翻译方法论

翻译方法论：直译与意译异化与归化LastnightIheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到集市了。昨晚我听见他鼾声如雷。Mysistergoesbacktothefatfarmagain.我妹妹又去肥胖农场了。我妹妹又去减肥中心了。ShewastornbetweenstayingathometowatchtheTVplayserialandgoingtothecinemawithhim.她被是呆在家里看电视连续剧和跟他一起去电影院看电影之间撕碎了。是呆在家里看电视连续剧，还是跟他一起去看电影，她一时拿不定主意。Theresearchfindsthatyoungwomenareheadingforanearlygravethroughsmokingandoflackofexercise.这项研究发现，青年妇女由于抽烟和缺少运动，将大大缩短自己的寿命。Everyfamilyissaidtohaveatleastoneskeletoninthecupboard.译文一：家丑不可外扬。译文二：据说家家户户至少有一桩丑事。译文三：俗话说：衣柜里放骷髅，丑事家家有。三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。译文一：Twoheadsarebetterthanone.译文二：ThreecobblersmakeoneSolomon.译文三：ThreecobblersmakeoneZhugeLiang.译文四：ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeLiangthemastermind.钉子户常常是政府部门颇感头疼的事。“Nailhouses”——orhomesstickingoutontractsofclearedland,whoseownersresisteviction——areconstantheadachesforgovernmentalorgansconcerned.他的生意一败涂地，觉得自己无颜见江东父老。Hesufferedsuchacrushingdefeatinbusinessthathefeltashamedtoappearbeforehisfriendsandrelatives.AComparisonofChineseandEnglishLanguagesWe’dappreciateitifyoucouldairmailustherelativeliteraturesassoonaspossible.贵方如能尽快将相关资料航空邮寄给我方，将不胜感激。Themeetingwillbeginwhenallarehere.人到齐就开会。Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.他能吃能睡．Ford’sfirstpledgewas“Mr.President,youhavemysupportandmyloyalty.福特一开始就说：“总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您．”Theverysightofyoumakesmenervous.一看见你就让我感觉不自在。Thequickarrivaloftheengineerssentbythemandtheircarefulexaminationofallfacilitiesbroughtabouttheveryspeedyrestorationofthefactory’sproduction.他们派来的工程师迅速到达，并检查了所有的设备，工厂很快恢复了生产。Partyofficialsworkedlonghouronmeagrefood,inoldcaves,bydimlamps.党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。Whatfilmwillbeonthisevening?今晚放映什么影片？Hewalkedaroundthehousewithagun.他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。Astudyofthatletterleavesusinnodoubtastothemotivesbehindit.研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。Theveryfirstsightofhermadehimfallinlovewithher.他对她一见钟情。Evenifthemonkcanrunaway,histemplecannotrunwithhim.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。EvenifIweretobebeatentodeath,Iwillnottell.打死我也不说。Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.人不犯我，我不犯人。Theboy,whowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreak,said,whenIspoketohim,thathewasveryhungrybecausehehadhadnofoodfortwodays.男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。ToHenryKissinger,forwhosewisecounselanddedicatedservicesfarbeyondthecallofdutyIshallalwaysremaingrateful.Fromhisfriend,RichardNixon赠言亨利·基辛格善进良策，献身尔职逾于所司，永志不忘您的朋友：理查德·尼克松这是清新如许的一天：芳草萋萋，白云飘飘，蝴蝶翩翩；这是万籁俱寂的一天：蜜蜂不语，春花倦舞，海晏浪静，大地宁谧。Itwasadayasfreshasgrassgrowingupandcloudsgoingoverandbutterfliescomingdowncanmakeit.Itwasadaycompoundedfromsilencesofbeeandflowerandoceanandland…Bychangingdailyfoodandrandomlyselectingclothes,weavoidestablishingapatternoflife.通过改变每天的食品和随意挑选衣服，我们避免了形成一个固定的生活模式。欲避免一成不变的生活模式，可改变每天的饮食，随意选择不同的服装。Inmyfavoritephotoweareonthestepofournewhome,wearingredbaseballcapsandtoothysmiles.在我最喜欢的那张照片里，我们站在新居的台阶上，头戴红色棒球帽，一个个露齿而笑。Manythanksforthedinneryesterday，whichmywifeandIenjoyedverymuch.我和我妻子对昨天的晚宴感到极其愉快，深表感谢。IammuchdelightedtohearyouhavepassedtheentranceexaminationstoBeijingUniversityandwithagoodrecord．听说你以优异成绩考取了北京大学，（我）非常高兴。Itiswrongtothinkthatouropendoorpolicyistoworshipandhaveblindfaithinthingsforeign．那种认为我们的开放政策就是崇洋迷外的观点是错误的。IamverysorrythatIhavenotwrittentoyouforsuchalongtime,sinceIwrotetoyoulast．