学术英语(社科)-Unit1含答案

学术英语社科AcademicEnglishforSocialSciences精选课件精选课件Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLead-inTextATextBListeningSpeakingWritingUnitContents精选课件Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionReadingcritically:Everytextiswrittenonapurpose,somearesupposedtomakeyoubelieve.Itisimportanttolearntoreadcriticallytogetthepoint.Onewayoftrainingcriticalreadingistoaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:Doyouagreewiththeauthor?Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesWhatistheauthorassumingIwillagreewith?Whatistheauthortryingtoprove?精选课件Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionDoestheauthoradequatelydefendtheirargument?Whatkindofproofdotheyuse?Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesIstheresomethingtheyleaveoutthatyouwouldputin?Doesputtingitinhurttheirargument?精选课件Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionDiscussthefollowingquestions:Howdoyoumakethedecisionthatyoutakethiscourse?Whatdoyouconsiderwhenyoumakethisdecision?Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件TextAKeytermsCriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeSpecializedvocabularyCollocationsFormalandinformalEnglishSignpostlanguageUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件TextAKeytermsrationalpeople:理性人Thosepeoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives,giventheavailableopportunities.Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesmarginalchange:边际变化smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofactionmarginalbenefit:边际效益theadditionalbenefitfromanincreaseinanactivity精选课件TextAKeytermsUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesmarginalcost:边际成本theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivitymarginaldecision-making:边际决策theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivityincentive:激励somethingthatinducesapersontoact精选课件HowPeopleMakeDecisionsEconomists’explanationaboutdecisionmaking:Therearerulesbehindpeople’sdecision-makingbehaviors.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesExample1:standbyticketsWhatarationalairlinecando?Situation:Flyinga200-seatplaneacrosstheU.S.coststheairline$100,000.Costofeachseat:$500(That’stosay,neversellaticketforlessthan$500.)Suppose:Aplaneisabouttotakeoffwith10emptyseats.Astandbypassengerwillpay$300foraseat.Question:shouldtheairlineselltheticket?精选课件Answer:Yes.Reason:Iftheplanehasemptyseat,thecostofaddingonemorepassengeristiny.Herethemarginalcostismerelythecostofsomethingtoeat,likepeanuts,coco,etc.Conclusion:Aslongasthestandbypassengerpaysmorethanthemarginalcost,sellingtheticketisprofitable.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件Example2:watervs.diamondWhyiswatersocheap,whilediamondsaresoexpensive?Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesTextACriticalreadingandthinkingwaterdiamondNecessaryforsurvivalThemarginalbenefitofanextracupissmallbecausewaterisplentiful.UnnecessaryforsurvivalThemarginalbenefitofanextradiamondislargebecausediamondsarerare.精选课件TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesConclusion:Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.(Theymakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefits.)Areyouarationalperson?精选课件Example1:thepriceofanappleHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?Whenthepricerises:Itprovidesanincentiveforbuyerstoconsumeless;Itprovidesanincentiveforsellerstoproducemore.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesRationalpeoplerespondtoincentives.精选课件Example2:ataxongasolineHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?Encouragepeopleto□drivesmall,morefuel-efficientcars;□carpool□takepublictransportation;□liveclosertowheretheywork;□drivehybridcars;□driveelectriccars.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件Example3:aseatbeltlawAmericanlawsrequireseatbeltsasstandardequipmentonnewcars.Howaseatbeltlawaltersadriver’scost-benefitcalculation(Peltzman’sanalysis):Seatbeltsreducethelikelihoodofinjuryordeath→makeaccidentslesscostly→drivefasterandlesscarefully→alargenumberofaccidentsTextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件Result:Theselawsproducebothfewerdeathsperaccidentandmoreaccidents.Conclusion1:Thenetresultislittlechangeinthenumberofdriverdeathsandanincreaseinthenumberofpedestriandeaths.Conclusion2:Whenanalyzinganypolicy,considerboththedirecteffectsandlessobviousindirecteffects.Ifthepolicychangesincentives,itwillcausepeopletoaltertheirbehavior.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件→Rationalpeopleknowthatwhentheymakeadecision,itisoftennotayes-or-nochoice,butrequiresdeliberateconsiderationoftheprosandcons.