*1-5Fixed-FunctionINTEGRATEDCIRCUITSFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*ICAmonolithicICisanelectroniccircuitthatisfabricatedonasinglechipofsemiconductormaterial(usuallysilicon).Allthecomponentsthatmakeupthecircuit–transistors,diodes,resistors,andcapacitors–areanintegralpartofthatsinglechip.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryIntegratedCircuitsCutawayviewofDIP(Dual-In-linePins)chip:TheTTLseries,availableasDIPsarepopularforlaboratoryexperimentswithlogic.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryAnexampleoflaboratoryprototypingisshown.ThecircuitiswiredusingDIPchipsandtested.IntegratedCircuitsInthiscase,testingcanbedonebyacomputerconnectedtothesystem.DIPchipsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryIntegratedCircuitsDIPchipsandsurfacemountchipsPin1Dualin-linepackageSmalloutlineIC(SOIC)FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*PinNumberingAllICpackageshaveastandardformatfornumberingpins(leads).Pin1isindicatedanidentifierthatcanbeeitherasmalldot,anotch,orabevelededge.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*PGA(PinGridArray)PackageFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SOICFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryTestandMeasurementInstrumentsThefrontpanelcontrolsforageneral-purposeoscilloscopecanbedividedintofourmajorgroups.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryTestandMeasurementInstrumentsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryTestandMeasurementInstrumentsThelogicanalyzercandisplaymultiplechannelsofdigitalinformationorshowdataintabularform.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SMTThepinsofthesurface-mounttechnology(SMT)packagesaresoldereddirectlytotheconductorsononesideoftheboard,leavingtheothersidefreeforadditionalcircuits.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryTestandMeasurementInstruments0.01VTheDMMcanmakethreebasicelectricalmeasurements.VoltageResistanceCurrentIndigitalwork,DMMsareusefulforcheckingpowersupplyvoltages,verifyingresistors,testingcontinuity,andoccasionallymakingothermeasurements.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SummaryProgrammableLogicProgrammablelogicdevices(PLDs)areanalternativetofixedfunctiondevices.Thelogiccanbeprogrammedforaspecificpurpose.Ingeneral,theycostlessanduselessboardspacethatfixedfunctiondevices.APALdeviceisaformofPLDthatusesacombinationofaprogrammableANDarrayandafixedORarray:FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*IntegratedCircuitComplexityClassificationICsareclassifiedaccordingtotheircomplexitydependingonthenumberofequivalentgatecircuitsonasinglechip:Small-scaleintegration(SSI):<12,gates,flip-flops.Medium-scaleintegration(MSI):12–99,encoders,decoders,registers,multiplexers(dataselectors),adders.Large-scaleintegration(LSI):100–9,999,memories.Verylarge-scaleintegration(VLSI):10,000–99,999,microprocessors,single-chipcomputers.Ultralarge-scaleintegration(ULSI):100,000–999,999Giga-scaleintegration(GSI):>1000,000FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*IntegratedCircuitTechnologiesThetypesoftransistorswithwhichallICsareimplementedareeitherBJTs(bipolarjunctiontransistors)orMOSFETs(metal-oxidesemiconductorfield-effecttransistors).TwotypesofdigitalcircuittechnologythatuseBJTsareTTL(transistor-transistorlogic)andECL(emitter-coupledlogic).ThemajorcircuittechnologiesthatuseMOSFETsareCMOS(complementaryMOS)andNMOS(n-channelMOS).SSIandMSIcircuitsaregenerallyavailableinbothTTLandCMOS.LSI,VLSI,ULSI,andGSIaregenerallyimplementedwithCMOSorNMOSbecauseitrequireslessareaonachipandconsumeslesspower.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SelectedKeyTermsAnalogDigitalBinaryBitPulseBeingcontinuousorhavingcontinuousvalues.Relatedtodigitsordiscretequantities;havingasetofdiscretevalues.Havingtwovaluesorstates;describesanumbersystemthathasabaseoftwoandutilizes1and0asitsdigits.Abinarydigit,whichcanbea1ora0.Asuddenchangefromoneleveltoanother,followedafteratime,calledthepulsewidth,byasuddenchangebacktotheoriginallevel.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SelectedKeyTermsClockGateNOTANDORAbasictimingsignalinadigitalsystem;aperiodicwaveformusedtosynchronizeactions.AlogiccircuitthatperformsabasiclogicoperationssuchasANDorOR.Abasiclogicfunctionthatperformsinversion.Abasiclogicoperationinwhichatrue(HIGH)outputoccursonlywhenallinputconditionsaretrue(HIGH).Abasiclogicoperationinwhichatrue(HIGH)outputoccurswhenwhenoneormoreoftheinputconditionsaretrue(HIGH).FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*SelectedKeyTermsFixed-functionlogicProgrammablelogicAcategoryofdigitalintegratedcircuitshavingfunctionsthatcannotbealtered.Acategoryofdigitalintegratedcircuitscapableofbeingprogrammedtoperformspecifiedfunctions.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*1.Comparedtoanalogsystems,digitalsystemsa.arelesspronetonoiseb.canrepresentaninfinitenumberofvaluesc.canhandlemuchhigherpowerd.alloftheabove©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*2.Thenumberofvaluesthatcanbeassignedtoabitarea.oneb.twoc.threed.ten©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*3.Thetimemeasurementbetweenthe50%pointontheleadingedgeofapulsetothe50%pointonthetrailingedgeofthepulseiscalledthea.risetimeb.falltimec.periodd.pulsewidth©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*4.Thetimemeasurementbetweenthe90%pointonthetrailingedgeofapulsetothe10%pointonthetrailingedgeofthepulseiscalledthea.risetimeb.falltimec.periodd.pulsewidth©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*5.Thereciprocalofthefrequencyofaclocksignalisthea.risetimeb.falltimec.periodd.pulsewidth©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*6.Iftheperiodofaclocksignalis500ps,thefrequencyisa.20MHzb.200MHzc.2GHzd.20GHz©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*7.AND,OR,andNOTgatescanbeusedtoforma.storagedevicesb.comparatorsc.dataselectorsd.alloftheabove©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*8.Ashiftregisterisanexampleofaa.storagedeviceb.comparatorc.dataselectord.counter©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*9.Adevicethatisusedtoswitchoneofseveralinputlinestoasingleoutputlineiscalledaa.comparatorb.decoderc.counterd.multiplexer©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*10.Formostdigitalwork,anoscilloscopeshouldbecoupledtothesignalusinga.accouplingb.dccouplingc.GNDcouplingd.noneoftheabove©2008PearsonEducationFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Answers:1.a2.b3.d4.b5.c6.c7.d8.a9.d10.bFundamentalsofDigitalCircuitsFundamentalsofDigitalCircuits*Homework1-1,1–6,1-11,1-12,1-15(c),1-19(c),1-20,1-22and1-25.FundamentalsofDigitalCircuits