sun yat-sen(1)

sunyat-senMydearfriends,whenyoucometoacity,youprobablywanttovisitthemostfamousscenicspotsofspecialinterest.Nanjinghasmanyplaceofhistoricinterestsandhasbeencapitalforsix“dynasties.”butifyouleaveNanjingwithoutvisitingdr.sunyat-sen`smausoleum,undoubtedlyyouhavemissedthemostarrestingandfamoustouristattractionofthecity.Talkingaboutthemausoleumweshouldhaveanideaaboutsunyat-sen,thegreatpioneerofChinesedemocraticrevolution.mr.sun`soriginalnameissunwenandstyledhimselfyat-sen.soforeignfriendswouldcallhim“dr.sunyat-sen”.sincehetook“woodcutterinzhoushan”ashisaliaswhenhetookpartintherevolutionaryactivities,hewasrespectfullyandwidelycalledmr.sunzhongshaninchina.onoctober12,1866,mr.sunwasborninafarmer`sfamilyincaihengvillageofxiangshancounty(thepresent-dayzhongshangcity),Guangdongprovince.Whenhewasstillyoung,hehadgreatexpectations.hestudiedmedicineinhonolulu,hongkongandsomeotherplacesandaftergraduationheworkedasapractitionerinGuangzhou,Macaoandotherplaceslaterhegaveupmedicineashisprofessiontotakepartinpoliticalactivities.in1905,hesetupchinaallianceorganizationinJapanandhewaselectedpresident.heputforwardthefamousguidingprinciple-“drivingtheinvadersout,restoringthesovereigntyofchina,establishingarepublicandequalizingthelandownership”andthethreepeople`sprinciples-“nationalism,democracyandthepeople`slivelihood.”onoctober10,1911,thewuchanguprisingbrokeoutanddr.sunaselectedinrterimpresidentoftherepublicofchinabyrepresentativesfromseventeenprovinces.onthefollowingnewyear`sday(january1,1912)mr.suntooktheoathofofficeinnanjing.fromthenon,mr.sunexperiencedyuanshikai`susurpation,thesecondrevolution,“campaignprotectingtheinterimconstitution.”in1921,mr.suntookthepositionofpresidentinunusualtimesinguangzhou.atthefirstnationalcongressofKuomintangheldinquangzhouin1924,heperfectedtheoriginalthreepeople`sprinciplesandputforwardthreepeople`snewprinciples.healsoproposedthepoliciesof“makinganalliancewithrussiaandthecommunistpartyofchinaandhelpingthefarmersandworkers.”innovember1924,inspiteofhisillness,Mr.sunwentuptobeijingtodiscussstateaffairswithgeneralfengyuxiang.unfortunately,hebrokedownfromconstantoverworkandpassedawayonmarch12,1925.thelocationofthemausoleumwaschosenbymr.sunhimself.hereisexactlyagoodplacetobuildamausoleum.youmaywonder:mr.sunwasborninguangdongbutdiedinbeijing.forhiswholelifehetraveledthroughoutchinafortherevolution.whydidhechoosenanjingasthevenueofhistomb?itissaidthatfarbeforemr.suntookofficein1912,theabbotoflingumonasteryhadrecommendedhimthathisplaceisgoodforfengshui,becauseitfacestheplainandisbackedupbygreenmountainsasitsprotectivescreen.onmarch31,1912mr.unresignedasapoliticalcompromiseforthesakeoftheunionofthenorthchinaandthesouthchina.onedayoftheearlyapril,hewenthuntingwithhuhanminaroundthepietytombofmingdynasty.theytookarestintheplacewehrethemausoleumislocatednow.mr.sunlookedaroundandsaid“ifpossibleiwouldlikemycountrymentoallowmetohavethisplacetoburymycoffin.”surely,thefengshuiofthezijingmountainisnotthebasicreasonforthelocationofmr.sun`smausoleum.thebasicreasonisthat,hesaidondying“aftermydeath,youcanburymeatthefootofthezijinmountaininnanjinginmemoryoftherevolutionof1911,becausenanjingiswherethetemporarygovernmentwasfounded.”soalthoughmr.sunstayedinnanjingnotalongtime,ithadaspecialmeaningtohim.fundamentallyspeaking,thereasonhechosezijingmountainashispermanentresting-placeistocommemoratetherevolutionof1911andtoencouragetherevolutionaries.inordertorespectmr.sun`swish,thepreparatorycommitteeofsunyat-sen`sfuneral,includinghiswifesongqinglingandhissonsunke,examinedtheareaandchosethesiteforthemausoleum.theydelimited2000muandofferedarewardinnewspaperforthebestdesignofthemausoleum.amongallthecontribution,youngarchitectluyanzhi`sdesign,adesignintheshapeofabell,washighlypraisedandgainedthefirstprizeandhehimselfwasinvitedtosupervisethewholeprojectaswell.onmarch12,1926,thefirstanniversaryofmr.sun`sdeath,theprojectgotstartedand3yearslater,itwascompletedinspringof1929.itcost1.5millionsilvercollarstotally.unfortunately,luyanzhi,theyoungarchitectwithgreatgift,sufferedwhensupervisingtheproject,anddiedat35,justbeforethecompletionofthemausoleum.thecompletionceremonywasheldonjune1,1929andmr.sun`sremainswastransportedfrombeijingtonangjing.fromthenon,mr.sunhassleptherefornearly70years.theconstructionofdr.sunyat-sen`smausoleumwasanimportanteventinthehistoryofNanjing.inordertomeetMr.sun`scoffin,thefirstasphaltroadwasbuiltfromzhongshanportinthewesttozhongshangateintheeast;itis12kilometersinlengthandalsocalledzhongshanroad.uptotoday,zhangshanroadisstilloneofthemostimportantmainroads.atthesametime,thecitygatechaoyanggatewhichwasbuiltinmingdynastywasrenovatedandchangeditsnametozhongshangate.betweenzhongshanggateanddr.sunyat-sen`smausoleum,aroadcalledthemausoleumroadwasbuilt.justasthepeopleofParistakeprideoftheirleschamps-elyseesandthepeopleofnewyork,thefifthavenue,thenanjingpeopleareprondoftheirboulevards.andthe3kilometerslongmausoleumroadisundoubtedlythebestrepresentativeoftheseboulevards.alongbothsidesofthe“greencorridor”growsthemainkindoftreeinnanjingasparasolsusuallychinesepeoplecallthemfrenchplanetrees,infacttheyarechineselocalproducts.justbecausefrenchmentookthemfromyunnanprovincetofranceandlatertheytransplantedthemintheirleasedterritoryinshanghai,thatiswhytheygotsuchaname.now,wearegoingoutofthezhongshangateanddrivingalongthemausoleumroad.thedestinationaheadisasquareinshapeofcrescent,accordingtoluyanzhi`sdesign,theplaceofthemausoleumislikea“duo”,abigwoodenbell,whichwasusedtoannounceapolicy,decreeorawarinancienttime.duo`ssoundisloudandclear,implyingtomakethewholeworldpeacefulandhappy.thedesignremindsthepeopleofdr.sunyat-sen`swell-knownsaying“therevolutionisfarfromsuccessandweshouldcontinueworkinghard.”thissayingalsoservessanalerttothelatergeneration.thecrescent-shapedsquareisthebottomofthe“belloffreedom”.now,pleaselooktothesouth.thereisaoctagonplatformstructuredwithreinforcedconcretebutcoveredwithjinshanstoneofsuzhou.theplatformisdividedintothreelayersandeachlayerisenclosedbystonerails.thecopper“ding”(anancientcookingvessel)withtwoloopedhandlesandtwolegsweighs5000kg.itis4.25metershighanditsdiameteris1.23meters.itisoneoftheconstructionformemoryofthemausoleum.the“ding”wasbuiltinautumn,1933withdonationofstudentsandteachingstaffofthezhongshanuniversityandmr.daijitao.onesideofthe“ding”isengravedwiththreecharacters“intelligence,humanityandbrevity”.thesethreewordsaretheschoolinstructionofzhongshanuniversity.insideofthe“ding”standsahexagoncoppertabletonwhichdaijitao`smother`shandwritingofthe“filialpiety”isengraved.tothebell-shapedmausoleumthe“ding”isjustlikethependulum.itseemstoservetoalarmthewholenationbystrikingthebell.steppingonthesteps,wewillseeasoaringmemorialarchwaywithfourcolumns.thearchwaywasbuiltbetween1931and1933,12metershightand17.3metersinwidth.itismadeofhugegranitefromfujianprovince,butitsstructureisinchinesetraditionalwoodstructurestyle.now,lookupattheshiningwordsinscribedonthehorizontalboard.thewordinenglishmeanfraternity.theywerewrittenbydr.sunyat-sen.thewordaretakenfromatangdynastypoethanyu`s“fraternityishumanity”.itissaidthatmr.sunverymuchlikedtowritethesetwowordstoothers.dr.sundevotedhiswholelifetobourgeoisdemocraticrevolutionwithgreatfraternityandstruggledforthenationalindependenceandfreedomfroscoresofyears.sowecansaythat“fraternity”isthebestgeneralizationofhislife.furtherfromthefraternityarchway,thereisaroadleadingtothemausoleum.Theroadis480meterslonganddozensofmeterswide.thewholedesignofthemausoleumgivesprominencetochinesetraditionalstyle,grand,solemnandspecific.inordertoembodythegreatnessofmr.sun,themausoleumfollowedtheexampleofancientmausoleumsandwasbuiltagainstmountainsandthecoffinchamberwasplacedatthetopofthemountainthatis160metershigh.inaddition,theplantsofthemausoleumaresymmetric,whichmakeitfeelmoresolemn.now,pleaselookforwardtothenorth,alongthehillside,situatethemausoleumgate,thestelepavilion,thememorialhallandthecoffinchamberrightbehind.thepines,cypresses,ginkgoesandmaplesonthebothsidesoftheroadrepresentmr.sun`srevolutionaryspiritandloftyquality.theytaketheplaceofstatuesandstonebeastswhichusuallyflankedthesacredroadinancienttimes.amongthetrees,cedarisoneofthe“fourkindsoftreeforappreciation”andhasbeenhonoredasthetreeofnanjingcity.thegrandarchwayattheendofthemausoleumroadistheformalbeginningofthemausoleumarea.itis16metershigh,27meterswideand8.8metersdeep.itismadeofgranitefromthefujianprovince,too.inscribedonthehorizontalboardofthemiddlepassageisdr.sunyat-sen`shandwriting.itmeansthatthestatedoesn`tbelongtoonefamilybutbelongstotheentirenationandthecommonpeople.thisisthegoalforwhichmr.sunstruggledforhiswholelifeanditisalsotheexcellentexplanationofthedemocracyofthethreepeople`sprinciples.wehavepassedthegateofthemausoleum,theninfrontofusisthestelepavilion.the9-meterhighsteleinthemiddleofthepavilionwasengravedwith24gold-platingcharactersofyanzhenqingstyle,“chinesekmtburiedpremiersunhereonjune1,18thyearoftherepublicofchina”.thesewordswerewrittenbyoneofthefoundermembersofkmt,tanyankai.whentalkingaboutsettingupastele,wangjingweiandhuhanminwerearrangedtowriteaninscriptionformr.sun,buttwoyearspassed,yetnothingtheycouldwrite.becausetheythoughtthatmr.sun`smeritscouldn`tbegeneratedbyword,thentheychosetousethepresentfromtopraisedr.sunwithoutengravinganinscription.goingoutofthepavilion,we`llseenumerouslayersofsteps.thepeopleofnanjingoftensaythatthestepsinthemausoleumwareasnumberasthestonelionsonlugoubridge(knownforwesternersasmarcopolobridge).sowhencomingheretouristsusuallyask,“howmanystepsoneartharethereinthemausoleum?”myfriends,ifyouareinterestedyoucancountthem.nowwearecomingnearthetopplatform.look,therearetwobigcopper“ding”.theywerecontributedbyshanghaimunicipalgovernmentofthattime.now,pleaselookcarefully.therearetwoholesinthebottomoftheleft“ding”.why?justletmetellyou.inlate1937,whenthejapanesearmyattackednanjing,theirshootinglefttwoholesintheleftding.now,althoughthecircumstanceshavechanged,thetwoholesalwaysremindchinesepeoplenottoforgetthenationalhumiliation.notfaraway,therearetwobronzedingsinancientstyle.theyarepresentedbymr.sun`ssonsunkeandhisfamily.ascendingthesteps,nowwehavereachedthetopoftheplatform.herewecanhaveabird-viewofwhatitisinthedistance.thememorialhallisthehalfwayuptothemountainandtherearealtogether392stepscoveredifyoucountfromthearchwayoffraternity.theverticaldistanceis70metersbuttheplanedistanceis700meters.ifyoucountthestepsfromthestelepavilion,thenumberofstepsis290.inordertoavoidmonotone,thearchitectdividedthe392stepsinto10partsandeveryparthasaplatformandtherearetotally10suchplatforms.moremarvelous,ifyoulookupfromthebottom,youcanseethatthestepsextendtothetopwithoutstopandyoucantseeanyplatform.butifyoulookdownfromthetop,youonlyseetheplatforms.thenumberofthesteps,392,isnotarandomnumber,itimpliedthenumberofchinesepopulationatthattime-392million.nowweareinfrontofthememorialhallandthecoffinchamber.theyarethemajorpartsofthemausoleum.theconstructionofthesetwobuildingwassupervisedthenbyluyanzhi,thegiftyoungdesigner.ifiswhenhewasdoingthesetwobuildinghediedofcancer.sowhenthelatergenerationmentionhimtheywouldoftensay,“itisagreatpityhediedbeforehiscompletesuccess.”thestructureofthesacrificedhallisofaancientwoodenpalacestyle.itis30meterslong,25meterswideand29meterhigh,surroundedbysmallerconstructionsoffortressstyleandtwo12.6-meter-highcloudcolumns.itsroof,withdouble-eavesandnineridges,iscoveredwithblueglaretiles.theoutsideofwalliscoveredwithgranitefromhongkong.theinscriptiononthehorizontalboardisengravedwithsealcharacterscutinrelief-“naturalism”“democracy”and“thepeople`slivelihood”.thesearethemostbasicandgeneralguidingprinciplesofmr.sun`srevolutionaryactivities.above“democracy”,thereisahorizontalinscriptionboardwithsun`shandwritingonit,“filltheworldwithjustice”.pleasefollowmeintothememorialhall.theflooriscoveredwithwhiteandblackmarblefromyunnanprovince.thecolorsofwhiteandblackareamongthetraditionalcolorforburialceremoniesinchina.thereare12blackstonecolumns,with0.8meterasthediameterforeach.youwillseethattheinteriorsofthewallsaroundareinsetwithblackmarble.nowyoucanhavealookatmr.sunyat-seen`shandwritingof“programmeforfoundingastate”,engravedontheeastandwestwalls.themaincolorsofthehallareblack,whiteandblue,whichareusedtoexpressfilialpietyinchina.theinsidewindowsareinlaidwithsmaltos.theypresentwesternflavorsespeciallywithfloodsofsunshine.thestyleofthewholestructureisablendoftheeastandthewest,representingthewellblendeddoctrineofdr.sunyat-sen.inthemiddleisthesittingstatueofdr.sunyat-seninarobe.itis4.6metershighandthebottomis2.1meterswide.itwassculptedbythefamousfrenchsculptorpaularinskywhosenativecountryispoland.hewasentrustedbythecommitteeofdr.sunyat-sen`sfuneralforsculptingit.hechosetheitalianmarbleasthematerialforthestatue.in1930,thesculpturewassenttothemausoleumfromparis.itstotalcostwas1.5millionfrancs.thesicreliefbelowarepicturesdepictingmr.sun`slifeandrevolutionaryactivities.passingthroughthehall,wehavecometothecoffinchamber.therearetwodoorsthatyouneedtogetthrough.theouterdoorconsistsoftwoamerican-madesafetydoorleafswhicharemadeofcopper.thenailsonthemandthemysteriousbeastsonthecopperloopsaretypicaloftraditionalchinese.thehorizontalinscriptionboardwasengravedwith“thenoblespiritwillneverperish”whichwassun`shandwritingforthe72martyrs`tombinhuanghuamoundofguanzhou.thesecounddoorisasinglecopperleafengravewithsevencharacters“mr.sunyat-sen`stomb”whichwerewrittenbyzhangjingjiang.thetombisahalfglobeinshape.thedesignofkmtemblemismosaickedinthevaulteddome.theflooroftheroundroomiscoveredwithmarble.theroom`sdiameteris18metersandtheheightis11meters.thewallsarecoveredwithpinkmarbles.thecircularmarblepitis1.7metersdeepand4.35metersindiameter.itisenclosewith1-meter-highwhitemarblerails.inthepitlaysdr.sunyat-senlyingstatueinzhongshansuit.thisissculptedinaccordancetomr.sun`sremainsbyaczechoslovakiansculptor.hiscoppercoffinislyingabout5metersbelowthesculpture.youmayaskwhyonearththeclothesdr.wearsforthesittingstatuearetotallydifferentfromthoseforthelyingone?inthoseyears,theleftistsandtherightistsinsideofthekmthadsevereconflicts.therightists,headedbychangkai-shekwantedtorestoretheancientwaysandopposedrevolution.theyinsistedthatmr.sunshouldwearlongrobe,whiletheleftistsinsistedhewearzhongshansuit.sincetheyhaddifferentopinionsthusthetwostatueshavedifferentclothesstyles.myfriends,i`mafraidyoumustbeconcernaboutwhethermr.sunremainsareinthetombornot.infact,hisremainshadaunusualexperience.afterhisdeath,hisremainweredealtwithantisepticandplacedinbiyunmonasteryinbeijinginmarch,1925.whenthewarlordzhangzongchangwasdefeatedbythenorthexpeditionaryarmyandwithdrewtobeijingin1926,heascribedhisfailuretomr.sun`sremainsanddecidedtoburnthem.itisthepatrioticgeneralzhangxuelianwhosenttroopstoprotecttheremains.unfortunatelytheywereonceexposedtotheairthoughtheyweresafeagain.onmay28,1929,mr.sun`scoffinwassenttopukoufrombeijingbyjinpurailway,andonjune1itreachedthemausoleum.afterthegrandceremonyoffeng`an,thecoffinandtheremainswereputintothepitandusedcementtoconcreteit.thebottomofthetombisgranite.underthecoppercoffin,thereisaspeciallymadewoodenpadandenclosingthecoffinisawell-sealedcrystalbox.afterthebreakoutoftheresistancewaragainstjapan,kmtgovernmentplanedtotransporttheremainstochongqingandattheendoftheliberationwar,changkai-shekplanedtotransportittotaiwanthistime.becauseitwasnotaeasyjobtotakethecoffinoutandtheworkmightdodamagetotheremainsaswell,thisplanwasfiercelyattackedbytheengineeringfieldandtheleftwingofthekmt.atlastchanggaveuptheplan.sotheremainshavestayedheresafelyuptotoday.passingthroughthedoorinthebackwallofthesquareoutsideyouwillarriveatthemausoleumpark.thebackwalloftheparkisa“exhibitionofconstructionofdr.sunyat-sen`smausoleum”.theexhibitioncontainsnearly200precioushistoricmaterialswhichshowtheconstructionofthemausoleumandtheprocessofthetransportationofmr.sun`sremains.besidethemainstructure,therearealsosomeconstructionsaroundthemausoleumbuiltinmemoryofmr.sun.mostoftheconstructionsarebuiltafter1929withthedonationofthosefrombothalltradesinchinaandoverseaschinese.thefraternitypavilionontopoftheplumhillisbuiltwiththedonationofataiwanesecompatriot.itwascompletedonnovember12,1993,the127thanniversaryofmr.sun`sbirthday.ladiesandgentlemen.mr.sunstruggledforabetterchinaforhiswholelifeandoverthrewmonarchfeudalistsystemwhichlastedformorethan2000years.hecarriedoutthethreeprincipalpoliciesof“makinganalliancewithrussiaandthecommunistpartyofchinaandhelpingthefarmersandworkers”inhislaterdays.thegreatfeatmr.sunhasachievedhasgainedgreatrespectandpraisefrompeoplefrombothhomeandabroad.afterliberation,bothcentralandlocalgovernmentshaveexertedgreateffortsinpreservingthisexcellentheritage.now,asoneofthe“topfortytouristresortsinchina”dr.sunyat-senmausoleumreceivesnumerouschineseandinternationalfriendseveryyears.peoplecomeheretopayhomagetomr.sun.today,theunificationhasbecomethemaintendencyintermsoftherelationsbetweenthechineseonbothsidesofthestraits.ibelievethatmostchinesepeople,frombothhomeandabroad,areexpectingfromthebottomofheartthecomingofthedaywhenourcountryisunitedandgettingmoreprosperous.atthattime,whenhearingthis.dr.sunwouldsmileandbesatisfiedforsureintheotherworld.ok,thankyouverymuchforyourcooperation.goodbyeandgoodluck!