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesRationalpeopleknowthatdecisionsinlifearerarelyblackandwhitebutusuallyinvolveshadesofgray.(Para.2)精选课件→Themostimportanttheoryineconomicstudyconcernsitselfwithincentives.Othertheoriesarenotasimportant.“Therestiscommentary”isaphraseusedinAmericanEnglishtomean“therestistrivialorlessimportant”.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”(Para.6)精选课件→Atfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikerandomtalknotsupportedbyevidence.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesAtfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeidlespeculation.(Para.12)精选课件Specializedvocabularyrationalpeoplemarginaldecision-makingmarginalchangemarginalbenefitmarginalcostnetresultTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件CollocationsTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesachievethehighlevelofsatisfactionmaximizeprofitsachieveobjectivesbeblackandwhiterollroundblowoffflystandbypuzzlingeconomicphenomenatakeanactionallocatescarceresourcesendupwithunintendedconsequencesidlespeculation精选课件FormalandinformalEnglishSeePage9,anddoTask3.TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件SignpostlanguageShowconnectionsbetweensentencesandparagraphs.SeePage9,anddoTask2TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件SignpostlanguageTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesSignalimportantpartsofacademicwriting,suchasstructure,writer’sposition,arguments,conclusionReportingsomeone’sview:Somepeople/researcher(s)maintain(s)/argue(s)/assert(s)/claim(s)/point(s)out…精选课件SignpostlanguageDisagreeingwithsomeone’sview:Idisagreewith…thatTheviewisopentodoubt/notnecessarilytrue/highlydebatable…Oneofthemainargumentagainst…isthatTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件SignpostlanguagePointingoutagapinresearch:Howeverlittleinformation…Thesestudieshaveemphasized…,asopposedto…Althoughconsiderableresearchhasfocusedon…,lessattentionhasbeengivento…TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件SignpostlanguageAgreeingwithsomeone’sview:Iagreewith…whenhewritesthat…Xiscertainlycorrectinsayingthat…Anotherpointinfavourof…is…Afurtherargumentsupporting…is…NB:Inthefollowingunitsofstudy,moreexampleswillbegiven.TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件Task1Thetreediagrambelowillustratesthemainpointsofthetext.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext.TextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesDecision-makingbehaviorsineconomicactivitiesThinkingatthemargincomparingmarginal________andmarginal__________Respondingto__________Example1standbyticketsCriticalreadingandthinkingExample2______vs._________Example1thepriceofanappleExample2ataxon_________Example3_____________costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseatbeltslaw精选课件Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).TextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesCriticalreadingandthinkingF___1Whenrationalpeoplemakedecisionsinlife,theyareverycertainofthechoice.___2Atthetimeofexamination,studentshavetodecidehowtousealltheirtimestudying.___3Marginalchangesaresmallgradualchangesofthepresentplanofaction.___4Theexampleofthestandbyflyistoldtoshowhowcostcanbeignored.___5Diamondsaremoreexpensivethanwaterbecausepeoplearemoreattractedtothem.FFFT精选课件Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).TextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesCriticalreadingandthinkingT___6Thequotationofoneeconomist“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”isgiventoshowtheimportanceofincentives.___7Theexampleoftheappleshowshowfoodpricesvaryaccordingtomarketneeds.___8Thegasolinetaxhasaneffectonpeople’schoiceofcars.___9Whentheseatbeltismadecompulsory,peopledrivemorecarefully.___10Policymakersneedtotakeintoconsiderationthelessobviousindirecteffectsofapolicy.FFFT精选课件Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upMatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese.ColumnAColumnB1marginalaresource2scarcebresult3maximizecchange4netdsatisfaction5levelofepeople6rationalfprofit精选课件Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upMatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese.1____________________________________________2____________________________________________3____________________________________________4____________________________________________5____________________________________________6____________________________________________marginalchange边际变化scarceresources稀缺资源maximizeprofits最大化利润netresult净结果levelofsatisfaction满意度rationalpeople理性人精选课件Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingsomeofthephrasesabove.1我们明年的目标是获得利润最大化。