自从前次寄上一函，久未修问候，十分抱歉。从主题到主语累得我走不动了。ItexhausetedmesomuchthatIcouldn’twalk.Iwastootiredtowalk.知己知彼，百战不殆。Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.近三十年的实践已经充分，我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。Thepracticeinthepast30yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatthedirectionofourreformandopening-upisright,ourconvictionisfirm,ourstepsaresteady,ourapproachisgradualandourachievementsarehuge.Thepracticeinthepast30yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatwearerightindirection,firminconviction,steadyinourstepsandgradualinourapproachwhencarryingoutthereformandopening-upandhaveachievedtremendoussuccess.中国幅员辽阔，自然资源丰富，廉价劳动力充裕，税收低，消费者市场不断增长，基础设施不断完善。Chinaboastsvastterritory,abundantnaturalresources,richinexpensivelabour,lowtaxtation,agrowingconsumermarketandimprovinginfrastructure.采用新工艺大大降低了产品的成本。Theadoptionofthenewprocesshasgreatlycutthecostofproduction.能吃能睡不一定就健康。Greatereatersandsleepersarenotalwayshealthy.工作的时候心不在焉，经常会带来不必要的损失。Absent-mindednessinourworkwilloftenleadtounwantedlosses.今天讨论的范围涉及时事政治的问题。Today’sdiscussioncoversissuesofcurrentpoliticalaffairs.建校367年来，曾出过7为总统，40多位诺贝尔奖获得者。The367yearshavewitnessedsevenpresidentsandover40NobelLaureatesproducedfromHarvardUniversity.Inits367yearsofhistory,HarvardhasproducedsevenAmericanpresidentsandmorethan40NobelLaureates.谓语的确定中国疆域辽阔、人口众多、历史悠久。Chinaisacountrywithvastterritory,abigpopulationandalonghistory.China,apopulousandtime-honouredcountry,coversavastterritory.中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来，就能形成众多的发展机遇。China’spotentialmarket,oncecombinedwithforeignadvancedtechnologyandcapital,willproducemanyopportunitiesfordevelopment.ThecombinationofChina’spotentialmarketwithforeignadvancedtechnologyandcapitalwillcreate/generate/producemanyopportunitiesfordevelopment.京杭之间古老的大运河一脉相连，两地源远流长，往来联系频繁密切，经济社会交流不断深入。Connectedbythetime-honoredBeijing-HangzhouGrandCanal,thetwincitiestraceitsrelationtoancienttimes.Ourtieisgettingcloserandstrongerwiththeeverintenstifyingeconomicandsocialexchange.Connectedbythetime-honoredBeijing-HangzhouGrandCanal,BeijingandHangzhoushareadistantsourceoflongstandingwhichgetscloserandmorefrequentwiththefurthereconomicandsocialexchangesinrecentyears.中国与东盟山水相连、文化相通，友好交往历史悠久。ChinaandASEANcountiressharethesamemountainsandriversandthesimilarculturalbackgrounds.Ourfriendshipcanbetracedbacktoancienttime.ChinaandASEANcountriesarelinkedwithcommonmountainsandrivers,andhaveinterlinkedculturesandalonghistoryoffriendlycontacts.ChinaandASEANcountriesarebridgedbymountainsandrivers,whichleadstoresemblanceinculturalbackgroundsandenduringfriendshipsinceancienttimes.不少人来做生意，又来观光，从而促进了我国旅游事业的发展和服务质量的提高。Manypeoplecomeasbothbusinessmenandtouristsandtheirvisitshelpboomourtourismandimprovethequalityofourservices.Manypeoplecomeasbothbusinessmenandtourists，whichhelpboomourtourismandimprovethequalityofourservices.从秦代到清末的两千一百多年间，哈雷彗星出现二十七次，中国都有记录。Inover2100yearsfromtheQinDynastytothelateQingDynasty,HalleyCometappeared27timesandtheywereallrecordedinChina.Inover2100yearsfromtheQinDynastytothelateQingDynasty,the27appearancesofHalleyCometwereallrecordedinChina.词语翻译Iwritethisnotetodaybecauseyourgoingawayismuchuponmymind,andbecauseIwantyoutohaveafewpartingsfrommetothinkofnowandthenatquiettimes.IneednottellyouthatIloveyoudearly,andamvery,verysorryinmyhearttopartwithyou.[参考译文1]今天我写这封短笺，一方面是因为你的离去萦绕我心，另一方面是因为要给你只字片语，供你在宁静的时刻，时而思量。