_______________________________________________2时间是一种稀缺资源，因此如果工人失业，他们的时间就浪费了。______________________________________________________________________________________________Weaimtomaximizeprofitsoverthenextyear.Timeisascarceresource,soifworkersareunemployedtheirtimeiswasted.精选课件Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingsomeofthephrasesabove.3理性人有非理性的想法吗？_______________________________________________4满意度调查结果明游客对某些服务不满意。______________________________________________________________________________________________Dorationalpeoplehaveirrationalthoughts?Researchintosatisfactionlevelhasfoundthattouristsarenotsatisfiedwithsomeoftheservices.精选课件Task2SignpostlanguageTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upMatchthesignpostlanguagefromTextAwiththepurposeeachofthemserves.1__2__3__4__5__6__ebdcaeSignpostlanguagePurposes1aswewillseeaexplanation2atthesametimebtimesequence3bycontrastcgivingexamples4forexampledcomparisonandcontrast5inotherwordsecoherence6inthiscase精选课件Task2SignpostlanguageTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upCompletethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove.1Heisnotwell-knownforhisrespectforfactualaccuracy,_____________,hewaslying.2Officescaneasilybecomemoreenvironmentally-friendlyby,___________,usingrecycledpaper.3Wedon’tlikethesituation.But_______________,wehavetodealwiththisproblem.inotherwordsforexampleatthesametime精选课件Task2SignpostlanguageTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upCompletethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove.4Theireconomyhasexpandedenormously,whileours,___________,hasdeclined.5_____________,inthischapterthereisnogeneralformulaforthesolutiontothisquestion.6Thewholeteamdon’twanttolosehim.___________,heneedstorealizethatcompanyregulationsmustbeobeyed.bycontrastAswewillseeInthiscase精选课件Task3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.1Asyoustudyeconomics,youwillcomeacrossfirmsthatdecidehowmanyworkerstohireandhowmuchoftheirproducttomanufactureandselltomaximizeprofits.Key:___________2Thereasonisthataperson’swillingnesstopayforanygoodisbasedonthemarginalbenefitthatanextraunitofthegoodwouldproduce.Key:____________encounteryield精选课件Task3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.3Anincentiveissomethingthatpersuadesapersontoact,suchastheprospectofapunishmentorareward.Key:___________4Manypolicieschangethecostsorbenefitsthatpeoplefaceand,therefore,changetheirbehavior.Key:____________5Forexample,considerpublicpolicyaboutautosafety.Key:____________inducesalterregarding精选课件Task3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.6Thedeclineinsafedrivinghasaclear,badimpactonpedestrians.Key:___________7Atfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeanidleguess.Key:____________8Whenapersonwearsaseatbelt,thelikelihoodofsurvivinganautoaccidentrises.Key:____________adversespeculationprobability精选课件Task3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-upCompletethesentenceswithsomeoftheanswersyouhavegotintheaboveexercise.1Stresscanhavea(n)________effectonpeople’shealth.2Thisdoesn’t_____thefactthatwhatyoudidwaswrong.3Hewarnedusthatwemight__________alotofoppositionattheverybeginning.4Somebelievethatsurgerycould_______aheartattack.5Hehasverylittletosay_________thenewEUregulations.6Knowingaboutthepastdoesn’tnecessarily_____solutionstocurrentproblems.adversealterencounterinduceregardingyield精选课件TextBCriticalreadingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件NewAirportLandingFeesDelayedSeePage14,anddoTask1andTask2TextBCriticalreadingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesAnewfederalpolicy:allowingairportstochargehigherlandingfeesduringpeakperiodsReasonforformulatingthispolicy:encourageairlinestoarrangeflightsmoreevenlythroughouttheday,thusreducingflightdelays精选课件TextBCriticalreadingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesCostsBenefitsAirportsAirlines精选课件TextBCriticalreadingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesYourreflectionsonthispolicy:Itwillwork:Itwon’twork:精选课件…,whichlastmonthcalledtheproposal“congestionpricingdisguisedasanairportfee”.(Para.13)TextBDifficultsentencesUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities→…,whichclaimedthattheproposalwasactuallychargingfeeforcongestionratherthanfortheairport.精选课件“Becausethecentralpolicyissueatstakehere–influencingairlinemarketdecisionsthroughairportpricing–isinherentlycomplexandhistoricallyhasbeencontroversial,webelievethatitmeritsadditionaltimetofullydevelopcommentsreflectingtheviewsofindustrystakeholders,”(Para.14)TextBDifficultsentencesUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities→“Thecentralpolicyissuewhichishowtoinfluenceairlinemarketdecisionsthroughairportpricinghasalwaysbeencomplexandcontroversial.Henceitisnecessarytoallowmoretimeforthepartiesinvolvedintheindustrytophrasetheiropinionsthatmostclearlyexpresstheirviews.”精选课件Collocationsreduce/addresscongestionchargehigherlandingfeespeakperiodsreducedelaystakeeffectimplementmeasuresTextBEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件Collocationstrafficvolumeon-timearrivalratebesupportiveofaccommodaterequestsclearupambiguitygointoeffectTextBEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件ListeningPredictionstrategiesListeningtasksUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件PredictionstrategiesPredictionInsteadofrelyingontheactualwordsorsounds,youusebackgroundinformationandcommonworldknowledgetodevelopexpectationsaboutwhatyouwillhearandthenconfirmorrejectthemasyoulisten.ListeningUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件PredictionstrategiesListeningUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesPredictionstrategiesUsevisualinformationincludingtitlesontheboard,onslides,orinaPowerPointpresentation.Thinkaboutwhatyoualreadyknowaboutthetopic.Askyourselfquestionsthatyouthinkthespeakermightanswer.Listenforspecificphrases.精选课件Task1Beforelistening,lookatthefirstsentenceofthelectureyouaregoingtohearandpredictwhatwillfollow.Writedownyourexpectation.ListeningUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesBusinessesarestructuredindifferentwaystomeetdifferentneeds.Thesimplestformofbusinessiscalledanindividualorsoleproprietorship.Theproprietorownsallofthepropertyofthebusinessandisresponsibleforeverything.Listeningtasks精选课件Task2Listentothelectureagainandcompletethefollowingtableaccordingtowhatyouhaveheard.ListeningUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesListeningtasksIndividual/soleCorporationsoleownerlimitedliabilitypartnershipsharesofownershipbystockholderspartlyresponsibleshareholdersnotresponsibleexistonlyforaslongastheownersremainaliveexistonlyforaslongasthepartnersremainaliveFormsofbusinessOwnershipResponsibilityfordebtsLengthofexistence______________________Proprietorship____________ownerfullyresponsible________________________________________________________________Partnership_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________anunlimitedlifetime精选课件Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.ListeningUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities1Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsfitsanindividualproprietorship?ATheownerhastopayanydebtsalone.BThecompanygoesbankruptwhentheownerdies.CTheownerkeepsalltheprofitswithhisfamily.DTheownercannotborrowmoney.Key:___ListeningtasksA精选课件Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.ListeningUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities2Whatisamustwhentwopeoplegointobusinesstogether?ATheymustshareequalresponsibility.BTheymustnotbehusbandandwife.CTheymustdecidehowtosharethepartnership.DTheymustbedoctors,lawyersoraccountants.Key:___ListeningtasksC精选课件Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.ListeningUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities3Whatistrueofacorporation?AItisownedbydirectors.BItalwayssellsstocks.CItpaysitsshareholdersrewardseveryyear.DItisanindependentlegalbeing.Key:___ListeningtasksD精选课件SpeakingUsefulexpressionsResearchingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件Usefulexpressions1.Canyougooverthebitabout…again?Couldyougooverthebitabout…again?2.Couldyourepeat…?Iwonderifyoucouldrepeat…?SeemoreonPage19,anddoTask1andTask2.SpeakingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件ResearchingFormgroupsof4-5andresearchthepoliciesconcerningtrafficjaminthecitiesofBeijing,Shanghai,London,Tokyo,andNewYork.Writeasummaryofyourfindingsandpresentittotheclass.SpeakingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities精选课件SpeakingUnit2EconomistAskSstodiscusscriteriaofaneffectivepresentation,thendecideonthecriteriatoevaluateeachother’spresentations.Youcanconsiderthefollowing:ThemessageRemembertheultimateendofapresentationisthemessage.StructureOrganizeyourtalkinaclearwayandindicatingorshowingthestructuretotheaudienceisveryimportantandhelpfultomakeaneffectivepresentationbecausethatmakescomprehensioneasier.Makinganeffectivepresentation精选课件SpeakingUnit2Econom