我毋须告诉你，我爱你有多深，与你分离，我心中感到愁肠百结。[参考译文2]今天我写这封短笺，一方面是因为你的离去萦绕我心，另一方面是因为要给你只字片语，供你在宁静的时刻里，时而思量。我毋须告诉你，我爱你有多深，与你分离，我心惆怅不已。Theweatherofsummerishot,whilewinteriscoldanddreary.Bothoftheseseasonsarenotforustostudy.Inthetimeofautumn,coldwindswhicharenotatallpleasantgenerallyblow.Butspringhasnoneofthesedrawbacks;theflowersbloom,thewoodsandgrassesgrowluxuriantly.Theweatherismildandtheairisbalmy.Infact,thisseasonseemsfullofgoodthingsandbetterfittedtobethetimefordoingsomething.[参考译文1]夏天天气炎热，而冬天天气寒冷沉闷。这两个季节都不适合读书。在秋天，冷风一点也不会让人愉快。但是春天没有这些缺点，花儿盛开，树木草地茂盛地生长，天气温和，空气温馨。事实上，这个季节似乎充满了美好事物，更适宜于做一些事情。[参考译文２]夏天的天气炎热，冬天的天气寒冷阴沉。这两个季节均不适合我们读书。在秋天的日子，通常寒风飒飒，一点也不令人喜悦。但是春天毫无这些缺憾，(百)花儿盛开，草木茂盛，气候温和，春风和煦。事实上，这一季节似乎充满美好的事物，且是更宜于工作的时间。AmplificationinTranslationAbook，tightshut，isbutablockofpaper．译文一：一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。译文二：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。译文四：闲置之书只是一叠废纸。Successisoftenjustanideaaway．译文一：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。译文二：成功往往只是一念之差。译文三：成功与否往往只是—念之差。Nothinghappenedinthenight．译文一：夜间什么事也没发生。译文二：夜间倒是风平浪静，什么事也没发生。Awayfliesthearrow!译文一：箭飞走了!译文二：箭嗖的一声飞走了!或：嗖—，箭飞走了!TomCanty,borninragsanddirtandmisery,whatsightisthis!(MarkTwain:ThePrinceandthePauper)　　译文一：啊，汤姆·康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！　　　　译文二：汤姆·康第原来(whowasborn)生在可怜巴巴的人家(inmisery)，穿得破破烂烂(inrags)，一身邋里邋遢(indirt)，现在(whatsightisthis)换了这身装束，啊，是何等气派！Shefelttheflowerswereinherfingers,onherlips,growinginherbreast.　译文一：她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。译文二：她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连胸中也生出了花。Wehavewinkedattheseirregularitiestoolong.我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了．HewasdescribedasimpressedbyDeng’sflexibility.　据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深．Whatwewantedmostwasanendofuncertainties.　那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面．Thecrowdsmeltedaway.人群渐渐散开了．Ashesatdownandbegantalking,wordspouredout.　他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完．Inthefilmsofthosedays,alltoooftenitwasthesameone:boytractordrivermeetsgirltractordriver;theyfallinloveanddrivetractorstogether.　那时侯的电影总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机走了．Despiteitshistoryasoneoftheworld’sbest-knownbrands,thecompanylatelyseemsincreasinglyoutoftouchwithitscustomers.尽管它作为世界上最知名的品牌之一的历史，该公司最近似乎与它的顾客群越来越远了。尽管该公司向来都是世界闻名的品牌，但尽来与顾客的联系却好像越来越少了。虽说该公司一直是世界上的著名品牌之一，可是近来却似乎距离它的顾客越来越远了。OmissionintranslationTheoldmansaid,“Theysayhisfatherwasafisherman.Maybehewasaspoorasweare.”老头儿说：“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。”Anewkindofaircraft—small,cheap,pilotless—isattractingincreasingattention.一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积小，价格便宜，无人驾驶。Itisn’trumforawomantowantheroldhusbandback,forrespectability,thoughforamantowanthisoldwifeback–well,perhapsitisfunny,rather!（一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这并不（是）奇怪（的事），但是（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）回来，也许是很有趣的事。Therewasnosnow,buttheleavesweregonefromthetreesandthegrasswasdead.译文1：天还未还没有雪，但是叶子已经从树上落下，草也枯死了。译文2：那时雪还没下，但已叶落草枯。 ConversionIsyourfatherasmoker?你父亲抽烟吗？Sheisarealbeauty.她非常漂亮。Weareenemiesofallwars.我们反对一切战争。Heisthemurdererofhisboss.他谋杀了他的老板。ThegrowingawarenessbymillionsofAfricansoftheirextremelypoorandbackwardlivingconditionshaspromptedthemtotakeresolutemeasuresandcreatenewones.数以百万计的非洲人对于他们非常贫穷落后的生活条件的日益觉醒促使他们采取坚决的措施，创造新的生活条件。数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们奋起采取坚决的措施创造新的生活条件。Themasteryoflanguageisnoteasyandrequirespainstakingeffort.语言的精通不是很容易的，需要刻苦努力。语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。Theyadmittedthefeasibilityofourproposal.他们承认我们的建议是可行的。Herquestionssuggestedherinnocence.她提出的问题表明她是无知的。Thecomputersarewidelyusedandplayanimportantpartinindustry.电脑得到了广泛的应用并在工业上起到了重要作用Thiscommunicationsystemischieflycharacterizedbyitssimplicityofoperationandtheeasewithwhichitcanbemaintained.这种通讯设备的主要特点是操作简单，维修容易。Oneshouldbepsychologicallyaswellasphysicallysound.一个人必须有健康的体魄和健康的心理。Nowadaysmanypeopleinthesocietyaremateriallyrichbutspirituallypoor.当今社会中，有许多人物质富有却精神空虚。信息的主次与传递同学从进入大学，应该尽快地适应大学的生活。Onestudentcomestocollegefromhighschool,heshouldadapthimselftothecollegelifeasfastaspossible.Whenastudentcomestocollegefromhighschool,heshouldadapthimselftothecollegelifeasfastaspossible.国内的影视从业人员良莠不齐，作出的作品也多有不好的。MoreworksinmoviesandTVarenotverygood,regardingthedifferentlevelsofourdomesticprofessionalsinTVandmoviemaking.MoviemakersandtelevisionproducersinChinaarenotalwaysthefinestindividuals,andthereisalotofjunkthatgetsproduced.ThereisalotofjunkgettingproducedbymediocreproducersinChina.我的小说内容健康，但让我逐行说明每一句都是良好的信息，我也做不好。Mynovelcontentishealthy.Buttoexplaineachsentencebringinggoodmessageslinebylineisalsodifficulttodoforme.Theremaybenounhealthycontentinmymovels,butifyouaskmetogothroughthemline-by-lineanddemonstratethatit’sallgood-equalityinformation;thenIwould’tbeuptoit.Ican’tgothroughmynovelline-by-lineanddemonstratethatit’sgood-equalityinformation,althoughtheremaybenounhealthycontentinmynovels.环境好，图书设备充足，有良师益友指导启发，当然有很大的帮助，但是具备了这些条件，也不一定能保证一个人在学问上就有成就。Youcannotbesuretosucceedinlearningevenifyouhavegotallthefavorableconditionssuchasgoodenvironment，sufficientbooksandequipment，aswellasinstructionsandenlightenmentsfromscholarlymentorsandbeneficialfriends，whichareofgreathelp,though．汉语文化含义词英译张骞出使西域，开拓举世闻名的“丝绸之路”。ImperialenvoyZhangQian’striptotheWestintheHanDynastyover2000yearsagoopeneduptheworld-famousSilkRoad.早在公元前2500年，中国就开始了仰观天文、俯察地理的活动，逐渐形成了“天人合一”的宇宙观。Asearlyas2500BC,Chinesebeganastronomicalobservationandgeographicalsurvey,andgraduallyformedaworldoutlookofanintegrationoftheuniverseandhumanity.有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？我和我的中国同仁们对大家的到来表示由衷的高兴。Isn’titadelighttohavefriendscomingfromafar?MychinesecolleaguesandIallfeltthehappinessfromthebottomofourhearts.Itissuchadelighttohavefriendscomingafar.MyChinesecolleaguesjoinmetoextendourheartfelthappinesstoalltheguestspresenthere.Wearedelightedtoreceiveoverseasfriends.MyChinesecolleaguesandIwouldliketoextendourwelcometoallofyoupresenttoday.孔子学院从2004年开始举办以来，如雨后春笋快速发展，受到广泛的欢迎。Eversincethen,theyhavebeengrowingasfastasbambooshootsafteraspringrain,fullofvigorandvitality.Eversince2004,ConfuciusInstituteshavesprunguplikebambooshootsandhavebeenwidelyaccepted.From2004onwards,ConfuciusInstituteshavebeenemergingandgrowingrapidlyintheworld.中国有句古话叫做“凡事预则立，不预则废”。ThereisanancientChinesesaying,“Preparednessensuressuccess,unpreparednessspellsfailure.”Asthesayinggoes,“Ifyoufailtoplan,youareplanningtofail”.一个学习型的国家应该是愿意向其他国家学习的国家。就像大海，没有谦虚求学的心态和意愿，如何能海纳百川？Alearningnationissupposedtobeareceptiveandinclusivenationreadytolearnfromothernations.Itcanbemetaphoricallycomparedtoanoceanopentoallincomingwaterresourcesbecauseitlocatesitselfinamodestposition.Asanoceanisinclusivetoallsources,soisalearningnation,whichismodestinattitude,readytodrawuponothernations.